Ubiquitous Personal

Content Transfer in a

Heterogeneous Wireless

Network Environment

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Ubiquitous personal content transfer in a heterogeneous environment includes both global infrastructure based communications and local infrastructure less transfer, which leads to a hybrid networking environment. The MIP/NEMO standard can support ubiquitous content transfer, but is inefficient for local content transfer. Infrastructure less communication using ad hoc mode is often utilized by individual users to transfer local content, but it can not support device mobility. In this paper, a scheme based on a PDE is proposed to implement ubiquitous content transfer in a hybrid networking environment. It can improve performance by combining the virtues of MIP/NEMO and the advantages of ad hoc mode. It aims to accelerate commercialization of ubiquitous services with targeted innovations aimed at removing the barriers to deployment and adoption .

ABSTRACT

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Wireless technologies continue to develop rapidly and have led to the widespread use

of wireless communication systems. These systems are now enabling the delivery of

multimedia experiences that provide rich content to individual users. Content is the

information required by or related to an individual user. Lots of different types of

content are transferred with current wireless technologies, such as peer-to-peer file

streaming, audio/video-on-demand or online gaming. Users can employ content for

work, enjoy content for entertainment or share content for convenience.

In the future, such ubiquitous and pervasive services could produce

increased revenue for service providers, telecommunication operators and

technology manufacturers. The Virtual Centre of Excellence in Mobile & Personal

Communications (Mobile VCE) , which aims to solve technical problems facing the

industry for the future wireless era, has started a project – Ubiquitous Service .

INTRODUCTION

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TWO CHALLENGES FOR UBIQUITOUSCOMMUNICATION

The heterogeneous networking environment with differing

network coverage and access technologies.

One individual user owns multiple personal devices, each of

which may have multiple wireless interfaces. They can connect to

each other with short-range technology. The coexistence of

infrastructure-based and infrastructure-less communication leads to a

hybrid networking environment

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Service Provider/Content Source

Wi-Fi UMTS

BluetoothUser

Service Provider/Content Source

HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENT

MULTIPLE WIRELESS NETWORKS

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AP BSUser

BluetoothWPAN

HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENT:

WPAN

7

Wi-Fi UMTS

User User

The user moves with the WPAN

WPAN WPANBluetooth

Service Provider/ Content Source

Service Provider/ Content Source

A FRAMEWORK FOR A UBIQUITOUS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

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Fixed Network

Root PAA

Root PCM

Root DME

Personal Area

Local PAA

Local PCM

Local DME

Household

Local PAA

Local PCM

Local DME

Office

Local PAA

Local PCM

Local DME

PERSONAL DISTRIBUTED ENVIRONMENT (PDE)

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ANALYSIS OF LOCAL DIRECT COMMUNICATION

Local Direct Communication is analyzed with different approaches

in two scenarios:

Intra-WPAN

Inter-WPANs.

It is assume that every personal device in a WPAN is a

VMN with multiple wireless interfaces.  

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WPAN

IP backbone

WPAN

Receiver device moves

out of WPANPure Ad hoc

content transfer

Global content transfer

SCENARIO A: INTRA-WPAN

Intra-WPAN communication without contacting remote entities (pure ad hoc mode), supporting receiver devices that move from inside to outside the WPAN (from pure ad hoc mode to global transfer mode)

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STANDARD MIP/NEMO MODE IN SCENARIO A

IP Backbone

NEMO-based WPAN

CN MN

MR

MRHA

MNHA

BS/AP

1. Data Packets

2. Tunnelled by MR

3. Data Packets

4. Tunnelled by MNHA

5. Tunnelled by MRHA

6. Left tunnelled data packets7. BU

8. BACK

• Pure Ad-hoc mode: does not support mobility• MIP/NEMO mode with Routing Optimization

(RO) :

Drawbacks: HA dependency High delay and cost MR connectivity

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SCENARIO B: INTER-WPAN’S

Local Area

WPAN1 WPAN2

Close physical

proximity

• WPAN’s of two individual users communicate with each other directly, without contacting remote entities. Mobility is also required.

13

closely located

Local Area

IP Backbone

NEMO-based WPAN2

MN

MR2

MR2HA

MNHA

BS/AP

2. Tunnelled by MR1

3. Data Packets

4. Tunnelled by MNHA

5. Tunnelled by MR2HA

6. Left tunnelled data packets

7. BU

8. BACK

NEMO-based WPAN1

CN

MR1

1. Data Packets

10. BACK

BS/AP

MR1HA

8. BU

9. BU

11. BACK

12. BACK

STANDARD MIP/NEMO MODE IN SCENARIO B

• Pure Ad-hoc mode: does not support mobility• MIP/NEMO mode with RO:

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Schemes

Support “continuous

communication” with mobility

“Home Agent dependency” not required

Delay and Cost

“Mobile Router connectivity” not required

Pure Ad hoc × √ low √

StandardMIP/NEMO

√ × high ×

Integration ofMANET andMIP/NEMO

√ × high ×

MANEMO √ × high ×

SUMMARY OF EXISTING SCHEMES IN UBIQUITOUS COMMUNICATIONS

  Based on the above analysis, no existing scheme can fully satisfy the requirements of ubiquitous content transfer combining local direct and global mobile communications.

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PDE-BASED SCHEME FOR COMBINING LOCAL DIRECT AND GLOBAL MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

In this section, a PDE-based scheme is proposed for ubiquitous content transfer combining local direct and global mobile

communications.

Extended Functions of the DME Personal-device-based URI Personal-area-based

URI

HoA and multiple CoAs of The personal device wherethis personal device the Local DME works Extended URI mappings of the DME

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THE LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE DME

The personal-device-based URI and personal-area-based URI also act as logical interfaces. The local DME can send corresponding information of IP addresses to communication entities that can also query the local DME using these URIs.

Location RegisterEquipment

RegisterSecurity Register

DID and uMNP Mapping Table (in Root DME)

Extended Mapping Table

Personal-based URI (global and

local area)

Personal-device-based URI

DME

Personal Devices

register

Communication Entities (personal and non-personal devices),

PCM and PAA

HAs of MRs

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PDE-BASED SCHEMES

SCENARIO A: INTRA-WPAN

PCM

DME

PAA

required content transfer

URI of the source and destination devices

Extended URI Mapping

Table

Location Register

Multiple CoAs

HoA

Interfaces and routing

selection

request using URI

Initiation Instructions (IBU and HoA)

CN PDE-based Scheme process

18

CN MR (Local PCM) MN

1. IBU

2. IBACK

3. Data Packet transferred in the

local area MN moves4. BU

5. BACK

6. Data Packet via MR and then IP backbone

PDE-BASED SCHEME IN SCENARIO A

19

SCENARIO B: INTER-WPANS

CN MR1 (Local PCM1)

4. IBU5. IBACK

6. Data Packet via MR1 and MR2 in the local area

7. BU

8. BACK9. Data Packet via MR1 and then IP backbone

MNMR2 (Local PCM2)1. address request

2. address reply

3. ACK

MN moves

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PDE-based Scheme has a number of Advantages:

Continuous Communications with Mobility

HA independency

Low delay and cost

MR connectivity not required (Stand-alone mobile

networks supported)

Selection of transfer modes

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

• Average Establishment delay (ted) and Cost (C):

the average delay and cost for a CN to get the MN’s CoA so as to establish the transfer with Routing Optimization (RO).

Average Establishment Delay

Average Establishment Cost

wl wl w w x-y/ ( / ) ( 1)t P B L P B L d

1

(( ) / (( ) / ) ( 1))m

k k wl wl k k w w kk

t P H B L P H B L d

D BU1 λ E( ) ( )Sn S t t '

'1 1

(( ) ) (( ) )K K

i i i j j ji j K

C n P H d P H d

Wireless bandwidth Wired bandwidthWireless latency Wired latency

Session rate Session length

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PD 0~1500 bytes dMR-MRHA 6

PS 100 bytes dMRHA-MNHA 1

Bwl 2 Mbps dMR1-MR1HA 6

Bw 100 Mbps dMR1HA-MNHA 1

Lwl 2 ms dMNHA-MR2HA 1

Lw 0.5 ms dMR2HA-MR2 6

H 40 bytes dMR1HA-MR2HA 1

E(S) 20 dMR1HA-RP 1

λS 2

Parameter Settings

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

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PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Simulation result to show the performance improvement of delay and cost

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This work only considers the NEMOBS protocol that does not support MRs’ routing

optimization (RO). The RO support of NEMO is still under development by the IETF

working group. The proposed mechanisms based on NEMO could usefully be

extended to support RO for MRs if an extended NEMO protocol is published by IETF.

This proposes mechanisms to implement vertical handoff for WPANs aimed at keeping

ongoing ubiquitous communications continuous in a heterogeneous environment,

but does not focus on this handoff’s duration time. This is because the major objective

was to Practically implement such ubiquitous communications, which are seldom

considered in other research, so the handoff duration was simply determined by the

MIP/NEMO basic support protocols used in  the proposed mechanisms. Future work

should include research aimed at reducing the handoff time to optimize the mechanisms

SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK

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The work presented in this thesis has addressed the technical barriers to implementing

ubiquitous communications for individual users with their WPANs. An individual user should

not be considered as a single terminal but as a WPAN that moves accompanying this user.

The major challenges are from the heterogeneous environment composed of not only

multiple wireless networks but also dynamic changes of the WPAN. Ubiquitous

communications require that content should be efficiently and continuously transferred to

individual users across various wireless networks outside WPANs and via different personal

devices inside WPANs, wherever users move. These have been addressed by a framework

proposed in this thesis, based on which two main issues were researched.

We have proposed a PDE-based scheme combining the virtues of standard

MIP/NEMO mode and the advantages of pure ad hoc mode. This not only can enable a

mobile user to achieve ubiquitous personal content transfer but also has a higher performance

in such a hybrid networking environment

CONCLUSION

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[1]V. Devarapalli, R. Wakikawa, A. Petrescu and P. Thubert, "Network Mobility (NEMO)

Basic Support Protocol," Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 3963, Jan. 2005.

[2] J. McNair and F. Zhu, "Vertical handoffs in fourth-generation multinetwork environ-

ments," IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 8-15, Jun. 2004.

[3] MobileVCE, Virtual Centre of Excellence in Mobile & Personal Communications,

[4] IEEE Part 15.1: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)

Specification for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), IEEE, 2002.

[5] IEEE Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer

(PHY) Specifications, IEEE, 1999.

REFERENCES