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Ubiquitous Computing in Business Processes

Part II

Prof. Dr. Lutz HeuserUrban Software Institute

Prof. Dr. Zoltán NochtaSAP AG

DarmstadtNovember 13th, 2015

1. Recap

Outline

What kind of Business Processes are out there?

We can categorize typical enterprises’ business processes:

Management processes, incl. strategy and process management, etc.

Core business processes, incl. production, sales, marketing, purchasing, customer care, etc.

Supporting processes, incl. human capital management, accounting, facility management, IT management, etc.

Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Picture Source: SAP AG

Smart Items – Generic Definition

A smart item is …

Object of the Real world,

Basically every thing - buildings, vehicles, machines, tools, pallets, boxes, shopping carts, shelves, consumer products, etc.

Capable to store data about itself or its environment

e.g. identifier, temperature, location, etc.

Capable to exchange data via a communication interface

wired or wireless

Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta /

Example HF RFID Tag

Source: Auto-ID Center


2. RFID in Business Processes: Asset Management

Outline

RFID supported Asset Maintenance Process

3.) Execution of

maintenance and repair

activities

RFID tag

on asset

1.) Technician reads

information stored on

RFID-tag

4.) Information update

on RFID tag after

maintenance has been

performed

2.) Maintenance and

repair planning based

on information on RFID

tag loaded

Source: SAP AGUbiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta /

Assets can be identified locally without access to backend system

Assets can be identified correctly (no manual data entry needed)

Technician can perform work efficiently because all important information can be found on the tag, such as

Manufacturer information

Technical specification

Production date

Safety instructions or

As-build configuration

RFID tag stores service history (the ‘item’s memory’): “Who did what by when?”

RFID tags can be read through non-metallic substances, paint, grease or other obscuring materials (rugged environmental conditions)

Always access to up-to-date technical object information

Benefits


Example: Fire shutter maintenance at FraPort (1)

Maintenance orders are downloaded by mobile device assigned to the

service technician

Service technician goes to fire locker

RFID tag on the fire locker is read and the equipment is identified

Maintenance order for this equipment is automatically found and

displayed. Service technician may enter a damage code.

Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Source: SAP AG

Example: Fire shutter maintenance at FraPort (2)

Service technician inspects and maintains the equipment

After finishing his work, technician updates information on the

RFID tag by adding inspection date and personal identification.

The time between start and end of the work is automatically

recorded as well.

Orders with damage codes and times are synchronized with the

enterprise backend system, later.


Source: SAP AG

Project at FraPort: Costs and Monetary Benefits

Main cost elements

Hardware

Mobile Devices

Tags

Tagging

Software licenses

Implementation and consulting

Specific customer benefits

Time savings

Per day and technician

Per year

Avoidance of double orders (5% of orders before the project)

Increased asset safety and compliance thanks to proven maintenance records


3. RFID in Business Processes: Supply Chain Management

Outline

The Supply Chain - A complex puzzle!S

up

ply C

ha

in

Where is my product?How can my supply chain

improve?

How can I prove delivery to

customer?

Why is there a delay?

What is causing the

bottleneck?

Is the product genuine?

How will my partners gain

visibility?

How can I track my

assets?

When will my shipment

arrive?

Am I compliant to

regulations?

How can I manage recall

and returns?


ERP

RFID in Order Fulfillment Process

Retailer

WM

Vendor

Middleware

Delivery

Purchase Order

Adv. Ship

Notification

Cust.

Order

Post

Goods Issue

Create HU

Pickor

Produce

Scan IDs

Issue Goods

(Loading)Build

Handling

Unit (HU)

Associate

Boxes & Pallet

Tags

DeliveryDelivery


ERP

Let’s have a look into the Factory!

RFID in Discrete Manufacturing Process

Retailer

WM

Vendor

Middleware

Delivery

Purchase Order

Adv. Ship

Notification

Cust.

Order

Post

Goods Issue

Create HU

Pickor

Produce

Scan IDs

Issue Goods

(Loading)Build

Handling

Unit (HU)

Associate

Boxes & Pallet

Tags

DeliveryDelivery


Production Process Triggered by RFID

Production process

Supply area

Full Empty

Automatic replenishment order

Status to

EMPTY

External procurement In-house productionStock transfer

Supply source

Kanban(with RFID tag)

Material

RF gate

Automatic kanban status change,

goods receipt posting, and creation

of the material document

RF gate


RFID in Goods Receipt Process

RetailerVendor

ERP

Scan IDs

Check consistency

Check and

Receive Goods

Adv. Ship

NotificationWM

Delivery

Feedback

Post

Goods

Receipt

Register

EPCs

Delivery

Middleware


Source: SAP AG

4. RFID Information Exchange between Enterprises in Supply Chains

Outline

RFID in Supply Chains: The Need for Standardization

In order to ensure supply chain visibility, the exchange of data between companies along the entire supply chain is required

Inter-company business processes can profit from RFID as an automated

identification and data collection technology

In order to leverage the full potential of RFID, standardization at multiple

levels is required. Most importantly:

RFID tag data: syntax and semantics

Communication btw. tags and readers: hardware characteristics

RFID related data exchange: interfaces and data formats

GS1/EPCglobal is one out of many organizations that drive the standardization of RFID and the underlying data management infrastructure


The ‘Internet of Things’ - EPCglobal Network Architecture

Search and

Discovery

Event

Registries

Source: EPCglobal


EPCglobal Network & Standards Overview

Search and

Discovery

Event

Registries

Gen 2/Other APIs

ALE

Tag Data Standards

Tag Data Translation

Reader Management

Reader Protocols

Event Registry

Application Program

Interface (API)

Security Specifications

EPCIS protocolsSource: EPCglobal


EPCglobal Network Standards’ Scope

Tag Data StandardsEncoding EPC tags information based on various

numbering system standards

UHF Gen2 Air Interface Protocol Reader – Tag communication

Reader Protocol Reader – Middleware / applications communication

Reader Management Multiple EPC reader environment management

Tag Data TranslationConverting tag data standards to Internet

compatible formats (at reader level)

Application Level Eventing (ALE)Multiple EPC handling seen by multiple readers

based on filtering criteria/rules

Object Naming Service (ONS) Find information source to given EPC

EPCIS Protocols Storage and retrieval of information about EPC

Security Specification Secure EPC information handling and exchange


EPCglobal/GS1 Tag Data Standard

Main goal: Migration of existing serialized and non-serialized

numbering schemas for RFID-enabled applications

EAN.UCC standards define numbering schemas for different application cases EAN: European Article Number (a.k.a. International Article Number, IAN)

UCC: Uniform Code Council

Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) Identifier for any kind of products or services, incl. books (ISBN is a GTIN variant)

Item level enhancement: SGTIN

Serial Shipping Container Code (SSCC) Identifier for packaging units, such as boxes or pallets, rather than contained products

Global Location Number (GLN) Identifier for functional and physical entities participating in processes

– Functional entity: company name, head quarters address, comp. division name, etc.

– Physical entity: warehouse loading dock, building, room, retail shop, etc.


96 bit General Identifier (GID-96) without specific EAN.UCC semantics:

EPC Manager: Uniquely identifies the EPC issuing company, typically the manufacturer of the tagged product in question

Product/Object Class: Uniquely identifies the product type, a.k.a. “Stock Keeping Unit” (SKU)

Serial Number: Unique identifier of the given item of type Product Class

Electronic Product Code (EPC)


Electronic Product Code (EPC) Encoding SGTIN-96

96 bit EPC with SGTIN specific semantics:

Filter Value: Allows fast definition of, e.g.

Retail Consumer Trade Item

Standard Trade Item Grouping

Partition: Indicates length of both Company Prefix and Item Reference fields

In total 44 bits

Item Reference: Unique identifier of product type (SKU)

Serial Number: Unique identifier of the given item of type Item Reference

Header Filter Value Partition Company

Prefix

Item

Reference

Serial

Number

00110000 3 3 20 - 40 24 - 4 38


EPCglobal Network Architecture

Search and

Discovery

Event

Registries

Source: EPCglobalEPCIS protocols


EPC Information Services (EPCIS)

Goal: Provide data sharing between companies based on EPC

EPCIS standard specifies service interfaces to

capture and query EPC-related data in an interoperable way

it does not specify how to manage and use EPC data

EPCIS offers interfaces to a EPCIS Repository

EPCIS Repositories store

historical event data with business relevance, e.g.

“The pallet with EPC E containing the list L of EPC has left the warehouse W at location L on date D.”

Business applications generate, maintain and utilize EPCIS data, e.g.:

when sending a shipping notification or goods receipt

when items of a production batch have to be recalled

when a ‘drug pedigree’ has to be generated, etc.


EPCglobal Network Architecture

Search and

Discovery

Event

Registries

Source: EPCglobal

Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 30

Object Name Service (ONS) in Overview

ONS returns Unified Resource Identifiers (URI) to a requested EPC

ONS supports only GTIN based lookups

ONS standard does not support item-level information

URI points to product-level data rather than item-level data

ONS entirely relies on DNS architecture and protocols

conforms to existing Internet name services

utilizes Naming Authority PoinTeR (NAPTR) to return one or more URI on the same host

Each URI found points to a server containing product level information or services

product name, manufacturer name, advertisement, …

EPCIS Query Interface to find out more about the tagged product

ONS servers do not store product or item specific information


ONS – Distributed Resolution Example

Source: EPCglobal

Company Prefix: 0614141, Products by Item Reference: 000024, 000025, etc.


ONS Query Processing Overview

Source: EPCglobal


5. RFID in Retail Processes

Outline

ERP

RFID in Retail Processes

Retailer

WM

Vendor

Middleware

Delivery

Purchase Order

Adv. Ship

Notification

Cust.

Order

Post

Goods Issue

Create HU

Pickor

Produce

Scan IDs

Issue Goods

(Loading)Build

Handling

Unit (HU)

Associate

Boxes & Pallet

Tags

DeliveryDelivery

Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 35Source: SAP AG

Retail Management: Overview Pain Point Categories

Source: PWC Consulting

product lifecycle


Potential Retail Store Operations supported by RFID


RFID Smart Shelves in Retail Stores: Overview

Smart Shelf with RFID technology

Recognizes position of tagged products

Sends state of shelf to back-end system

Back-end System

Monitors state of shelf

Recognizes

Misplacement

Expiration date

Out-of-Stock situation

Plan-o-gram compliance

Triggers countermeasures

Sends orders to vendors

Sends alerts to store staffs’ mobile devices


Source: SAP AG

Example Smart Shelf – Hardware Architecture


Source: SAP AG

Example Smart Shelf – Interleaved Reading


Source: SAP AG

Example Smart Shelf – Some Technical Details

Items equipped with RFID transponders

125kHz EM Marin system

6x6 RFID antenna grid

12 antennas multiplexed in 1 reading unit – overall 3 units

3 antennas are read in parallel (130ms per successful read)

9 items can be detected

Read miss rate: 0.3 %

Average response: 1.5 s


6. Group Exercise

Outline

Goal: Develop a Smart City Service Business Case including PoC

Team of 4 -5

Exercise consists of two parts

Build a business case for a Smart City Service

Description of the Service

Deployment and operation of the Service

Business Plan using a business model canvas (see attached)

Build a PoC using UrbanPulse and [ui!] COCKPIT

Identify the smart data source and connect it via [ui!] CONNECTOR

Visualize the Service using [ui!] COCKPIT

(Build an App)

Kick-off on January 15th, 2016 with a tutorial on UrbanPulse and [ui!] COCKPIT

(Review / Feedback opportunity on January 22nd, 2016)

Jam Session on pitch on January 29th, 2016 – first two hours

Successful presentations will count for 50% of exam (TBC)

Content of January 15th is part of the lecture and exam

Group Exercise - Setting


Business Model Canvas



Smart City Dashboard – Shows the urban data of the city

Smart City Dashboard - Sample Urban Sensor Data

Example: Environmental Data

Identify thresholds of air quality

Stake holder: City Authorities

Technical Solution:

Multi-sensor nodes as smart items collect data and send

them to a sensor data platform for evaluation.

Team 1This could

be yourservice?

Smart City Dashboard – PoC – Build your own Tile

Team 2This could

be yourservice?

Team 3This could be your

service?

Team 4This could

be yourservice?

Team 5This could

be yourservice?

Team 6This could be your

service?

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