uas newsletter spring 2013

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1 EDITOR: Duncan Berryman. School of Geography, Archaeology & Palaeoecology, Queen's University Belfast, BELFAST, BT7 1NN Email: [email protected] THE ULSTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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The quarterly Newsletter of the Ulster Archaeological Society. Highlighting some of the Society's activities over the past few months.

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Page 1: UAS Newsletter Spring 2013

 

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EDITOR:  Duncan  Berryman.  School  of  Geography,  Archaeology  &  Palaeoecology,  Queen's  

University  Belfast,  BELFAST,  BT7  1NN  Email:  [email protected]  

THE ULSTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

 

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FROM  THE  EDITOR    As  usual,  we  start  the  year  with  a  new  committee  and  this  year  we  welcome  Ian  Meighan  and  Rosin  McCaughan.    Rosin  is  rejoining  the  committee  after  a  break  of  a  number  of  years,  during  her  last  term  she  made  a  great  contribution  to  the  Society  and  it  is  a  pleasure  to  have  her  back.  Ian  will  be  well  known  to  many  members  of  the  society  and  we  can  look  forward  to  the  new  experiences  that  he  will  bring  to  the  committee.    At  the  beginning  of  March  I  attended  the  winter  AGM  of  the  Council  for  British  Archaeology,  the  theme  of  the  meeting  was  the  future  of  archaeological  societies  in  the  United  Kingdom.    The  majority  of  delegates  were  from  England,  but  there  were  also  people  from  Wales,  Scotland  and  Jersey.    There  was  much  discussion  about  the  threats  facing  archaeological  societies,  such  as  lack  of  funding,  decreasing  and  ageing  membership  and  remaining  relevant  to  the  community.    But  there  was  also  discussion  about  the  positive  aspects  of  societies,  such  as  replacing  university  life  long  learning  courses  and  promoting  the  heritage  of  communities.    Many  societies  in  England  have  taken  on  some  of  the  work  of  local  councils,  such  as  assisting  with  planning  applications,  carrying  out  rescue  excavations,  creating  heritage  trails  and  providing  access  to  monuments  by  caring  for  their  surroundings.    The  key  message  to  bring  back  from  the  meeting  was  that  there  is  a  positive  future  for  archaeological  societies,  they  may  just  have  to  be  open  to  new  opportunities.    The  same  is  true  of  the  Ulster  Archaeological  Society.    We  have  always  had  a  lecture  programme  and  our  reason  d'être  is  the  publication  of  the  Ulster  Journal  of  Archaeology.    But  seven  years  ago  the  survey  group  was  created  and  our  current  president  began  a  series  of  artefact  workshops.    So,  as  the  worlds  of  professional  and  research  archaeology  continue  to  change  in  Ireland  and  the  UK,  we  should  be  prepared  to  add  to  what  the  UAS  does,  to  adapt  to  what  the  members  and  non-­‐members  need  and  play  our  part  in  the  advances  of  archaeological  research  in  Ulster.    

Duncan  Berryman  Newsletter  Editor  

Newsletter  Online    You  can  now  view  a  digital  version  of  the  Newsletter,  with  additional  content  and  colour  images.  Go  to  http://issuu.com/ulsterarcsoc  to  view  the  latest  issue  and  the  previous  edition.    We  will  also  be  emailing  out  a  pdf  copy  to  our  members.  Don’t  forget,  you  can  get  the  latest  news  about  the  Society’s  events  and  activities  by  following  us  on  Twitter  and  Facebook  

http://tinyurl.com/uastwitter    http://tinyurl.com/uasfacebook    

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ULSTER  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  EVENTS    Lectures  8pm  Elmwood  Building,  Queen’s  University  Belfast    Monday  27th  May  –  Conor  Brady  (Dundalk  IT):  Old  Questions  and  New  

Technologies,  The  Hill  of  Slane  Archaeological  Project   Monday  17th  June  –  Liz  Thomas  (QUB):  Ulster  Workhouses:  Manifestations  of  Poor  

Law  Ideologies    Monday  30th  September  –  Finbar  McCormick  (QUB):  Struell  Wells  

OBITUARY    C.  W.  “Bobby”  Dickinson.    Former  Honorary  President  of  the  Ulster  Archaeological  Society  (16th  August  1928  -­‐  19th  November  2012).    Bobby  Dickinson  died  on  the  19th  November  2012  shortly  after  his  wife  Mavis.    The  funeral  was  at  Roselawn  Crematorium  and  the  service  was  led  by  Rev  William  Haslett  of  St  John’s  Newtownbreda.    Both  Bobby  and  Mavis  were  active  and  long-­‐serving  members  of  the  Society,  attending  lectures,  field  trips  and  annual  dinners  until  prevented  by  ill  health.      Bobby  studied  geography  as  a  student  but  in  the  great  tradition  set  by  Estyn  Evans  at  Queen’s,  developed  an  abiding  interest  in  archaeology.    In  1951  he  excavated  with  Dudley  Waterman  of  the  recently  formed  Archaeological  Survey  at  the  earthwork  and  towerhouse  of  Castle  Skreen  1,  in  Lecale,  Co.  Down.    In  the  following  two  years  they  excavated  at  the  rath  and  motte  site  of  Castle  Skreen  2  in  the  same  townland.    By  the  time  these  sites  were  published    (UJA  23,  1960  and  UJA  22,  1959),  Bobby’s  professional  career  was  firmly  focussed  on  geography  in  which  he  lectured  at  Stranmillis  College  of  Education,  eventually  becoming  Head  of  Department.    However,  he  kept  abreast  of  both  the  management  and  post-­‐war  expansion  of  archaeology  in  the  Province  and  this  wealth  of  experience  benefitted  the  UAS  endlessly.    Bobby  had  been  on  the  general  committee  as  recently  as  2010  but  served  as  our  Honorary  President  from  1989  until  1994.    It  was  on  his  watch  that  the  Society  first  looked  beyond  the  island  of  Ireland  and  ran  a  successful  field  trip  to  Scotland  -­‐  the  precursor  of  what  has  become  an  established  tradition.    He  also  subsequently  served  as  Vice  President  until  1999  and  again  from  2003-­‐2009.      Bobby  was  a  genial  and  gentle  man  who  deftly  guided  the  Society  over  many  years.    His  good  sense,  judgement  and  integrity  will  be  greatly  missed.    The  Society  sends  its  condolences  to  Fiona  and  Charles  and  the  family  circle.  

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SURVEY  GROUP    The   2013   season   began   with   a   report-­‐writing   session   at   Rowallane   at   the   end   of  January.    Several  reports  are  nearing  completion  and  one  has  recently  been  placed  on  the   UAS   website.     This   latest   report   relates   to   a   site   at   the   National   Trust   Divis  property,  known  as  Divis  Farm  and  has  been  written  by  Janna  McDonald  and  Michael  Catney.     As   readers   will   see,   this   has   been   comprehensively   researched   and  makes  fascinating  reading,  particularly  when  all  there  is  to  see  at  the  site  are  a  few  bumps  on  the   ground!     It   should   add   significantly   to   the   ever-­‐expanding   knowledge   of   this  fascinating  area.    The   new   season   has   indeed   hit   the   ground   running,   with   a   return   to   Rowallane   in  February.    This   time  the  group  were   treated  to  a  detailed  presentation  and  practical  demonstration  from  John  Meneely  of  Queen’s  University  about  laser  scanning.    If  only  we  had  one  of  these!     John  is  clearly  very  knowledgeable  and  enthusiastic  about  this  and  has  already  worked  with  the  National  Trust  on  several  projects.    Our  thanks  go  to  John  for  sharing  his  expertise  with  us  and  to  Pat  O’Neill  for  arranging  the  session.    We  hope  John  is  serious  about  wanting  to  join  the  survey  group.    Our  March  outing  has  been  programmed  to  take  place  at  the  Ulster  Folk  and  Transport  Museum  at  Cultra  on  Saturday  23rd.    The  aim  is  to  investigate  the  vernacular  houses  there  in  order  to  better  understand  the  remains  that  we  find  on  site  (as  at  Divis  Farm,  mentioned  above).    We  will  be  looking  at  methods  of  construction,  layout  and  use  and  if   time   permits,   we   hope   to   do   some   practical   work   such   as   preparing   plans   and  elevation   drawings.     The   session   has   been   organised   by   our   Newsletter   Secretary,  Duncan  Berryman,  who  has  a  lot  of  expertise  in  this  area,  along  with  his  many  other  talents.    In  April,  we  hope  to  participate  in  a  public-­‐outreach  excavation,  which  may  be  taking  place   at   the   National   Trust   site   at   Divis,   in   conjunction   with   the   Northern   Ireland  Environment  Agency  and  the  Belfast  Hills  Landscape  Partnership.    Arrangements   for  this   are   still   being   drawn   up,   so   more   details   will   hopefully   follow   soon.     As   our  contribution  to  the  event,  we  hope  to  carry  out  a  site  survey  and  plan  of  the  area,  as  was  done  at  the  Belfast  Hills  Landscape  Partnership  Ballyaghagan  excavation  in  2011  (report  on  UAS  website).    In  addition  to  all  this,  Mal  Conway  has  a  full  list  of  sites  he  would   like   the   survey  group   to   investigate,   so   it   looks   like  being   another  busy  year.  There  will  be  plenty  of  opportunities  for  the  members  of  the  society  to  get  involved  in  practical  fieldwork,  so  why  not  come  along  and  give  it  a  go?    For  further  information,  see  the  UAS  website  or  get  in  touch  with  any  member  of  the  committee.    

Harry  Welsh  Fieldwork  Co-­ordinator    

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UAS  TRIP  TO  THE  SPERRINS    Claire  Foley  lead  the  Society  to  the  Sperrins  on  a  fine  August  Saturday.    The  first  site  we  visited  was  Clougherny  wedge  tomb  (H488945)  and  stone  circle  in  North  Tyrone.    There  was  a  long  boggy  walk  onto  high  ground  from  where  we  were  rewarded  with  fine  views.    Claire  reminded  us  that  megalithic  tombs  were  the  first  major  buildings  in  the  Irish  landscape.    The  wedge  tomb  is  the  last  type  in  the  megalithic  tomb  series  dating  from  the  late  Neolithic/early  Bronze  Age  transition.    These  tombs  are  less  structurally  complex  consisting  of  a  single  chamber  with  lintels.    Here,  the  tomb  was  probably  constructed  on  grazing  land  on  a  south  facing  slope  although  more  pollen  cores  need  to  be  analysed  in  this  area  to  get  a  better  idea  of  vegetation  cover.    Subsequently  the  area  was  covered  in  peat  and  the  tomb  emerged  again  after  hand  cutting  the  scraws  and  peat  to  reclaim  the  landscape  for  low  intensity  grazing.    The  relationship  between  the  wedge  tomb  and  the  circle  attracted  the  attention  of  Oliver  Davis  who  excavated  the  site  in  one  week  in  1937  with  five  men  supported  by  a  Belfast  Museum  grant  and  published  it  in  UJA  1939.    He  found  a  barbed  and  tanged  arrowhead  (BA),  burnt  human  bone  but,  unusually,  no  pottery.    The  tomb  is  orientated  SW  and  at  the  front  two  side  stones  define  an  antechamber  and  a  wide  entrance.    One  capstone  has  been  removed  revealing  a  backstone  and  a  fine,  deep  chamber.    Most  of  the  cairn  material  has  been  robbed  out.    Surrounding  the  tomb  is  a  ring  of  standing  stones  and  cobbles.    The  primary  use  of  the  tomb  was  for  burial  but  survival  of  bone  depends  on  the  acidity  of  the  soil.    It  would  also  have  provided  a  ceremonial  focus  for  scattered  farming  communities  in  the  local  area.      Loughash  wedge  tomb  (C843009)  has  a  prominent  split  entrance,  prominent  out  walling  and  traces  of  cup  mark  decoration.    Oliver  Davis  excavated  the  site  in  1938  over  eight  days  using  three  men  and  found  four  Beaker  pots  (often  associated  with  wedge  tombs  in  the  North)  and  five  other  vessels,  a  palstave  mould,  a  copper  ring  (cf  Largantea  wedge  tomb)  and  the  cremated  remains  of  three  individuals.      Banagher  Church  (C676066).    There  is  a  reference  to  a  king  being  killed  here  in  1121  and  a  ballaun  stone  is  evidence  of  a  pre-­‐Norman,  9/10th  century  use  though  the  foundation  is  traditionally  attributed  to  St  Muiredach  O’Heney  (11th/early  12th  century).    By  1622  it  was  ruinous  and  was  brought  into  State  Care  in  1880.    Dudley  Waterman  extensively  excavated  the  site  in  the  1970s  and  found  the  remains  of  a  15th  century  sacristy  at  the  east  end  of  the  church.  Outside  the  church  site  is  a  two-­‐storey  gate  house  or  priests  residence.    There  is  a  fine  mortuary  house  in  the  graveyard  –  probably  St  Muiredach’s  grave/shrine  and  the  source  of  Banagher  sand  which  brought  good  fortune.    This  would  attract  pilgrims  and  could  be  a  useful  source  of  income  for  the  church.    The  west  door  of  the  church  has  an  inscription  by  the  antiquarian  Buchanon  but  this  gives  a  fictitious  date  of  474AD.    

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The  rectangular  architrave  has  a  semi-­‐circular  arch  on  the  inside  suggesting  an  early/mid  12th  century  date  for  the  nave.    The  chancel  arch  is  early  13th  century  and  there  is  an  elegant  transitional  window  and  sedile  (seat)  in  the  south  wall.    The  exterior  angles  at  the  east  end  have  reset  decorative  capitals.    At  Dungiven  (C692083),  the  pre-­‐Norman  church  attributed  to  St  Nechtan  (d.869AD)  was  succeeded  by  a  12th  century  Priory  of  Augustinian  Canons.    The  nave  and  south  window  are  early/mid  12th  century  but  with  a  later  tower  at  the  west  end.    At  the  east  end  a  chancel  was  added  in  the  13th  century.    In  the  15th  century  further  vaulting  was  added  and  windows  in  the  west  end  of  the  nave.    Foundations  survive  of  a  17th  century  house  outside  the  east  end  of  the  church  on  a  spur  overlooking  a  burn.    This  is  identified  on  a  Raven  map  as  Doddington  castle  and  was  enclosed  by  a  bawn  wall.    The  west  end  of  the  church  contains  the  15th  century  tomb  of  Cooey-­‐na-­‐Gall  O’Cahan  surrounded  by  the  heavily  restored  figures  of  six  gallowglass  soldiers.  

Clogherny  Wedge  Tomb  

Photos  by  Pat  O’Neill  

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Loughash  Wedge  Tomb  

Banagher  Old  Church  

Dungiven  Priory  

Tomb  of  Cooey-­‐na-­‐Gall  O’Cahan  

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NOVEMBER  LECTURE    The  Society’s  November  lecture  was  given  by  Prof  Brian  Williams  of  Northern  Ireland  Environment  Agency.    Prof  Williams  has  been  a  director  in  NIEA  for  many  years  and  responsible  for  the  Built  Heritage  department;  having  recently  retired,  he  now  sits  on  strategic  development  committees  and  advocates  the  importance  of  our  heritage  for  the  economic  recovery  of  Northern  Ireland.    His  lecture  was  entitled  “The  economic  and  social  value  of  Northern  Ireland’s  historic  environment”.    Prof  Williams  began  by  explaining  that  a  Historic  Environmental  Strategic  Forum  had  been  set  up  in  2007  by,  then  Minster  of  the  Environment,  Arlene  Foster.    This  forum  is  chaired  by  the  Minister  of  the  Environment  and  has  representatives  from  heritage  and  tourism  NGOs.    The  aim  of  the  forum  was  to  promote  the  historic  environment  at  a  high  level  in  the  Northern  Ireland  government  and  to  link  it  to  the  rest  of  society.    One  of  the  key  aspects  identified  was  that  much  of  the  Troubles  were  based  on  perceptions  of  identity  and  different  heritages  developed.    Recently  studies  have  been  carried  out  on  the  value  of  the  historic  environment  in  Scotland  and  Ireland.    A  similar  report  was  produced  for  Northern  Ireland,  funded  by  NIEA,  the  National  Trust  and  NI  Tourist  Board.    The  final  report  was  disseminated  to  senior  administrators  and  decision  makers  across  Northern  Ireland.    This  raised  awareness  of  historic  assets  for  social  development.    The  report  was  divided  into  a  number  of  sections,  each  with  a  number  of  case  studies,  the  first  of  which  was  “Economics”.    Dunluce  is  one  of  the  key  visitor  attractions  in  Northern  Ireland  and,  in  2011,  10  acres  of  land  next  to  the  castle  was  bought.    This  will  allow  the  ‘lost  village’  of  Dunluce  to  be  fully  investigated  and  exploited;  potentially  boosting  visitor  numbers  from  80,000  currently  to  almost  one  million  each  year.    Another  icon  of  northern  Irish  heritage  is  St  Patrick.    With  links  to  31  counties  across  Ireland  and  an  unmistakable  image,  St  Patrick  is  easily  marketed;  recent  research  by  Dr  Finbar  McCormick  and  Queen’s  Univeristy  students  has  helped  to  bring  some  of  this  heritage  alive  at  Struell  Wells.    Under  “Regeneration”  Prof  Williams  identified  a  number  of  areas  of  Belfast  where  the  restoration  of  the  historic  fabric  has  helped  improve  the  city.    The  restoration  of  the  Grand  Opera  House  has  gone  some  way  in  reviving  the  idea  of  the  “golden  mile”  and  Belfast’s  heyday  as  a  Victorian  city.    Cathedral  Quarter  and  Royal  Exchange  have  recently  received  much  investment,  with  £12m  spent  on  the  renovation  of  the  merchant  hotel  and  many  more  buildings  being  renovated.    This  area  sees  many  historic  buildings  sitting  alongside  new  developments,  such  as  St  Anne’s  Square  and  the  MAC.    There  are  also  plans  for  a  heritage  corridor  to  run  from  Royal  Exchange,  up  to  Clifton  House  and  on  to  Carlise  Circus  and  Crumlin  Road  courthouse  and  jail.    

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Under  the  heading  of  “Learning”,  the  Navan  Centre  was  identified  as  an  example  of  how  heritage  can  be  used  to  educate.    The  Navan  Centre  provides  education  for  all  sectors  of  society  about  our  shared  past  and  encourages  a  shared  future.    Navan  demonstrates  how  our  ancestors  lived  and  helps  all  ages  of  visitors  to  understand  what  it  would  have  been  like  to  live  in  Ulster  in  the  Bronze  and  Iron  Ages.    Under  “Environment”,  the  network  of  waterways  across  Northern  Ireland  was  seen  as  an  economic  success.    Although  it  is  unlikely  that  money  will  be  available  for  a  full  restoration  of  the  canal  network,  what  has  been  done  has  helped  local  communities  and  had  economic  benefits.    The  Lock-­‐Keeper’s  café  on  the  Lagan  has  traded  very  successfully  since  its  opening  and  there  are  opportunities  for  the  development  of  similar  facilities  elsewhere.    The  city  of  Derry  was  highlighted  as  an  example  of  “Community  and  Cohsion”.    The  successful  bid  for  City  of  Culture  and  the  redevelopment  of  Ebrington  Barracks  demonstrate  how  far  Derry  has  come  from  the  difficult  times  of  the  Troubles.    A  peace  bridge  has  been  designed  to  link  the  city  centre  with  Ebrington,  one  of  the  key  entertainment  venues  for  the  City  of  Culture,  and  the  walls  are  to  be  floodlit  for  the  festival.    The  preservation  of  eleven  listed  buildings  at  Ebrington  and  the  illumination  of  the  walls  highlights  the  importance  of  the  historic  environment  to  the  community  of  Derry.    The  report’s  figures  show  that  the  historic  environment  generates  £532m  each  year,  producing  £250m  profit  for  the  country  and  supports  10,000  jobs.    For  every  £1  of  public  money  invested,  there  is  about  £4  of  private  money  invested.    By  comparison,  Scotland’s  historic  environment  generates  £1bn  and  the  UK  as  a  whole  is  £20bn.    Northern  Ireland  needs  to  work  hard  to  develop  the  heritage  sector  and  increase  the  profit.    The  first  recommendation  to  achieve  this  is  to  develop  a  coherent  strategy  to  realise  the  potential  of  the  historic  environment.    This  strategy  must  be  supported  by  the  NGOs  and  government  departments,  and  with  the  reform  of  public  administration,  heritage  becomes  more  important  at  a  local  level.    The  second  recommendation  is  to  increase  public  funding  to  realise  the  economic  and  social  benefits  of  the  historic  environment.    Once  public  funding  is  in  place,  private  funding  will  follow;  this  will  save  jobs  and  create  economic  growth.    Tourism  accounts  for  less  than  a  third  of  the  £532m  income,  yet  in  Ireland  it  is  70%;  thus  this  is  an  area  that  needs  much  development.    Apps  for  smartphones  might  be  a  method  of  bringing  a  younger  audience  to  the  historic  environment.    The  involvement  of  local  history  groups  is  another  area  that  can  lead  development  by  identifying  areas  and  landscapes  with  potential  and  bringing  these  to  the  attention  of  the  local  administration.    Therefore,  we  can  all  have  a  part  to  play  in  the  economic  recovery  of  Northern  Ireland.  

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REVIEW  OF  OPEN  DAY  AT  DRUMCLAY  CRANNOG    Last  month  I  had  the  pleasure  of  attending  an  open  day  at  the  Drumclay  crannog  excavation.    The  whole  day  was  extremely  well  organised  by  Enniskilen  Museum  and  NIEA.    There  was  a  very  interesting  presentation  about  what  crannogs  were  and  what  we  know  about  them.    During  the  presentation  and  in  one  of  the  rooms  of  the  museum  were  images  of  many  of  the  most  interesting  and  attractive  objects  that  have  been  found  so  far.    Many  of  the  most  interesting  objects  are  mundane,  everyday  items  that  were  given  a  little  ornamentation  or  artefacts  that  tell  us  more  about  the  lifestyle  of  the  occupants.    The  crannog  appears  to  have  been  in  use  from  at  least  the  seventh  century.    A  comb  from  one  of  the  earliest  layers  has  a  circular  decoration  that  reflects  artefacts  I've  seen  from  other  parts  of  Ireland  and  even  across  the  Viking  world.    The  excavators  have  had  an  almost  impossible  task,  coping  with  regular  flooding  of  the  site  and  working  in  the  freezing  weather.    As  well  as  the  climate,  the  layers  of  the  site  have  shifted  at  an  angle,  making  excavations  and  onsite  interpretation  more  difficult.    The  second  part  of  the  visit  was  a  trip  to  the  site.    Here  we  could  look  down  on  the  excavation,  as  it  is  a  few  metres  below  ground  level;  we  could  see  the  wealth  of  archaeology  on  the  site  and  its  complexity.    The  preservation  was  really  good,  similar  to  that  at  Viking  Dublin  and  Deer  Park  Farms.    Post  and  wattle  structures  are  clearly  visible,  many  with  stone  hearths.    The  excavators  were  also  on  hand  to  show  and  talk  about  a  number  of  the  finds,  from  quern  stones,  to  knives,  wooden  barrels  and  fossilised  faeces,  even  a  small  wooden  gaming  piece.    The  preservation  of  many  of  these  items  is  very  rare  and  it  tells  us  a  lot  about  the  people  who  lived  on  this  crannog.    I  was  really  impressed  by  the  number  of  people  who  came  to  the  open  day,  and  many  had  travelled  quite  a  distance.    There  were  many  members  of  the  UAS  there,  but  there  was  also  a  considerable  number  of  locals  who  were  interested  in  finding  out  more  about  this  internationally  important  site  on  their  doorstep.    Many  of  these  visitors  did  not  know  what  a  crannog  was,  but  the  media  had  sparked  their  interest  in  this  piece  of  their  heritage.    If  there  had  not  been  so  much  media  coverage  of  this  site,  would  so  many  people  have  been  interested  in  it?    Probably  not.    And  would  so  much  time  and  money  have  been  invested  excavating  it  to  uncover  these  important  finds?    Possibly  not.    I  was  talking  to  a  lady  who  lived  near  the  excavation  and  she  asked  why  the  road  could  not  have  been  moved  to  avoid  the  crannog.    This  reminded  me  of  one  of  the  paradoxes  of  archaeology.    If  we  preserved  the  site  by  moving  the  road,  we  would  still  have  the  site  but  we  would  have  learnt  nothing  from  it,  all  those  amazing  finds  would  still  be  in  the  ground.    Without  excavation  we  cannot  understand  the  people  of  the  past,  which  is  the  whole  point  of  archaeology.    What  would  be  really  useful  now  would  be  to  excavate  another  crannog  to  see  if  Drumclay  was  unique  or  were  all  crannogs,  and  possibly  all  early  medieval  sites,  this  rich  in  material  culture.    

Duncan  Berryman  

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DECEMBER  LECTURE    The  Society’s  December  lecture  was  given  by  Robert  Chapple,  formerly  site  director  for  Northern  Archaeology  Consultancy  and  currently  runs  his  own  blog  (rmchapple.blogspot.co.uk)  along  with  the  Irish  Radiocarbon  and  Dendrochronological  Dates  Database  and  the  Billy  Dunlop  Archaeological  Photo  Archive  (sites.google.com/site/chapplearchaeology).    Robert’s  lecture  was  entitled  “A  unique  Middle  Bronze  Age  cemetery  at  Oakgrove,  Co.  Londonderry”.    The  site  of  Oakgrove  is  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Foyle,  to  the  north-­‐east  of  Londonderry.    Excavations  were  carried  out  on  the  site  in  advance  of  a  school  development.    Many  surface  finds  turned  up  and  fuller  investigation  was  required.    The  most  recent  occupation  of  the  site  had  been  as  a  structure  for  metalworking.    There  was  evidence  of  a  hearth  and  around  it  were  multiple  lines  of  post  holes,  indicating  some  form  of  windbreak.    The  wood  charcoal  taken  from  the  fire  dated  it  to  the  Iron  Age  and  there  are  parallels  to  similar  Iron  Age  sites  elsewhere.    Surrounding  the  main  part  of  the  site  was  a  narrow  enclosure  ditch,  70.42m  in  length  and  less  the  1m  in  width  and  depth.    The  excavators  took  47  box  sections  through  the  ditch.    In  the  eastern  segment  of  the  ditch,  was  a  large  post  pit  that  pre-­‐dated  the  ditch  and  contained  a  sherd  of  Bronze  Age  pottery.    The  post  contained  in  this  pit  would  have  stood  about  3.75m  tall,  it  would  have  been  highly  visible  and  is  likely  to  have  been  decorated.    Parallels  can  be  drawn  with  Native  American  totem  poles;  there  are  very  few  similar  artefacts  in  Ireland,  but  an  anthropomorphic  figure  carved  on  a  3m  ash  trunk  built  into  a  Longford  trackway  might  be  one  such  example.    The  posthole  had  been  filled  in  by  the  time  the  ditch  was  carved  out  of  the  shale.    Interestingly,  the  shale  was  left  rough,  but  a  polishing  stone  was  found  in  the  only  part  of  the  ditch  that  had  been  worked  smooth    Many  fragments  of  pottery  were  found  across  the  site.    Seventeen  vessels  were  identified  from  33  sherds,  one  of  which  was  a  cinerary  urn.    The  sherds  were  spread  around  the  ditch  and  most  pots  were  distributed  around  the  ditch,  but  there  were  concentrations  in  the  north-­‐eastern  section.    Very  few  flint  or  stone  artefacts  were  found  in  the  ditch.    This  may  indicate  that  different  rituals  were  taking  place  at  different  parts  of  the  enclosure.    This  large  enclosure  was  the  outer  enclosure  of  the  site,  with  a  possible  entrance  in  the  south  where  the  stone  had  been  worked  smooth.    There  was  a  kink  in  the  ditch  where  the  large  post  hole  had  been,  clearly  to  accommodate  it  within  the  enclosure.    There  may  also  have  been  a  palisade  within  the  ditch,  but  there  was  no  evidence  of  postholes.    This  outer  ditch  may  have  been  constructed  late  in  the  occupation  of  the  site  and  had  been  built  to  enclose  an  older  sacred  space,  marked  out  by  the  inner  enclosure  and  the  ancient  posthole.    The  inner  ditch  was  12.2m  in  diameter,  making  it  a  comparative  size  to  Bronze  Age  houses.    Within  the  ditch  were  eight  Bronze  Age  vessels  and  within  the  enclosure  was  a  collection  of  cist  graves  making  up  a  central  cemetery.  

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The  central  cemetery  had  fourteen  atypical  cists,  some  were  lined  with  slabs,  some  had  cap  stone  lids  and  some  were  not  slab  lined,  but  had  pebbles  embedded  in  their  walls.    Many  of  these  cists  contained  cereal  grains  and  a  small  number  had  Bronze  Age  pottery;  these  may  have  been  the  remains  of  a  funerary  meal.    Only  two  of  the  cists  contained  human  bone.    Some  of  the  cists  that  were  not  slab  lined  contained  grain,  thus  these  may  have  been  cenotaphs  that  represent  burials.    There  were  a  number  of  features  within  the  outer  enclosure,  but  outside  the  inner  enclosure  of  the  cemetery.    These  features  included  pits  and  slot  trenches.    Evidence  of  Bronze  Age  pottery  was  found  in  ten  of  these  features,  but  none  contained  grain.    There  is  the  suggestion  that  these  features  made  a  very  segmented  circle  in  the  north  of  the  large  enclosure.    The  pits  may  have  been  holes  for  orthostats,  creating  a  rough  stone  circle.    If  it  was  another  enclosure,  it  must  be  associated  with  a  different  form  of  ritual  and  ceremony.    The  function  of  the  cists  and  the  cemetery  is  rather  unclear.    The  amount  of  bone  deposited  is  only  a  tiny  fraction  of  what  would  be  expected  from  a  male  adult  human  –  only  8g  of  an  expected  2.3kg.    This  suggests  that  these  may  have  been  token  deposits  rather  than  full  burials.    There  was  a  trend  during  the  Bronze  Age  to  bury  less  bone,  but  8g  seems  rather  extreme  compared  to  that  found  at  Loughbrickland.    There  are  parallels  for  the  deposition  of  grain  and  stone  lined  cists  on  other  Bronze  Age  sites,  but  there  are  no  comparisons  for  the  site  as  a  whole.    The  site  was  placed  on  a  ridge  and  for  part  of  its  occupation  had  a  4m  tall  pole  beside  it;  this  indicates  that  it  would  have  been  quite  visible  within  the  landscape.    This  may  suggest  that  the  cemetery  had  been  placed  for  the  ancestors  to  protect  the  living  and  to  lay  claim  to  the  land.    However,  only  two  of  the  fourteen  cists  contained  bone  and  twelve  contained  grain.    This  makes  it  more  likely  that  the  rituals  were  about  the  deposition  of  grain  and  returning  it  to  the  earth.    Cremation  of  the  grain  may  have  similar  properties  to  other  forms  of  cremation  and  pass  the  grain  over  into  the  spirit  world.    Christian  and  Jewish  harvest  festivals  have  similar  themes,  in  that,  part  of  the  crop  is  given  over  to  the  god;  the  Torah  records  the  presentation  of  burnt  offerings.    One  thing  that  archaeology  cannot  reveal  is  the  rituals  that  accompanied  the  depositions  of  bone  and  grain.    One  parallel  is  the  film  ‘The  Wicker  Man’.    Archaeology  will  show  the  charred  wood  and  bone,  but  the  singing,  dancing  and  processions  will  be  lost.    The  charred  grains  had  evidence  of  abrasion,  suggesting  that  they  were  not  buried  immediately  after  cremation,  but  were  stored  for  some  time.    The  same  may  be  true  of  human  bone.    After  death,  bones  may  have  become  social  artefacts  and  used  in  ritual  or  domestic  contexts  rather  than  being  deposited  in  the  ground.    This  interesting  site  has  revealed  occupation  over  about  1,000  years,  with  many  different  rituals  and  activities  taking  place  over  that  period.    From  a  large  totem  pole,  to  a  small  enclosure  of  cists  containing  grain  to  a  much  larger  oval  enclosure  with  numerous  pits  and  a  possible  stone  circle.    The  interpretive  possibilities  are  endless,  but  the  rituals  of  the  Bronze  Age  people  will  remain  an  enigma.  

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NIEA  LECTURES    Northern  Ireland  Environment  Agency  2013  programme  of  public  lectures  in  the  Monuments  and  Buildings  Record  (MBR).    The  lectures  will  take  place  in  the  public  reading  room  of  Waterman  House,  5-­‐33  Hill  Street,  Belfast,  BT1  2LA.      Information:  028  90  543  159  or  email  [email protected].    Admission  is  free.    All  welcome.    Space  is  limited  at  these  talks,  so  please  come  early  to  avoid  disappointment.    Friday  3rd  May  -­‐  Andrew  McClelland,  University  of  Ulster:  Crisis  and  the  Northern  Ireland  Heritage  Revolution  of  the  1960s.    Friday  7th  June  -­‐  Ruairi  O’Baoill,  Centre  for  Archaeological  Fieldwork:  The  Archaeology  of  Derry  City  and  its  Environs.    Friday  5th  July  -­‐  Jonathan  Barkley  and  Colin  Dunlop,  Northern  Archaeological  Consultancy:  Enigmatic  Structures  on  the  A8  Road  Scheme.    Friday  2nd  August  -­‐Dr  Geraldine  Carville,  Historian  and  Author:  Secrets  of  Cistercian  Music  in  Ireland  1142-­‐1541:  Cistercian  Abbey  Churches  Where  the  Very  Stones  Sing  the  Psalms.    Friday  20th  September    1:00pm  -­‐  Liam  McQuillan,  NIEA:  Consolidating  Ruins:  Some  recent  projects  on  Scheduled  Masonry  Monuments.   6:00pm  -­‐  Terence  Reeves-­‐Smyth,  NIEA:  The  Flowering  Legacy:  The  Parks  and  Gardens  of  the  National  Trust  in  Northern  Ireland.  

The  Origins  of  the  Irish    The  latest  book  by  Prof.  J.  Mallory  looks  at  a  problem  that  has  been  in  his  mind  since  he  was  a  student  at  UCLA.    Beginning  with  the  Big  Bang,  he  quickly  takes  us  through  the  geological  origin  of  Ireland,  its  first  settlers  and  farmers  and  traces  the  development  of  peoples  through  the  Neolithic,  Bronze  Age  and  Iron  Age.    Mallory  then  moves  to  look  at  the  native  origin  myths  and  the  archaeological  and  linguistic  evidence.    Throughout  the  book,  Mallory  provides  many  archaeological  examples  to  illustrate  his  discussion  and  combines  these  with  his  expertise  of  linguistics  to  create  an  engrossing  story.    Disentangling  the  threads  of  Irish  history  and  myth  is  problematic  and  this  is  the  first  book  to  attempt  it  in  nearly  80  years.    But  this  book  has  the  benefit  of  decades  of  excavation  and  discovery  with  Ireland  and  further  afield,  as  well  as  developments  in  linguistic  research.    The  writing  is  informative,  yet  entertaining  and  the  high  quality  illustrations  bring  the  text  to  life.    This  book  is  the  result  of  decades  of  quality  academic  research  and  has  been  published  in  an  equally  high  standard.    It  is  essential  reading  for  anyone  interested  in  Irish  history  and  archaeology,  and  will  be  of  interest  to  anyone  with  some  connection  to  Ireland  more  generally.  Available  now  in  hardback,  priced  £19.99,  from  all  good  bookshops;  published  by  Thames  &  Hudson  (www.thamesandhudson.com).  

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  Notes

DigVentures    DigVentures  are  undertaking  another  season  of  excavation  and  field  school.    This  year  the  target  is  Leiston  Abbey  in  Suffolk.    You  can  join  the  excavation  or  make  a  donation  to  support  this  excellent  project.    Public  funded  excavations  look  like  a  good  way  to  carry  out  useful  and  interesting  research  projects  that  may  not  otherwise  be  funded.  

Old  Museum  Arts  Centre    The  Old  Museum  building  requires  some  work  to  refurbish  the  structure  and  bring  it  up  to  modern  specifications.    Watch  out  for  more  information  about  this  project  and  how  you  can  support  it  in  a  future  issue  of  the  Newsletter.  

Battle  Re-­enactment  Group    Is  there  anyone  interested  in  joining  a  group  to  recreate  warfare  from  a  range  of  different  periods  of  history.    I  would  like  to  organise  a  multi-­‐period  historical  re-­‐enactment  group  in  Belfast.    The  group  can  meet  in  the  Ulster  Museum  and  Botanic  Gardens  if  weather  allows.    The  group  will  promote  Northern  Ireland's  history  and  history  more  generally.    In  the  future,  we  could  organise  some  live  history  festivals  in  Botanic  Gardens.    If  you  are  interested  in  joining  this  group,  please  contact  me  (Sebastian)  on  my  email  –  [email protected]    

Field  Trips  for  UAS  Members    Saturday  1st  June  –  Day  field  trip:  Co  Louth  Monday  24th  June  –  Evening  field  trip:  TBC  Monday  5th  August  –  Evening  field  trip:  TBC  Saturday  17th  August  –  Day  field  trip:  Circuit  of  the  Mournes  Mid  September  –  Continental  Trip:  Portugal