u2. islam & its expansion
TRANSCRIPT
2ºESOIES Camilo José Cela
Teacher: Rocío Bautista
• Islam originated in the 7th Century in the Arabian Peninsula, in an area known as the Near East.
Near East (Oriente Próximo)
• Confluence between Asia & Africa. It’s in-between: Red Sea
Persian Gulf
Mediterranean Sea
Indian Ocean
1.1. Arabia before Muhammad
• It’s a desert area.
– In the interior nomadic tribes (Bedouins) who practised animistic religions (worship of fetishes: objects
believed to have supernatural powers, usually natural elements as plants & animals).
– In the coasts settled tribes who practised polytheism.
Despite their differences, they had 2 things in common…
•Arabic language
•Cult of the Black Stone in the Kaabasanctuary (in Mecca).
Before Muhammad, Arabia was inhabited by several independent tribes:
Bedouins
The term "Bedouin” comes from the Arabic word “badawi” and it means "those ,(بََدِوي)
in the desert".
Sanctuary of the Kaaba (Mecca)
According to the Muslim tradition, the Kaaba was
first built by Adam, but it was destroyed in the
Flood. Later, Abraham rebuild it. Centuries later
men forgot about it significance and began
practicing idolatry in it, until the times of
Muhammad, when it became again the house of
God (Allah).
The black stone inside the sanctuary of the Kaaba (Mecca)
It is said that it was brought by Archangel Gabriel to Abraham: "It descended from
Paradise whiter than milk, but the sins of the sons of Adam made it black.”
• The main city in Arabia was Mecca because:
– Location of the Kaaba (pilgrimage place).
– It was a crossroads for the trade caravans that came from the Far East.
• During the 7th Century, Muhammad brought all these Arab tribes togetherunder a common religion: ISLAM
Activity 1a) Copy the map of the geographical location of the Arabian
Peninsula (p.28). Include:
– Mediterranean Sea
– Red Sea
– Indian Ocean
– Persian Gulf
b) Write 3 modern countries that can be found today in the Arabian peninsula.
c) What did they have in common the different tribes that inhabited the Arabian peninsula in the early 7th Century?
d) Why was the city of Mecca so important?
– Mecca
– Medina (Yathrib)
– Jerusalem
– Egypt
Mohammad and the beginning of Islam (1.2. & 2.1.)
Muhammad is the prophet of ISLAM:
• 570: he was born in Mecca.
• 610: according to the
legend, archangel
Gabriel appeared
before him and told
him to preach a new
religion called ISLAM.
• 610 - 622: Muhammad preached Islam in Mecca. He
became enemy of rich merchants & authorities
because Islam denied polytheism, and Mecca’s
wealth was based in the pilgrimage to the Kaaba
which had a polytheistic nature.
• 622: Muhammad & his followers escaped from
Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina = “City of the
Prophet“). This event is known as HEGIRA, and it’s
taken as the beginning of the Muslim calendar.
• 622 – 630: Muhammad lived in Medina, where he
became a political, religious & military leader:
– He created the first community of Muslim believers.
– He organised an army.
• 630 He conquered Mecca, and continued the
expansion of Islam across the rest of the Arabian
Peninsula.
• 632 Muhammad died having achieved the
unification of the Arabic tribes under a common
political & religious leader.
CONCLUSION: Mohammad had not only created a new religion... He had also unified Arabia politically!!!
Orthodox
In the map, colour in the territories through which Islam was spread during Muhammad's life (622-632).
Activity 2. Expansion of Islam
a) What is the Hegira?
b) What are the two main achievements of Muhammad?
c) Make a timeline about Muhammad’s life that includes the following dates. Remember that timelines have to be proportional:
• 570
• 610
• 622
• 630
• 632
Activity 3
1.3. Islamic religion
• Mohammad is the prophet of ISLAM.
• Its only god is Allah.
• Its sacred book is the Koran.
• Its believers are the Muslims.
• Muslims have to accept the five pillars of Islam.
• Other cultural practices of Muslims are: – Not drinking alcohol
– Not eating pork
– Not gambling
– Accepting polygamy (not in every Islamic country!!!!)
• Some Muslim countries follow the Islamic law (“Sharia”).
Very few countries
apply the Sharia as
their main legal
system (Saudi
Arabia, Yemen,
Oman, Iraq,
Afghanistan).
Adultery, homosexuality… are condemned to death penalty, for example by stoning.
Five pillars of Islam
1) Declaration of faith: there’s no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet.
2) Prayer: Muslims have to pray 5 times a day facing Mecca.
3) Alms-giving (limosna): give money to those who need it.
4) Fasting (ayuno): abstain from food from sunrise to sunset during the month of Ramadan.
5) Pilgrimage: all Muslims have to go to Mecca at least once in their life.
The “Hand of Fatima” is used to represent the FivePillars of Islam.
Activity 4Draw a Hand of Fatima in your notebook, and write each pillar in a different finger.
1) Declaration of faith: there’s no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet.
2) Prayer: Muslims have to pray 5 times a day facing Mecca.
3) Alms-giving (limosna): give money to those who need it.
4) Fasting (ayuno): abstain from food from sunrise to sunset during the month of Ramadan.
5) Pilgrimage: all Muslims have to go to Mecca at least once in their life.
2. EXPANSION OF ISLAM: the creation of a great empire
Muhammad’s successors, the caliphs (“successor”),
continued to conquer territories and to expand Islam.
They created a huge empire. 3 stages:
a) ORTHODOX CALIPHATE
b) UMAYYAD CALIPHATE
c) ABBASID CALIPHATE
This expansion was possible due to several factors:
• Desire to spread the Islamic faith
• A powerful & organized army
• Desire to obtain war booty
• The weakness of their opponents (Byzantines & Persians where
weakened due to fights between them, so they couldn’t confront the Muslims).
Orthodox
In the map, colour in the territories through which Islam was spread during the Orthodox (632-661) & the Umayyad (661-750) caliphates.
Activity 2. Expansion of Islam (cont.)
Orthodox
CALIPHATECHRONO
LOGYWHO WHERE THE CALIPHS?
CAPITALCONQUESTS / EXTENSION
ORTHODOX
Family and closest friends
of Muhammad.
Medina (Saudi Arabia)
Maximum expansion of the empire:WEST North of Africa, Iberian Pen.EAST Indus Valley (Pakistan) & Turkestan (border of China).
The expansion ended (only some minor conquests: Crete and Sicily).The Turks took control in 1055, until the Mongolians conquered Baghdad in 1258.
Activity 5: Stages of the conquestCopy & complete the chart.
TURKS’ (Seljuq) EMPIRE
MONGOL EMPIRE
ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE: politics
PO
LITICA
L OR
GA
NISA
TION
CALIPHHad complete political &
religious power.
VIZIERLike a Prime Minister. Helped
the caliph to govern.
EMIRS / WALISGovernors of the provinces
(“koras”)
KADISJudges that applied the laws
(administered justice)
DIWANS
Royal treasurers that collected taxes:
- Everyone: according to their owned land- Non-muslims: to practice their religion
ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE: economy
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
AGRICULTURE
Main economic activity
New crops introduced to Western Europe: rice, cotton, sugar cane, saffron, oranges, lemons.
New irrigation systems (waterwheels, ditches, wells....) & farming techniques (terraces)
Nomadic cattle farming in desert regions: sheep & camels.
CRAFTWORK
Small workshops where artisans lived, worked & sold their products.
Main crafts: - Cotton & linen textiles- Carpets- Leather goods- Perfumes- Etc…
TRADE
Benefited of its strategic position between Europe, the East & Africa.
Products sold in the souks (markets of the cities)
Many luxury products from distant places were traded: metals, silk, spices, salt, slaves…
NEW CROPS INTRODUCED TO WESTERN EUROPE
Cotton
Oranges & lemons
Saffron
Rice
Sugarcane
NEW FARMING TECHNIQUES
Irrigation systems:
waterweels, ditches, wells…
Terraces to cultivate onmountain slopes.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzzSLqPckZM&featu
re=player_embedded#!
ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE: economy
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
AGRICULTURE
Main economic activity
New crops introduced to Western Europe: rice, cotton, sugar cane, saffron, oranges, lemons.
New irrigation systems (waterwheels, ditches, wells....) & farming techniques (terraces)
Nomadic cattle farming in desert regions: sheep & camels.
CRAFTWORK
Small workshops where artisans lived, worked & sold their products.
Main crafts: - Cotton & linen textiles- Carpets- Leather goods- Perfumes- Etc…
TRADE
Benefited of its strategic position between Europe, the East & Africa.
Products transported by camel convoys & boats, and sold in the souks (markets of the cities)
Many luxury products from distant places were traded: metals, silk, spices, salt, slaves…
CRAFTWORK & TRADE IN THE SOUKS
Leather tanning
in Fez (Morocco)
CRAFTWORK & TRADE IN THE SOUKS
Leather goods
CRAFTWORK & TRADE IN THE SOUKS
Spices
(Dubai souk)
Saffron
Arabian
food
CRAFTWORK & TRADE IN THE SOUKS
Textiles & carpets
ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE: society
SOC
IAL
OR
GA
NISA
TION
ARISTOCRACY
- Very small group
- Arab origin.
- A lot of political & economic power fortunes & lands from war booties; high positions in the government.
FREE PEOPLE (peasants, artisans &
traders)
MUSLIMS (“Mawali”)
NON-MUSLIMS (“Dhimmis”): Christians & Jews were free, but had to pay more taxes.
SLAVESWar prisoners or traded from central Africa.
a) What agricultural innovations did the Muslims introduced to Western Europe?
b) What forced Muslims to develop irrigation techniques?
c) Why was trade an outstanded economic activity for Muslims?
d) Indicate 5 products that were traded in the Islamic Empire.
e) What means did the Muslims use to transport the traded goods?
f) Who were the Mawali and the Dhimmis?
Activity 6
City structure
The medina (city) wassurrounded by walls.
• Inside the walls is the medina (divided into quarters)
• Outside the walls is the arrabal
• (Marrakech, Morocco)
Medina:• Divided into quarters
• Protected by walls and gated entrances
• Densely populated with irregular pattern of buildings and streets
• Streets were narrow and winding
Public spaces:
Mosque - Islamic place of worship
Souk(s) - commercial quarter / market
Public baths – (hamman) used by everyone in the city
Fortress (alcazaba) - built on highest part of medina. Protects the city from enemy attacks
Inside the Medina
Mosques • Hassan II Mosque (Casablanca, Morocco)
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Souks
Leather, spices, textiles, jewelry, woodwork, etc.
Public baths (hamman)
Fortress (alcazaba)
Alhambra, Granada: palace and fortress built in the 10th century
Houses and their design
Few windows, covered with latticework
(celosía) to keep cool and private.
Centered around a courtyard (interior patio).
Usually 2 floors:
Ground floor: kitchen, living room, store rooms.
1st floor: bedrooms.
Muslim houses
Muslim houses
“RIAD”: traditional Muslim houses. Fez (Morocco).
Courtyard
Muslim houses
Living room
Latticework on a window
Define the following words:
• Medina
• Arrabal
• Mosque
• Souk
• Hamman
• Alcazaba
Activity 7