u2 - compendium review oxygen/microbes/immunity part 2

8/14/2019 U2 - Compendium Review Oxygen/Microbes/Immunity Part 2

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Compendium ReviewMajor Topic One: Oxygen, Microbes, Immunity

Table of Contents

Part 1

The Cardiovascular System and Blood Vessels The Heart Cardiovascular Pathways and Features Cardiovascular Disorders

Part 2

Blood, Red Blood Cells, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders White Blood Cell Types and Disorders Platelets, Their Functions, and Disorders Blood Types and Transfusions

Part 3

Lymphatic System Microbes, Pathogens, and Humans (Oh My!) Nonspecific and Specific Defenses Immunization and Antibodies Immune System Complications and Disorders

Verbiage and Picture fromhttp://www.mybloodyourblood.org/doc/abc_bloodology_v.lett


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Part 2

Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBCDisorders White Blood Cell Types and Disorders

Platelets, Their Functions, and Disorders Blood Types and Transfusions

Blood Circulation

Red = oxygenatedBlue =

deoxygenated

Two tubes of EDTA anticoagulated blood.Left tube: After standing, the red blood cellshave settled at the bottom of the tube.

Right tube: Contains freshly drawn blood.

Pictures and Verbiage fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Blutkreislauf.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Blutkreislauf.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Blutkreislauf.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Blutkreislauf.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Blutkreislauf.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Blutkreislauf.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Blut-EDTA.jpg


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Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders

Functions of Blood

Blood Transports Materials: Blood is responsible forthe transfer and delivery of oxygen, nutrients, andhormones; while collecting and disposing of CO2 andwaste.

Blood Defends the Body: By engulfing and destroyingpathogens, secreting antibodies, and clotting, bloodhelps protect and maintain homeostasis.

Blood Regulates: Picking up heat and transferring itaround the body, or dispersing heat from dilatedvessels, blood helps to regulate and maintain bodytemperature. Blood also regulates pH and maintainswater-salt balance.

Cell and cell fragments, known as FORMED ELEMENTS, are found in plasma.PLASMA is the liquid that makes up blood and is primarily H2O with about 9%being a mixture of ions, proteins, and other organic molecules. The formedelements (red and white blood cells, and platelets) are made from red bonemarrow. Red bone marrow contains stem cells which are responsible for theproduction of the different types of cells. PLASMA PROTEINS are an organicmolecule (albumins [transport], globulins [immunity], and fibrinogen [clotting])which aid in homeostasis. They are produced by the liver and help maintain thepH level and osmotic pressure.

A scanning electronmicroscope (SEM)

image of a normal redblood cell, a whiteblood cell, and a

platelet.Picture and Verbiage from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg


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Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders

Functions of Red Blood Cells

2. Carry oxygen by grasping O2 at thelungs and releasing O2 at the tissues.

3. Grabs and transports carbon dioxidefrom tissues.

Red blood cells, known as ERYTHROCYTES, lack a nucleus and instead containhemoglobin's. HEMOGLOBIN is an iron-containing pigment. The name

erythrocytes is Greek: erythros for red and kytos for hollow, with cyte

nowadays translated as cell.(1 Verbiage from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cells)

Red Blood Cell Production

RBC are produced by stem cells in red bonemarrow. Their life cycle is about three to

four months, where they are then

destroyed in the liver and spleen. Did youknow that bone marrow makes millions of

new RBCs every second!ERYTHROPOIETINis a hormone released from the kidneys

which encourages RBC production. BLOODDOPING is a term used to describe theintention production of more RBCs for

various functions.Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page 109

This picture illustrates thefunction of the hormone

erythropoietin; where it is made

and what it does.


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Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders:RBCDisorders

Sideropenic Anemia: iron-deficiency anemia. Most popular type of anemia,hemoglobin cannot form due to insufficient amount of iron.

Aplastic Anemia: Marrow does not make enough new blood cells to replaceold blood cells. This usually pertains to all three types of blood cells.

Pernicious Anemia: Vitamin B12 deficiency; possibly due to the inability toabsorb B12 because of a lack of parietal cells. Vitamin B12 or folic aciddeficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia which causes many largeineffective RBCs in the bone marrow. This can inhibit DNA synthesis.

Hemolysis: Breaking open of RBCs

Hemolytic Anemia Disease: Anemia due to Hemolysis

Sickle-cell Disease: Abnormal, non-functioning hemoglobin due to geneticdisease. Mutated Beta chain of hemoglobin affected. Usually rupture incapillaries; can cause chest pains, stroke, cerebral hemorrhaging,gallstones, loss of blood supply to bones, immunodeficiency's due to poorspleen performance, Staphylococcus, salmonella, cell death in kidneys orother tissues, blindness, heart failure, and much more.

Sickle-cell Anemiaproduces crescent

shaped RBCs

7. Thalassemia: Abnormal hemoglobin subunits synthesized due to genetic disease. Could affectAlpha, Beta, or Delta chain of hemoglobin molecule. Complications of Thalassemia includeenlargement of the spleen, heat failure, gallstones, asthma and mood disorders.

8. Spherocytosis: Defect in cytoskeleton of RBCs due to genetic disease. The cells appear to have asphere shape instead of a disk shape. Some side effects include enlargement of the spleen,fatigue, jaundice, gallstones, various infections, tissues can be deprived of adequate oxygen,and damage to the brain due to hemoglobin breakdown.

9. Pure Red Cell Aplasia: Bone Marrows inability to manufacture red blood cells.

10. Polycythemias/Erythrocytosis: Overproduction of RBCs. Some side effects include headaches,vertigo, itching, enlarged spleen, enlarged liver, high blood pressure, blood clots,

hemorrhaging, and obstruction of hepatic veins.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sicklecells.jpg


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Part 2

Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC DisordersWhite Blood Cell Types and Disorders

Platelets, Their Functions, and Disorders Blood Types and Transfusions

Did You Know

White blood cells arecapable of passing

through the walls ofcapillaries (tiny blood

vessels) in order to attack,kill and consume intruder

germs. Verbiage and Picture fromhttp://www.mybloodyourblood.org/hs_biology_white.htm


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White Blood Cell Types and Disorders

White blood cells, known as LEUKOCYTES, are an important part of theimmune system and aid in fighting infection. Like RBCs and platelets, stem

cells in bone marrow are responsible for the production of WBCs; however,WBCs do not contain hemoglobin and do have nuclei's. There are differenttypes of WBCs (GRANULAR and AGRANULAR) which are regulated by a

protein known as COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR. Due to WBCs size, they canbe found in tissue fluid, lymph, and blood. Some WBCs manufacture proteins,

known as ANTIBODIES, which join with antigens to help fight infections. In

addition, some types of WBCs fight infection by means ofphagocytosis(engulfing it).

A macrophage of a mouse stretchingits arms (Pseudopodia) to engulf twoparticles, possibly pathogens Verbiage andpicture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Macrophage.jpg


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AgranularLeukocytes

(discreet granules)

Lymphocytes: 25-35%of all WBCs. Two types:

B-Cells produceantibodies to aid in

destruction ofpathogens, and T-Cells

which fight virus cellsand tumor cells.

Monocytes: 3-9% of allWBCs. Largest of

leukocytes; phagocytic,fight viruses and

bacteria. Becomemacrophages (large

phagocytic cell) and insome tissues become

dendritic cells (antigen-

presenting)

Granular Leukocytes(noticeable granules)

Neutrophils: 50-70% ofall WBCs. Eliminateundesirable substancesthrough phagocytosis.Dont take up stain verywell.

Eosinophils: Bilobednucleus (two lobes);large granules take upeosin stain well. Usefulagainst parasitic worms.

Basophils: U-shapenucleus; large granulestake basic stain well.Releases histamine todilate vessels.

White Blood Cell Types and DisordersPictures fromhttp://www.unomaha.edu/hpa/blood.html


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Picture fromhttp://www.mybloodyourblood.org

/doc/poster_bloodfacts.jpg

This poster shows how red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and

plasma are formed along with facts about them. Also listed are facts aboutblood.


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White Blood Cell Types and DisordersSevere Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID): Individuals cannot fight infectionswith this disease because they lack an enzyme, adenosine deaminase, which is presentin the stem cells of WBCs. Common side effects from the disease include ear infections,diarrhea, pneumonia, and oral yeast infections. Another common form of SCID is the

result of a hereditary disease due to mutations in the genes (common gamma chain).This effects the development of the T-calls and B-cells. Bone marrow transplants arethe most common treatment for this disease.

Leukemia: Greek for white blood, this disease is split into two categories; acute andchronic. Acute leukemia is attributed to the rapid multiplication of immature cells whichclog the bone marrow making it difficult for the production of new cells. The malignant

cells can spread to other organs by way of blood stream. Chronic leukemia is the buildup of abnormal WBCs. Both acute and chronic leukemia are broken up into two sub-groups; lymphoblastic and myeloid. Lymphoblastic means the cancer took place in amarrow cell which forms as a WBC. Myeloid means the cancer took place in a marrowcell which forms RBCs, platelets, and some WBCs. Common treatment includes acombination of chemotherapeutic drugs, antimetabolite drugs, chemotherapy, cranialirradiation, and/or bone marrow transplants.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Caused by infectious mononucleosis, otherwise known asinfection of the lymphocytes, this virus infects B-cells. This disease is among theHerpes Virus group (human herpes virus 4), and is always dormant in an individual. It isthought that most children will be infected with the virus before 18 months of age. Also,about 95% of North Americans have the virus (between ages 35-40). Common sideeffects include fatigue, muscle soreness, sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph

glands, enlarged spleen and/or liver, and more. Some antiviral drugs are helping tosuppress symptoms of EBV.


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Part 2

Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders White Blood Cell Types and DisordersPlatelets, Their Functions, and Disorders

Blood Types and Transfusions

Picture fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelets
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Illu_blood_cell_lineage.jpg


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Palettes and Their FunctionsPLATELETS, known as thrombocytes, are pieces of

larger cells (megakaryocytes) which are found in bonemarrow. Platelets primary function is involved with

clotting. PROTHROMBIN and FIBRINOGEN are plasmaproteins made in the liver which aid in clotting, as well

as calcium ions. Once the clot is complete, a fluidknown as SERUM is released which contains some of

the elements of plasma.

Diseases Associated with Platelets

Thrombocytopenia- Inadequate amount ofplatelets. Side effects can be bruising, purpura,nosebleeds, and bleeding of the gums.

Thromboembolism-When a blood clot(thrombus) dislodges it becomes an embolus.

This traveling clot can cause a stroke, heartattack (myocardial infarction), or thoracic outletsyndrome (TOS).

Hemophilia-There are three forms: HemophiliaA lack clotting Factor VIII (Xq28), Hemophilia Black clotting Factor IX (Xq27.1-q27.2), andHemophilia C lack clotting Factor XI (4q32-35).Also, Hypofibrinogenemia is a blood clottingdisorder which lacks the ability to clot and lacks

correct amounts of a protein known asfibrinogen.

Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader page 113


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Part 2

Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders White Blood Cell Types and Disorders Platelets, Their Functions, and Disorders


This is howblood looks

after beingspun in acentrifuge. Thedifferent parts

of the blood areseparated in a

test tube.

Verbiage and Picture from http://www.mybloodyourblood.org/doc/abc_bloodology_v.letter.pdf


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Distribution of blood groupsin the USAVerbiage and Picture from

http://www.mybloodyourblood.org/hs_biology_bloodtypes.htm &

http://www.mybloodyourblood.org/doc/abc_bloodology_v.letter.pdf

Fun Facts

About 350 years ago:It was discoveredthat blood circulates around the humanbody. The invention of the microscopeenabled people to see the tiny cells withinblood.

200 years ago:First human bloodtransfusion (from one person to anotherperson) was performed.

100 years ago:Different blood types are

discovered. Often blood of one blood typeCANNOT be safely transfused into a personof a different blood type.

30 years ago:Tests are developed todetect viruses that can transmit diseases to

another person through blood transfusion.


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There are four blood types: type A, type B, type AB, andtype O. When blood is transferred from one person toanother, it is known as aTRANSFUSION. When an individualneeds a blood transfusion, blood type and Rh group are used

in determining compatibility to prevent AGGLUTINATION, orRBC clumping. Rh, short for Rhesus, refers to a systemknown as the Rhesus blood group system or Rhesusantigens. RBCs either have the Rh D antigen (Rh+) or do nothave the Rh D antigen (Rh-) present. This determineswhether a person has antibodies to the Rh factor. If amother has an Rh- and her fetus has an Rh+, the mother

can form anti-Rh antibodies which attack the RBCs of thefetus. This is known as hemolytic disease of the newborn orErythroblastosis Fetalis. (See Next Slide )

Pictures from HumanBiology by Sylvia S.Mader page 114 Agglutination: RBC

Noagglutination


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Blood Types and Transfusions Continued

2. Mother producesantibodies against Rh+blood

1. Babies Rh+ bloodenters Mothers Rh- blood

stream

3. Mothers antibodies passthrough placenta to baby

Pictures from

http://www.biologymad.com/master.html?http://www.biologymad.com/Immunology/Immunology.htm


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"Blood." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 26 Feb 2008, 19:18 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 Feb 2008.

.

Biology Mad. Immunology and Blood Groups. 26 Mar 2005. Accessed 25 Feb 2008.

.

"Coagulation." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 25 Feb 2008, 07:21 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 25 Feb 2008.

.

"Haemophilia." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 23 Feb 2008, 06:49 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 23 Feb 2008.

.

"Infectious mononucleosis." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 25 Feb 2008, 22:45 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 25 Feb 2008.

.

"Leukemia." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 25 Feb 2008, 05:29 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 25 Feb 2008.

.

Life South Community Blood Centers. Fun Facts About Blood. Accessed 25 Feb 2008.

.

"Macrophage." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 25 Feb 2008, 17:38 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 25 Feb 2008.

.Mader, Sylvia S. Human Biology. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2008. Pages 105-120.

My Blood Your Blood. Americas Blood Centers & The Foundation for Americas Blood Centers. Accessed 25 Feb 2008..

"Platelet." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 25 Feb 2008, 07:44 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 25 Feb 2008.

."Red blood cell." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 18 Feb 2008, 02:19 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 Feb 2008.

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"Rhesus blood group system." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 11 Feb 2008, 21:04 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 25 Feb 2008.

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"Severe combined immunodeficiency." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 25 Feb 2008, 21:54 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 25 Feb 2008.

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University of Nebraska at Omaha. Blood Cell Histology. Sherri Wick. Aug 1997. Accessed 25 Feb 2008.

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Works Cited
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u2 - compendium review oxygen/microbes/immunity part 2

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