Ext. 3124Ext. 3026

Materials Needed:

paper, pencil/pen and calculator

Biology 202B

5/28/13

For Mrs. Ulry’s

students

In Summary…In Summary…o100 total points100 total pointso20 questions20 questionsoMultiple choice formatMultiple choice formato5 questions from each unit 5 questions from each unit

(1,2,3 &4) (1,2,3 &4)

Unit 1Unit 1oDifferences between RNA and DNADifferences between RNA and DNAoFunctions for RNAFunctions for RNAoCell Location for: DNA, RNA, Cell Location for: DNA, RNA, transcription, translation, protein transcription, translation, protein

synthesissynthesisoProcesses for preserving Processes for preserving

genetic codegenetic codeoPolygenetic traitsPolygenetic traits

Unit 2Unit 2oAdaptation Adaptation oGenetic DriftGenetic DriftoNatural SelectionNatural SelectionoDichotomous KeysDichotomous KeysoPhylogenetic Trees Phylogenetic Trees

(aka cladograms)(aka cladograms)

DNA RNA~BOTH~

DNA RNA~BOTH~

Never moves out of the nucleus.

Found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Carries genetic Info

Four nitrogenous

bases

Protein synthesis

o Explain how you Know!Explain how you Know!

Pic APic A

Pic BPic B

Pic CPic C

Pic DPic D

Messenger RNA (mRNA)Messenger RNA (mRNA)• Single StrandSingle Strand• Copy of the genetic code Copy of the genetic code

(DNA)(DNA)• Made through transcriptionMade through transcription

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)• Stores genetic code Stores genetic code • Double HelixDouble Helix Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

• Part of the structure of Part of the structure of the ribosomethe ribosome

• Plays a role in protein Plays a role in protein productionproduction

Transfer RNA (tRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA)• Identifies which amino acid the Identifies which amino acid the

mRNA is coding for and brings it mRNA is coding for and brings it over to the growing strandover to the growing strand

Matching ReviewMatching ReviewStructureStructure RoleRole

Assembled to make a protein or polypeptide

Has codons that act as the genetic "blueprints“ for building proteins

Uses an anticodon to determine the needed amino acid

Site of protein synthesis

Forms one of two subunits (either large or small)

Matching ReviewMatching ReviewStructureStructure RoleRoleAmino Acids Assembled to make a

protein or polypeptide

mRNA Has codons that act as the genetic "blueprints“ for building proteins

tRNA Uses an anticodon to determine the needed amino acid

Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis

rRNA Forms one of two subunits (either large or small)

~ Word Bank: Amino Acids, Growing Protein, Nucleus, Ribosome, mRNA, tRNA

Amino Acids

Growing Protein

tRNA

mRNA

Nucleus

Ribosome

o Several genes contribute an equal, small Several genes contribute an equal, small degree towards the resulting phenotypedegree towards the resulting phenotype

Examples: skin color (3 or more genes)Examples: skin color (3 or more genes)

HeightHeight

Hair ColorHair Color

Eye ColorEye Color

Which characteristic is most Which characteristic is most important for preserving the code important for preserving the code from one generation to the next?from one generation to the next?

A.A. Offspring only receive one exact copy Offspring only receive one exact copy of a DNA molecule from each parentof a DNA molecule from each parent

B.B. Each time DNA replicated, the same Each time DNA replicated, the same base pairing rules are followedbase pairing rules are followed

C. DNA backbones are the same C. DNA backbones are the same for parents and offspringfor parents and offspring..

D. DNA remains in the nucleusD. DNA remains in the nucleus for replication for replication

Which characteristic is most Which characteristic is most important for preserving the code important for preserving the code from one generation to the next?from one generation to the next?

A.A. Offspring only receive one exact copy Offspring only receive one exact copy of a DNA molecule from each parentof a DNA molecule from each parent

B.B. Each time DNA replicated, the same Each time DNA replicated, the same base pairing rules are followedbase pairing rules are followed

C. DNA backbones are the same C. DNA backbones are the same for parents and offspringfor parents and offspring..

D. DNA remains in the nucleusD. DNA remains in the nucleus for replication for replication

Evolution of Populations

• Gene pool: all the genes from a specific population of organisms– Includes all the different

alleles for each type of gene– Ratios of alleles can change

over time and influence the population …

Gene Pool in this example has 60% black allele and 40% white allele

If the white-white combination causes death, then the new ratio would be 75% black and 25% white allele…

Genetic Drift

Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequency that usually leads to a loss of genetic variation.

Genetic Drift

Natural Selection

• The process of some factor in the environment favoring one group of individuals with one kind of allele over another group of individuals with a different kind of allele.

Natural Selection explains Evolution

• Natural selection leads to a change in allele frequencies. When an environment changes, the organisms must change too. The alleles that are favored are passed onto future generations.

• Over time, we see these alleles cause changes and adaptations in whole populations of organisms.

• This process of change in organisms’ genetics or allele frequency = evolution.

– “fit” in that their specific adaptations fit the environment in which they are living best (or better than others in their species), therefore –

– they survive, and– reproduce and propagate the

species.• There is no disagreement on this point

of evolution (i.e. natural selection), sometimes referred to as “micro-evolution.”– Examples abound – Cane Toad in

Australia (longer vs. shorter legs), insects becoming resistant to DDT, or bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics.

Organisms that are “fit”, survive, and reproduce

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0/evoscales_03

Natural selection acts on the variation in populations of living things, usually through a specific trait. Which statement must be true about that trait?

a. All forms of the trait have the same impact on survival.

b. The trait is passed on genetically to the next generation.

c. The trait is resistant to mutations.d. The trait is the same for all

organisms.

Natural selection acts on the variation in populations of living things, usually through a specific trait. Which statement must be true about that trait?

a. All forms of the trait have the same impact on survival.

b. The trait is passed on genetically to the next generation.

c. The trait is resistant to mutations.d. The trait is the same for all

organisms.

Process by which organisms with favorable traits will survive and reproduceWhich best describes natural selection?

A.) A population of parakeets that have the same size beak

B.) An island with lizards that all look alike and are all eating the same food

C.) All insects in a certain desert that have the same adaptation for saving water.

D.) A population of salmon with different skin colors that are involved in attracting mates

Process by which organisms with favorable traits will survive and reproduceWhich best describes natural selection?

A.) A population of parakeets that have the same size beak

B.) An island with lizards that all look alike and are all eating the same food

C.) All insects in a certain desert that have the same adaptation for saving water.

D.) A population of salmon with different skin colors that are involved in attracting mates

o Wings longer than bodyWings longer than bodyo Thorax & abdomen stripedThorax & abdomen stripedo Red eyesRed eyeso Wings whiteWings whiteo White eyesWhite eyeso Wings blackWings blacko Wings shorter than bodyWings shorter than bodyo Thorax striped & abdomen black.Thorax striped & abdomen black.

1

2

3

4

Taxonomy: science of classificationo Grouping based on similaritieso Reveals shared evolutionary history between

organisms (phylogenetic groups)

Phylogeny:evolutionary

history

Can you Can you explain explain

this?this?

o Today, organisms are classified based on many fundamental characteristics …oCell Type: Prokaryotic vs EukaryoticoHow get/obtain food?oDNA profileo Helps with

understanding phylogenetic relationships between organisms

The following diagram is found

in an evolutionary biology textbook.

A.new species arise throughout time following rounds of mass extinction.

B. all species share a common ancestor and that change occurs through time.

C. speciation occurs very quickly with long periods of no change in between.

D. all species originated during the same period and some have subsequently gone extinct.

The following diagram is found

in an evolutionary biology textbook.

A.new species arise throughout time following rounds of mass extinction.

B. all species share a common ancestor and that change occurs through time.

C. speciation occurs very quickly with long periods of no change in between.

D. all species originated during the same period and some have subsequently gone extinct.

oMost Closely Related

oMost Distantly Related

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Mrs. Ulry Ext. 3026Yahoo IM: ulry.eileenKmail

Mrs. Khatri

Ext. 3124Kmail