u1. 18th century. age of enlightenment

Unit 1

18th Century:

The Age of Enlightenment

IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA

Teacher: Rocío Bautista

Introduction

What happened at

the end of the 18th

Century… in 1789??

Introduction

18th Century period of changes that marked

the transition between the Modern Age & the

Contemporary Age.

Satirical print from 1789 depicting the Third Estate carrying the clergy and nobility on its back

ANCIEN RÉGIME(Old Regime)

Stratified society

(privileged VS non-privileged)Agrarian

economy. Scarce industry; controlled

by guilds.

Mercantilism

Modern Age

(situation before 1789)

Renaissance & Baroque art

Absolutism

Great influence of religion

ENLIGHTENMENT

Growth of the bourgeoisie. Criticism of stratified society.

Economic liberalism

Rococo & Neoclassical art

18th Century

Enlightened despotism

Increased importance of industry. New

production methods.

Increased scientific reasoning. Religion loses influence.

Enlightenment(“La Ilustración”)

Intellectual movement that emerged in France in the 18th

Century.

Main ideas

Reason only

way to explain

& understand

the world. Believe in human progress

they thought that the use of

reason could improve society.

They believed humans (not

God) could improve their own

existence & happiness by

means of reason & scientific

advancements.

Criticism of the

Ancien Régime(absolutism, stratified

society, religious influence…) they

considered it an

obstacle to achieve

human progress &

happiness.

It got its name because it

aimed to clear the darkness

of old beliefs of the past with

the light of reason.

Enlightenment(“La Ilustración”)

Latin phrase meaning “Dare to know”.

Originally used by the Roman poet

Horace, it became popular thanks to

Kant’s essay “Answering the Question:

What Is Enlightenment?” (1784), where

he claimed the phrase Sapere aude as

the motto for the Age of Enlightenment.

French Enlightenment intellectuals:

“Les Philosophes”

MONTESQUIEU ROUSSEAU VOLTAIRE DIDEROT

In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic &

scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines.

Despite the Philosophes of the French Enlightenment were not revolutionaries (many

were even members of the nobility), their ideas played a major role in discrediting

the Old Regime & inspiring the French Revolution.

MONTESQUIEU(1689 – 1755)

MONTESQUIEU(1689 – 1755)

• French nobleman (“Baron de Montesquieu”)

• He admired the English system (constitutional

monarchy), product of the Glorious Revolution

(1688)

• Author of “The Spirit of the Laws” (1748) political

treatise where he criticized Absolutism & claimed

that the best way to keep the government under

control & guarantee people’s liberty was through

the separation of powers.

ROUSSEAU(1712 – 1778)

ROUSSEAU(1712 – 1778)

Author of “The Social Contract” (1762)

• He defended freedom & equality of all the people.

• Criticized enforced governments and the hypothetical “Divine

Right” to govern of Absolute kings. He claimed that only the

people are the legitimate sovereigns of a given state (popular

sovereignty*) and that a government should be a social contract

an agreement between free individuals who are willing to

cooperate to achieve the common benefit of the whole society;

people would come together and rule themselves by Direct

Democracy (≠ representative democracy).

* Sovereignty (soberanía): authority & power over a country.

VOLTAIRE(1694 – 1778)

VOLTAIRE(1694 – 1778)

• French writer, historian, lawyer & philosopher.

• Defended freedom of speech, as well as freedom of religion & separation

of church and state.

DIDEROT(1713 – 1784)

• Best known for publishing the “Encyclopaedia”:

• Summarized the knowledge of the time. It included

contributions from many people (over 70.000 articles

of 140 contributors, including Voltaire, Rousseau &

Montesquieu).

• Aimed to disseminate knowledge to the public &

secularize learning (separate it from religious

connection).

• It helped to spread enlightened ideas through

Europe & America.

“A Reading in the Salon of

Madame Geoffrin” (Gabriel

Lemonnier, 1755)

ROUSSEAUVOLTAIRE

DIDEROT

MME. GEOFFRIN

MONTESQUIEU

Salons: meetings of enlightened

intellectuals in private homes. It helped

to spread this ideas through Europe &

America.

Activity 1

P.10: exercises 1 & 4

Define:

Sapere Aude

Separation of powers

Popular Sovereignty

Direct democracy

Comment the following painting. You must include relevant information of the characters that we’ve studied that appear in it.

Old Regime 18th Century

Social

Political

Political

systems

International

relations

Economic

Economic

systems

Population

Agriculture

Industry

Trade

ACTIVITY 4: Copy & completeChanges in the 18th Century:political, economic & social changes

SOCIAL CHANGES:


Stratified society:

Privileged classes (no taxes, special

laws, didn’t work):

Nobility

Clergy

VSNon-privileged

classes: Bourgeoisie

Peasants

Stratified society was maintained, but increased

criticism towards it that will led to the French Revolution

(1789):

• Enlightened intellectuals criticised

privileged classes (nobility’s former

military role was now performed by

professional armies; not useful anymore)

& argued that social division should be

based on merit & social usefulness.

• Bourgeoisie grew in number & wealth &

complained about the unfair social

structure. Considered themselves

producers of wealth & demanded

social & political recognition in

accordance with their merits.

POLITICAL CHANGES:

Political systems


Absolutism:

• Divine Right to rule.

• Absolute power (legislative,

executive & judicial).

• No summoning of

Parliaments.

Lets read the text “Enlightened despotism” by

Frederick II of Prussia (p. 12)

POLITICAL CHANGES:

Political systems


Absolutism:

• Divine Right to rule.

• Absolute power (legislative,

executive & judicial).

• No summoning of

Parliaments.

New enlightened political ideas:

• Separation of Powers (Montesquieu)

• Popular sovereignty (Rousseau)

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM: a form of Absolutism in which kings were influenced

by the progressive ideas of the

Enlightenment:

• Monarchs had no intention of giving up power…

• But made reforms aimed to achieve progress & happiness for their subjects (schools, hospitals…)

Led to…

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS in 18th Century Europe

Frederick II

(PRUSSIA)

Carlos III

(SPAIN)Catherine II

(RUSSIA)

Joseph II

(AUSTRIA)

Louis XV

(FRANCE)

POLITICAL CHANGES:

International relations


European States fought to achieve supremacy in Europe & in the colonies:

16th Century: worldwide SpanishSupremacy(“AustriasMayores”)

17th Century:

In Europe spread of the principle

of “EUROPEAN BALANCE”: European

powers should maintain a balance

of power to prevent any country

becoming too strong & dominating

the rest.

In the colonies supremacy of

England.

• In Europe French

supremacy (after P.Westphalia, 1648)

• In colonies shared

supremacy of France, UK & United Provinces.

To do so, alliances between the

Great Powers of Europe (UK,

France, Russia, Prussia, Austria)

were constantly shifting.

UK turned into the greatest colonial power in the world

EVOLUTION OF COLONIALISM:

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Activity 2

P. 12-13 exercises 1a / 3 / 4

European international relations in the 18th Century were based on

which principle? What was its ultimate aim?

Copy these sentences & match them with their corresponding

political system: ABSOLUTISM / ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM /

DEMOCRACY:

“Sovereignty essentially consists of the general will of the people”

“All for the people but without the people”

“Kings act as the ministers of God and as his lieutenants on earth. It is through them that God exercises his empire.”

ECONOMIC CHANGES:

Economic systems


Mercantilism:

• A country’s wealth depended

on the quantity of silver & goldthey owned pursued a

positive balance of trade.

Great state intervention

protectionist measures (high tariffs on imported goods) to promote national industry.

Colonization of new territories to provide new customers

for their manufactures & raw materials (to avoid having to

import them).

Lets read the extract of “The Wealth of Nations” by Adam Smith (p. 15)

ECONOMIC CHANGES:

Economic systems


Mercantilism:

• A country’s wealth depended

on the quantity of silver & goldthey owned pursued a

positive balance of trade. Large state intervention

protectionist measures (high tariffs on imported goods) to promote national industry.

Colonization of new territories to provide new customers

for their manufactures & raw materials (to avoid having to import them).

Economic liberalism

• Founder: Adam Smith.

• A country’s wealth depends on individual

work & people’s pursue of maximum

personal benefit. Individual prosperity will

led to the country’s enrichment.

• Characteristics:

Minimum intervention of the state in the

economy.

Economy regulated by law of supply &

demand.

Free competition.

LAW OF SUPPLY & DEMAND

If the supply of a good is higher than its demand price falls.

If the demand of a good is higherthan the supply price increases.

Quantity of cookies supplied

Quantity demanded

ECONOMIC CHANGES:

Population


• Little population growth:

Epidemics (bubonic plague)

Wars

Poor harvests & diet

Backwardness of medicine

Lack of hygiene

Big population growth:• 130 190 millions

• Improved harvests & nutrition

• Less epidemics & wars

ECONOMIC CHANGES:

Agriculture


• Main economic activity (agrarian

economy)• Cereals basic human diet.

• Rudimentary techniques

(biennial/triennial crop rotation) low yields

• Feudal property system: most

land belonged to feudal lords

(nobles/clergy) & peasants had

to pay taxes to them.

• New crops from America (maize, potatoes) spread more diversified

diet.

• Technical improvements (continuous

• Feudal property system was

maintained.

TURNIPS (nabos) for feeding cattle

BARLEY

ANIMAL FODDER (alfalfa, clover…) for feeding cattle

CEREALS

crop rotation:

ej: Norfolk system)

higher yields.

ECONOMIC CHANGES:

Industry


• Controlled by guilds.

• Undertaken in small urban

workshops.

• Low production.

ECONOMIC CHANGES:

Industry


• Controlled by guilds.

• Undertaken in small urban

workshops.

• Low production.

• Population growth increased demand

industry growth

• New production methods spread to avoid

control of the guilds. Work was still done by

hand (no machines yet). They preceded the

factory-system (Industrial Revolution).

Cottage industries: work was carried out by peasants at their homes (usually part-time),

where they made products commissioned by an

employer, who provided them with raw

materials & tools. The employer paid them for

the number of products they made.

Manufactures: work was carried out in large workshops where numerous craftsmen worked

full-time for an employer in exchange of a

salary.

Cottage industry (“putting-out system”)


•Avoided guilds:

•Increased production that enabled to satisfy the increased demand.

•Reduced prices.

•Increased competition & innovation.

•Helped farmers to supplement their income.

•Created entrepreneurs.

•Work could be done at home.

Pros

• Inefficient

• Workers were spread out in many places

• Labour wasn’t coordinated & organized

Cons


Manufactures

ECONOMIC CHANGES:

Trade


Domestic trade:

• Limited due to bad roads.

• Mainly weekly urban markets exchange of

agrarian & manufactures

products.

Foreign trade:

• Concentrated in large port

cities.

Domestic trade:

• Grew due to improved roads & increased

agrarian & industrial production.

Foreign trade:

• Continued to

grow.

• Establishment

of Triangular

trade between

America,

Africa &

Europe.

AMERICA: provided raw

materials (cocoa, sugar,

tobacco…)& precious metals.

AFRICA: provided

black slaves.

EUROPE: provided

manufactured products.

Activity 3

What is “Economic liberalism”? What makes it different to mercantilism.

P. 16 exercise 1

How was industrial production undertaken during the Old Regime?

What changes took place during the 18th Century.

Define “Cottage Industry” and explain its advantages & disadvantages.

Draw a map to represent the Triangular trade

that was developed in the 18th Century.

ACTIVITY 4: Copy & completeChanges in the 18th Century:political, economic & social changes


Social

Political

Political

systems

International

relations

Economic

Economic

systems

Population

Agriculture

Industry

Trade

The 18th Century in Spain (before the French Revolution)

Who was the last

Habsburg king in

Spain? What was his

nickname?

Spain suffered a progressive decline.

AUSTRIAS MENORES

(17th Century)

The Hispanic Monarchy in

the 17th Century

Carlos II “El Hechizado”(1665 y 1700)

Last king of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain.

Nickname "the Bewitched“ due to his appearance,

since he seemed to be under a spell.

Since his birth, he presented several signs of physical

disability (respiratory & diarrheal problems, periodic

convulsions & breakdowns…) & deep developmental

delay. During his adulthood his infertility became evident, being incapable of conceiving a heir, even

though he married twice. It’s believed that he

suffered a disease (Klinefelter syndrome) possibly due

to frequent inbreeding among his ancestors.

1700: Carlos II died childless...

BIG PROBLEM!!!

EMBREEDING (endogamia) = procreation between relatives.

Carlos II “El Hechizado”(1665 y 1700)

In his will, Charles II had appointed his sister’s grandson,

Felipe D’Anjou (Felipe de Borbón, duque de Anjou) as his successor.

1700: after Charles II death, Felipe D’Anjou was

proclaimed king of Spain as Felipe V. It was the beginning

of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain.

Problem...? Felipe D’Anjou was the

grandson of the king of France, Louis XIV.

The other European powers considered that a

possible future union of France & Spain under one

single monarch would break the principle of

EUROPEAN BALANCE. They created a great alliance,that refused to recognize Felipe V as the new king of Spain & supported

another candidate: Archduke Carlos of Austria. This led to the WAR OF

SPANISH SUCCESSION.

WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION

(1700 – 1713)

TWO BLOCS FAUGHT FOR

THE CROWN OF SPAIN

ARCHDUKE CARLOS

OF AUSTRIA

(HABSBURG)

MAIN SUPPORTERS: MAIN SUPPORTERS:

France

Castilla

UK

United Provinces

Austria

PrussiaSavoy

Portugal

Aragón

FINISHED WITH THE PEACE OF UTRETCH (1713)

FELIPE D’ANJOU

(BOURBON)

War of Spanish Succession(1700 - 1713)

IT WAS A DUAL CONFLICT:

INTERNTIONAL WAR

BOURBON DYNASTY VS REST OF EUROPEAN POWERS

CIVIL WAR

CASTILLA VS ARAGON

Accepted Felipe D’Anjou(French absolutist &

centralist mentality)

Afraid of Bourbon’s centralism & willing to maintain

their “fueros”, they supported Archduke Carlos, who had promised to respect the traditional

federal system of the Hispanic Monarchy.

War of Spanish Succession(1700 - 1713)

PEACE OF

UTRETCH

(1713)TERRITORIAL LOSSES:

Menorca & Gibraltar to UK

Flanders, Luxemburg & Italian territories (Milan, Naples & Sardinia) to Austria

Sicily to Savoy

European powers accepted Felipe V of Bourbon as king of Spain (because Archduke Carlos had become Holy

Roman Emperor in 1711, and they didn’t want him to rule over Spain too). In

exchange, Felipe V had to renounce to his rights to the throne of France.

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What about the internal consequences in Spain…

Do you think that Aragon’s support to Archduke Carlos will bring any consequences?

Activity 5

P. 20 ex. 2 & 3.

In the map:

Locate the

territories who

supported each

candidate (add

them to the key).

Locate & colour

in the territories

ceded to Austria,

to UK & to Savoy.

The Bourbon dynasty in the 18th Century:

INTERNAL POLICY

• ABSOLUTISM

Decretos de

Nueva Planta

• ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM

Social reforms


INTERNAL POLICY

FELIPE V Inspired by the French Absolutist model, he implanted

political centralization by means of the DECRETOS DE

NUEVA PLANTA:

Suppressed the laws (“fueros”) & institutions

(“Cortes”) of the Crown of Aragon. The whole

territory was now ruled by the laws Castilla &

there were only Cortes in Castilla (only to

advise the king; no legislative power). The only

exception was Navarra & the Basque

Country, which kept them because they had

supported Felipe V.

New territorial division: to ensure the control of the entire

territory, Spain was divided into provinces (capitanías

generales) governed by a “Capitán General”.

Felipe V commissioned the construction of a new ROYAL PALACE

The old Alcázar

burned down in

1734 and King

Philip V ordered a

new palace built

on the same site.


INTERNAL POLICY

CARLOS III

Inspired by Enlightened Despotism. Advised by

enlightened Ministers he implemented several

reforms to provide progress to his subjects:

Construction of infrastructures (boosted trade):

bridges, wider & paved streets, radial road

network, …

Promotion of agriculture: construction of irrigation

canals, repopulation of Sierra Morena…

Promotion of industry: creation of Royal Factories

Promotion of education & culture: scientific

disciplines & investigation were encouraged.

RADIAL ROAD NETWORK TO CONNECT MADRID WITH THE MAIN

PORTS OF SPAIN

REPOPULATION OF SIERRA MORENA

Thanks to government financing, uninhabited areas of Sierra Morena

threatened by bandits, were colonized to increase agricultural production &

promote economic development.

Peasants that moved to these area were given lands, houses, tools, cattle,

grain,…

New ROYAL FACTORIES

(“Reales Fábricas”) to boost industry protectionist

mentallity

Real Fábrica de armas de Toledo

Real Fábrica de paños (Guadalajara)

PROMOTION OF EDUCATION & CULTURE

Botanical Garden

Promoted the REALES ACADEMIAS (lengua, Historia,

Bellas Artes…)

Astronomicalobservatory


INTERNAL POLICY

CARLOS III The Italian minister ESQUILACHE undertook the project

to modernize Madrid, to make it suitable for an

Enlightened Court:

• Cleaning & paving of streets

• Embellishment of the city (broad avenues,

gardens, monuments…)

• Streetlights (>4000 lampposts)

• Trash collection & sewer system

• Banning of Madrileños’ traditional apparel

(made it difficult to identify criminals)

EMBELLISHMENT OF MADRID

• Puerta de Alcalá

• Museo del Prado

• Jardín Botánico

• fuentes de Neptuno y Cibeles

Wide-brimmed hat

&

Long cape

Three-corned hat

&

Short cape

Se despojaba a los paseantes de sus capas y sombreros mientras un equipo de

sastres las recortaban en medio de la calle ante la resistencia de sus dueños.


INTERNAL POLICY

• Cleaning & paving of streets

• Embellishment of the city (broad avenues, gardens, monuments…)

• Streetlights (>4000 lampposts)

• Trash collection & sewer system

• Banning of Madrileños’ traditional apparel

- Very expensive not acceptable in a context

of bad harvests, increased price of bread &

other basic products, famine…

- Esquilache seen as a foreigner who wanted

to forbid Spanish costumes & blamed as the

responsible for the economic problems.

PROBLEM OF THESE REFORMS ? ?

EL MOTIN DE ESQUILACHE (1766)

In the Square of Anton Martín, a group of rebels seized a militarybarrack where muskets and sabers were stored. Heavily armed, rioters marched yelling “¡Viva el Rey! ¡Viva España! ¡Muera Esquilache!”. They destroyed lampposts, sacked Esquilache’s home, burnt a portrait of him in the Plaza Mayor…

Finally, they rioters made a series of petitions to the king Carlos III, who had no

option but accepting them:

• Esquilache had to leave Spain.

• Only Spanish ministers in the government.

• Decrease of the price of basic goods.

• Permission to use long capes & wide-brimmed hats again.

Foreign policy was based on alliances with France “PACTES DE FAMILLE”


FOREIGN POLICY


FOREIGN POLICY

FELIPE V CARLOS III

1st PACTE DE FAMILLE

2nd PACTE DE FAMILLE

3rd PACTE DE FAMILLE

4th PACTE DE FAMILLE

WAR OF SUCCESSION OF POLAND

WAR OF SUCCESSION OF AUSTRIA

7 YEARS WAR (UK VS France)

AMERICAN WAR OF

INDEPENDENCE

Spain annexed:

NaplesSicily

Spain annexed:

Duchy of Parma (N.Italy)

UK won, so Spain lost

Florida (to UK), but annexed

Louisiana (ceded by

France to make up for the

loss of Florida) Spain regained:

Florida & Menorca

u1. 18th century. age of enlightenment

Education