u x social development

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Social Development:

Social Development is the promotion of a sustainable society that is worthy of human

dignity by empowering marginalised groups, women and men, to undertake their own

development, to improve their social and economic position and to acquire thei r rightful

place in society. - Bilance, 1997

Concept of Social Development

The Copenhagen Social Summit 1995 defined Social Development in terms of three basic

criteria:

1. Poverty Eradication

2. Employment Generation

3. Social Harmony

The Human Development Reports of United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) has

developed indices such as the Human Development Index (HDI), the Human Poverty Index

(HPI) & the Gender-related Development Index (GDI).

1. The Human Development Index (HDI) is in terms of capabilities of three basic dimensions

of human development:

Life longevity

Knowledge (adult literacy and combined primary, secondary and tertiary

enrolment)

Decent standard of living (real per capita income)

2. The Human Poverty Index (HPI), meant for most deprived sections of the community, is

based on deprivations in the essential elements of decent human life:

Basic Survival (Death before age 40,

child and maternal mortality)

Educational levels (% of illiterate adults)

Overall economic provisioning (% of people without access to

health services and safe water)

Sustainability (% of underweight children under 5)

3. The Gender-related Development Index (GDI) measures the above variables in terms of

inequality between women and men.

Millennium Development Goals

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development



Indicators to Social Development (World Bank)

y Size, growth, and structure of population

y Determinants of population growth (including data on fertility and infant mortality)

y Labour force

y Education and illiteracy

y Natural resources

y Income and poverty

y Expenditure on food, housing, fuel and power

y Transport and communication

y Investment in medical care and education.

The four alternatives to measure the level of development: Per Capita Income, Physical

Quality of Life Index, Human Development Index and Quality of Life Index.

Social Development Strategies

Social development is critical for sustaining the long-term viability, not only of economicgrowth, but also of democracy itself. On the one hand, it includes a focus on addressing

problems of poverty, and expanding access to quality education, and healthcare and, on the

other hand, it also involves addressing issues of social exclusion such as discrimination and

lack of voice in soci al and economic processes. According to the 1995 United Nations' World

Summit for Social Development, "the ultimate goal of social development is to improve and

enhance the quality of life of all people."

Some of the strategies on attaining Social Development:

Moving from flagships to comprehensive social protection

Social protection can be achieved through a combination of social insurance, socialassistance policies and access to social services. Such commitment is exemplified by large

scale programmes for non-contributory social pensions and benefits for the elderly and the

disabled such as the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS) in India. Similarly the

Integrated Child Development Services Scheme in India is also an important policy to help

the future generations to achieve better human and developmental outcomes.

Addressing Vulnerabilities and Fostering Social and Economic Inclusion

Policies to promote and support people`s initiatives like microcredit, financial inclusion, skill -

building programmes and, more recently, government initiatives that recognize the need to

focus on provision of jobs have become important elements of social development

strategies in the three countries. Moreover, in some of the countries, these policies are

being implemented in a way that guarantees that segments of the population who face

extra vulnerability due to gender, ethnicity and economic distress receive special attention

in the design and implementation of such programmes. The National Rural Employment

Guarantee Programme (NREGP) in India is an example of this trend. The programme

recognizes the right to work and has embedded in its design measures to make sure that

disadvantaged segments (including women) in society fully benefit from the programme.

Moreover, NREG programmes also help to build infrastructure at the community level that

will provide a second round of benefits to both the direct beneficiaries as well as non-

beneficiaries of the programme.



Ensuring access to basic services

This aims at broadening access to education, health, housing, water and sanitation. India`s

initiatives in the context of education and health include the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Scheme

(SSA) - a national flagship programme which aims to provide useful and relevant elementary

education for all children in the 6-14 age groups by 2010 - and The National Rural Health

Mission (NRHM), which is a government scheme that aims at providing valuable healthcare

services to rural households. The latter programme includes a focus on providing every

village in the country with a trained female community health activist - `ASHA` or Accredited

Social Health Activist - who is selected from the village itself and accountable to it and is

trained to work as an interface between the community and the public hea lth system.

Ensuring Food Security

Food security is a major policy and political issue in all three countries. In India, current food

security measures include a targeted food support programme, the TPDS, which provides

for different levels of subsidy acco rding to the following three categories of households: APL

(above poverty line), BPL (below poverty line) and Antodaya (ultra poor) households, and

the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NPNSPE) commonly

known as the Mid Day Meal Scheme.

Promoting Civil Society Participation and Deepening Democracy

The countries are conscious of the need to ensure effective partnerships with civil society in

policy development and strengthen accountability in implementation for effective service

delivery through institutionalization of civil society forums. They commit to participatory

democracy and effective governance at local levels through identification and

implementation of policy innovations such as the Right to Information, institutionali zed

social audits and local participatory planning in relation to NREGP in India. Banks linkage

Programme in India which aims at providing a cost effective mechanism for providing

financial services to the 'unreached poor' are examples of this commitment. This process

seeks to improve participation of Community Based Organisations in decision making and

ensure that voices of the poor are heard, access to information in is improved (includinglanguage access) and that bridges are built between macro level in itiatives and local

economic and social development priorities.

Working towards sustainable development

Risks posed to local communities by global warming are also attracting attention as is the

need to explore alternative sources of energy. Facilitating adaptation and mitigation

through social protection, and identifying opportunities for strengthening livelihood

diversification are emerging as priorities in many areas. In the context of emerging

environmental conservation and climate change concerns, job creation at the intersection of

the environmental conservation, natural resource management, and poverty reduction are

an important emerging area of focus.

Embracing local knowledge and cultureAnother relevant pillar deals with the promotion and integration of local knowledge and

culture in the strategies for eradication of poverty and hunger, as well as in strategies to

address climate change and biodiversity issues. The importance of incorporating local

culture and knowledge in sector-specific programmes on education, health, agriculture

practices and water management is also emphasized.



Growth and Equity

Three Elements

The process of planned economic development, initiated in India in 1951 soon after the

countrys independence, was aimed at maximizing the potential for economic growth

through accelerated savings and investment rates. At the same time, spreading the benefits

of growth to the population at large has remained a major objective.

Minimum Needs:

The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was launched in the Fifth Five Year Plan. Its

objective was to ensure a basic minimum standard of life for all sections of people living in

the rural areas of the country. Initially, there were eight components of MNP, viz.,

elementary education, rural health, rural water supply, rural electrification, rural roads,

rural housing, environmental improvement of urban slums and nutrition. While adult

education was added to the list of MNP components in the Sixth Plan, rural domestic

energy, rural sanitation and public distribution system were added during the SeventhPlan.

Recognising the shortfall in the achievement of the basic minimum standard of life for all

sections of the people, a bold initiative was taken by the Chief Ministers Conference held in

July, 1996 to ensure access of all to certain Basic Minimum Services (BMS) in a time-bound

manner.

The Conference endorsed the seven basic minimum services as of paramount importance in

securing a better quality of life for the people, especially those residing in rural areas.

Further, it observed that it would be in the best interests of the country, if time-bound

action plans are formulated to secure full coverage of the country with these seven basic

services by 2000 AD. This was essential for the rapid growth of the economy and for social

justice and hence, these basic services were to constitute the core of the social sector

development plan.

The seven basic services identified for priority attention are:

1. 100 per cent coverage of provision of safe drinking water in rural and urban areas;

2. 100 per cent coverage of primary health service facilities in rural and urban areas;

3. Universalisation of primary education;

4. Provision of Public Housing Assistance to all shelterles s poor families;

5. Extension of Mid-day Meal Programme in primary schools, to all rural blocks and

urban slums and disadvantaged sections;

6. Provision of connectivity to all unconnected villages and habitations; and

Growth

Equity Human

Development



7. Streamlining of the Public Distribution Syst em with focus upon the poor.

Q uality of Life

The term quality of life is used to evaluate the general well-being of individuals and

societies. The term is used in a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international

development, healthcare, and politics. Quality of life should not be confused with the

concept of standard of living, which is based primarily on income. Instead, standard

indicators of the quality of life include not only wealth and employment, but also the built

environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time, and socia l

belonging. Organizations such as the World Bank, for example, declare a goal of "working

for a world free of poverty",with poverty defined as a lack of basic human needs, such as

food, water, shelter, freedom, access to education, healthcare, or employment. [5] In other

words, poverty is defined as a low quality of life. Using this definition, the World Bank works

towards improving quality of life through neoliberal means, with the stated goal of lowering

poverty and helping people afford a better quality of life.

Global Efforts for Human Development

*United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

(Climate change is the defining human development challenge of the 21st Century. Failureto respond to that challenge will stall and then reverse international efforts to reduce

poverty. The poorest countries and most vulnerable citizens will suffer the ear liest and most

damaging setbacks, even though they have contributed least to the problem. )

The Human Development Network is the World Bank's home for policy, programs and

research in the fields of Education, Health, Nutrition & Population (HNP), Social Protection &

Labor, Children & Youth, HIV/AIDS, and Development Dialogue.

UNDP

Democratic

governance Poverty reduction

Crisis prevention

and recovery Environment and

Energy

Water governance



The Ne

¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ s mission is to assist low and middle income country governments individually

and collectively increase the inclusive and e¦ ¦

icient investment in people§ with a view of

driving faster and more e uitable growth. The humandevelopment network is dedicated to

actively participate in global efforts that contribute to poverty reduction through improving

access to education, health and social services and to build balanced and competitive

societies.

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Sustainable development (S ) is a pattern of resource

use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the

environment so that these needs can be met not only in the

present, but also for generations to come (sometimes taught

as ELF-Environment, Local people, Future).

There are over 100 definitions of sustainability and

sustainable development, but the best known is the World

Commission on Environment and Development's. This

suggests that development is sustainable where it "meets the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own needs."

The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent

parts environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and socio - political

sustainability.

u x social development

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