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Pesticides in Groundwater in the United States of America A Report of a 1988 Survey of State Lead Agencies

Conducted as Part of the National Pesticide Impact Assessment Program

EM 8406 • August 1989

^ OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION SERVICE

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PESTICIDES IN GROUNDWATER IN THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

A Report of a 1988 Survey of State Lead Agencies

Oregon Pesticide Impact Assessment Program June 15,1988

OREGON STAT€ UNIVERSITY GXT€N5ION 5GRVICG

EM 8406

Douglas W. Parsons James M. Witt

Extension Service Department of Agricultural Chemistry

Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon

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PESTICIDES IN GROUNDWATER IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

A REPORT OF A 1988 SURVEY OF STATE LEAD AGENCIES

Contents i

Acknowledgments ii

Introduction 1

Methods 2

Anomalies 3

Results 6

Discussion 9

Summary 16

Epilogue 16

APPENDICES

Appendix A. Questionnaire used in survey.

Appendix B. Derivation of the Health Advisories.

Appendix C. All pesticide and groundwater information organized alphabetically by CHEMICAL, then STATE.

Appendix D. All pesticide and groundwater information, organized alphabetically by STATE, then CHEMICAL.

Appendix E. Pesticide and groundwater data from Suffolk County, New York.

Appendix F. Pesticide and groundwater data from Kansas.

Appendix G. Erratum from Arizona

Appendix H. References and Respondents.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank the following

Sonja S. Massey Patrick E. Morgan Bill Burgoyne Bruce S. Davis Brian E. Munson Teny L. Lavy Ronald Oshima Rex Magee Will Wright R. I. Sullivan Bradford Robinson Fred Banach Phillip G. Retallick H. Grier Stayton Theodore C McDowell Rodney S. DeHan Kenneth R. Davis Charles P. Crisostomo John T. Harrison Brian.J. J. Choy Rodney A. Awe Cheryl Brower Carol Sinnott Martin R. Risch L. O. Nelson George R. Hallberg Vic Robbins Geary M. Scheindel H. F. "Butch" Calhoun George H. Cramer, n Henry Jennings Donald L. Elmore David Shriver Donovan R. Bowley Lee Corte-Real David Y. Terry Tomas Rivera Bradley C Venman David R. Wade Greg Buzicky Tomas Klaseus Charles M. Smith John R. Hagan John R. Howland John L. Arrigo John Larson Dick Ehrman Phillip C Martinelli Francesca L. Dupee Murray McKay Judith B. Louis Mark G. Robson Barry Patterson Marine S. Goad Kevin Roberts Dennis Moran Peny F. Nelson Henry F. Wade Jack Peterson Rick Nelson Russell B. Stein Robert Wulfhorst A. L. Bonner Greg Pettit Harold I. Miller Pete A. Stone Verne Brakke Steven M. Pimer Carleton P. Edmunds Lea Aurelius Robert P. Barnes Jeffrey G. Comstock Terry D. Wagner W. F. Walls Nancy Darling Robert E. Frame Jeffrey K. Postle Kevin Kesster Robert Lucht

individuals for their contribution to make this study possible. Alabama Department of Environmental Management Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industry Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation Arizona Department of Water Resources Arizona Department of Environmental Quality University of Arkansas, Pesticide Residue Laboratory California Department of Food and Agriculture California Department of Food and Agriculture Colorado Department of Health Colorado Department of Agriculture Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection Delaware Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Control Delaware Department of Agriculture Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Florida Department of Environmental Regulation Georgia Department of Natural Resources Guam Environmental Protection Agency University of Hawaii, Environmental Center Hawaii Department of Health Idaho Department of Agriculture Idaho Department of Health and Welfare Illinois Environmental Protection Agency Indiana Department of Environmental Management Indiana State Chemist and Seed Commissioner Iowa Department of Natural Resources Kansas Department of Health Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection Louisiana Department of Agriculture Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality Maine Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Resources Maryland Department of the Environment Maryland Department of Agriculture Massachusetts Water Resources Commission Massachusetts Department of Food and Agriculture Department of Environmental Quality Engineering Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board Michigan Department of Natural Resources Michigan Department of Agriculture Minnesota Department of Agriculture. Minnesota Department of Health Mississippi Bureau of Pollution Control Missouri Department of Agriculture Missouri Department of Natural Resources Montana Department of Health and Environmental Services Montana Department of Agriculture Nebraska Department of Environmental Control Nevada Department of Agriculture New Hampshire Office of State Planning New Hampshire Department of Agriculture New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection New Mexico Department of Agriculture New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Suffolk County Department of Health Services North Carolina Department of Natural Resources & Community Development North Carolina Department of Agriculture North Dakota Department of Agriculture North Dakota Health Department Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Ohio Department of Agriculture Oklahoma Department of Agriculture Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources South Carolina Department of Health & Environmental Control South Dakota Department of Agriculture South Dakota Department of Water and Natural Resources Tennessee Department of Agriculture Texas Department of Agriculture Utah Department of Health Vermont Department of Agriculture Virginia Water Control Board Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Washington Department of Ecology West Virginia Department of Agriculture Wisconsin Department of Agriculture Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Wyoming Dfepartment of Environmental Quality

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PESTICIDES IN GROUNDWATER

IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

A Report of a 1988 Survey of State Lead Agencies.

Douglas W. Parsons1 & James M. Witt2

INTRODUCnON Pesticides in groundwater are considered to be a major national problem.

General recognition of the problem began in 1978 when aldicarb was found in the

groundwater in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York, and in 1979 upon finding

DBCP to be widespread in California groundwater. In rapid succession additional

reports of positive findings were made in a number of states — New York, California,

Florida, Wisconsin, Hawaii, Iowa, and Maryland. In 1984, Stuart Cohen of the

United States Environmental Protection Agency reviewed the findings, and reported

that 12 pesticides have been found in a total of 18 states. In 1985, Cohen again

reviewed the findings and reported that at least 17 pesticides had been found in a

total of 23 states.

The principal criterion for whether pesticides had been detected in the

groundwater in a state appears to be whether or not they have looked. The

information on occurrences of pesticides in groundwater is burgeoning to the point

that it is difficult to assemble an accurate overview of the nature and scope of the

national problem. This was shown in 1985, when California reported finding 56

pesticides in from 1 to 2522 wells, with a median occurrence of about 30 wells for

each pesticide. This number of pesticides reported for California alone is larger

than the total number of pesticides reported in the same year for the nation as a

whole.

It would be useful when a state is evaluating the nature and scope of their

pesticides in groundwater problem to be able to place their situation in a perspective

in relation to the national problem. This can offer a state guidance as to whether they are examining their groundwater appropriately. There has not been a recent

review or an assembly of various reports of pesticides in groundwater on a national

basis. While some states have issued agency reports of their findings, and published

1 Douglas W. Parsons, Senior Student, Agric Chemistry Research 501 Present address: US EPA, OPP, Environmental Fate and Effects Division (TS 769C) Washington, D. C. 20460

2 James M. Witt, Extension Specialist in Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6502

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articles in scientific journals and in the news media, no comprehensive current

overview of the occurrence of pesticides in groundwater on a national basis is

available. For this reason we are attempting to ascertain a current profile of the status of pesticides in groundwater for the Nation.

The results presented in this report are limited to the data reported by the state agency (in each of the 50 states) which has regulatory authority for pesticides in groundwater. We are not able to add the information found in the open

literature or in company reports, even though there are some instances where it

would have been beneficial to have included this type of information. This report

is intended to reflect only what each of the regulatory agencies present about their

state.

METHODS To initiate this project we developed a questionnaire which was sent to the

two lead agencies for pesticides in groundwater problems in each of the 50 states

(the questionnaire is attached, as Appendix A). The questionnaire identified the 96

pesticides from the US EPA analyte list for their National Pesticide Survey (as of

1 Jan 1988), and we added five more pesticides reported in the open literature as

having been detected in groundwater, for a total of 101 pesticides. There was also

a provision for respondents to add chemicals which they had identified but were not

included in the questionnaire. We designed our questionnaire to identify the

frequency and level of occurrence of pesticides in groundwater. Therefore we asked

for the number of wells sampled for that pesticide (not number of samples analyzed)

and asked that the results be distributed in regard to level detected in relation to the

Health Advisory (HA). Our categories were: 1. not detected, (ND) 2. detected, less than 1 ppb, 3. detected, between 1 ppb and the HA, 4. and detected, greater than the HA.

The HA or a surrogate HA was provided in the tabulation of the 101 pesticides in the questionnaire (see Appendix B for derivation of the surrogate HAs). It was

necessary to provide a surrogate HA because we asked that results be reported in

relation to the value of the HA in order to permit aggregation of the data. Although we asked that this tabulation be completed, we also stated that if

the state had a summary report of their findings, this could be submitted to

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substitute for completing the questionnaire. When follow-up enquiries were

completed, 50 out of 50 states had responded as best they could. This is an

exceptional response to this type of enquiry and shows a high level of cooperation

and interest amongst the States. The specific response varied. Fifteen of the 50

states, or 30% were not able to provide data. In ten of these states no testing had

been done by any agency. In five states there was some data, but for various reasons

it could not be compiled or submitted. Twenty states completed the questionnaire

and fifteen states submitted their reports, for a total of 70% of the states providing

data.

ANOMALIES

There are many difficulties in assembling this type of data into a

comprehensive, national report without misrepresenting the pesticides in groundwater

problem to either other professionals or to the general public. Since a few states

had some data on pesticides in groundwater, and were not able to submit their data,

this absence may distort the reported national profile. An example of this is that

Washington had no monitoring data to report, but there is information studying

special episodes indicating the presence of picloram and EDB in groundwater in

Washington. The agency had not compiled these episodes in reportable form. They

indicated they are planning to begin a sampling program in three high-risk areas in

June of 1988. Hawaii has a very large database on their pesticides in groundwater

problem, but accessing it to provide the information we needed would have involved

hand sorting and an excessive commitment of resources. The data may be available

in late 1988. There are probably a large number of findings of DBCP and EDB in

Hawaii which are absent from our compilation, but we believe that the large number

of other findings for these two chemicals which are present in our report will

adequately reflect the current status regarding these two chemicals.

There is some difficulty in sorting the point source results from the non-point

sources. The questionnaire should have been constructed in a more explicit manner, which would have focused entirely on results from normal agricultural practices. It

still would, however, have been difficult for some states to segregate their data. It

appears that each agency has different objectives, therefore they assemble and maintain their records to meet those objectives.

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The reporting systems used by an individual state agency can sometimes result

in serious under-reporting. For example, California has prepared detailed reports

on their pesticides in groundwater findings each year for the past several years. We

were provided with the reports for 1986 and 1987. The California program for

pesticides in groundwater monitoring is probably the most extensive and intensive

of any state and their reporting system is prompt and complete. However, the

outcome of compiling California data from these sources could result in under-

reporting in our report. Some of the year-to-year sampling programs fail to re-

identify the pesticides detected in the past but not found during every reporting year,

and therefore are not included in current reports. It is also possible that improved

analytical methods, quality assurance and control, or stricter criteria for verification

of the detections tend to reduce the number of findings reported as positive.

Another problem encountered in a few instances was that some states did not

assign quantitative values, or even group the results with regard to concentrations detected, but only reported them as positive or negative. These negative values

could validly be entered under the "Not Detected" column. In our database format

there was no valid method of entering the "positive" results. Faced with the choice

of completely omitting these type of results, or compromising — we compromised.

Of the states involved, (California, Iowa, Minnesota, and Idaho) three have very

significant monitoring programs with frequent findings of pesticides. We arbitrarily

entered their positive data under the "more than 1 ppb, but less than the HA"

column. This has resulted in including them in Table I, "Pesticides detected," (page

8) but may have omitted them from the important Table II, "Pesticides detected at

levels greater than the HA" (page 10). Therefore, it is possible that the frequency

of occurrences of pesticides in groundwater at levels greater than the HA is under-

reported in these four states. Suffolk County, Long Island, New York has implemented an extensive re-

sampling program to monitor changes in pesticide levels in the groundwater. For

this reason they submitted data as the number of samples tested and detected, not

as the number of wells in which pesticides were detected and not detected. (See

Appendix E for Long Island information.) This valuable data could not be compiled

along with data from other states. The state of New York is reported as two regions

— New York state reported by the Department of Environmental Conservation and

Suffolk County by the Suffolk County Department of Health Services. Only the

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upper New York State data is included in the summary tables because of the obvious

resampling problem in the Suffolk County data. This omits from New York data on

oxamyl, methomyl, carbofuran, aldicarb, and DD which is significant.

Contrary to what we would have liked to do, this survey did not have either

the resources or available time to contact the reporting states to ascertain either the

analytical validity or the sampling validity of the results. Inaccurate results of false

positives or false negatives, especially when the reported values are near the lower

limits of detection are both possible. This inabihty to re-sample the positive or

negative wells to confirm the result, and missing analytical confirmation through

alternate detection methods are also possible problems associated in assembling our

results. A part of this problem is that even after invalid results are encountered,

many agencies have not implemented a systematic means of excising bad data

without risking the allegation that they are covering-up adverse results.

An example of this problem is Oregon, with whose data we are more familiar

than that of other states. Oregon reported a total of ten pesticides detected (page

18, Appendix D) out of a total of 45 pesticides for which analyses were conducted

in a total of 1483 opportunities (the sum of the number of wells in which each

pesticide was analyzed). The positive responses were detected in from one well

(for seven of the pesticides) to 61 wells (for Dacthal). Oregon has not yet installed

a mechanism vahdating positive findings which will permit exclusion of invalid data,

although plans are being made to permit this. These positive findings from Oregon

could, or should have the following qualification appended.

The wells in which carbofuran, dinoseb, dicamba, and 2,4,5-TP were detected

have been reported to have been re-sampled and none was detected. These findings

should be excluded and further monitoring conducted if uncertainty as to validity

remains. The sample from the well showing bromacil is also a single sample, single

well, but was detected at the 7 ppb level. This should be valid, not only because of

the higher level but because this well has been analyzed every year for three years

as a result of a point-source episode. The level of herbicide in this well has decreased more than ten-fold in these three years. The single finding of 1,3-

dichloropropene is at a very low level, may or may not be verified, but it would be

uncertain as to whether that arises from an old DD (a cancelled pesticide) use, or a more recent Telone use. There were 5 wells reported as positive for EDB. Of

these wells which are positive, three were known to be positive prior to the agency

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sampling program because of specific incidents.

An omission of data problem can also occur. The Oregon summary reports

no aldicarb detected in 41 wells sampled. There have been four positive and

verified results for aldicarb (2-10 ppb; HA = 10 ppb) in the agency monitoring

program.

The remaining pesticide, DCPA or dacthal, was reported in 61 wells. These

findings have been validated in three different laboratories over a period of time.

The highest levels found are about 10 percent of the Health Advisory level,

nevertheless they are of concern because the absolute level is high and this

contamination will be subject to ameliorative action. The large number of wells

found positive for dacthal results from what is sometimes referred to as "mining,"

or intensive sampling around a verified positive response for the purpose of exactly

defining the geographic and temporal boundaries.

In a report prepared by the Oregon lead agency presenting a summary of

their pesticides in groundwater data, they discuss these difficulties in assembling all

the raw data. It is important that each state agency take similar care in their

reports. We submit our apologies to the Oregon lead agency for using Oregon to

illustrate the complexity of the data and the difficulty of drawing conclusions from

aggregated data, but these are the only data with which we have detailed familiarity.

We are certain that the data from most states should have similar caveats appended.

An inherent bias in the data results from the fact that agencies have limited

resources with which to address the pesticides in groundwater problem. Therefore

they focus their efforts on what is perceived as high-probability samples. While this

is a conservative and valid approach, it has the effect of creating a misperception

on the part of the public as to the extent and frequency of the problem and

consequently the health risk associated with this problem.

RESULTS In spite of these difficulties in assembling a national profile on the status of

pesticides in groundwater, we believe it is appropriate to present the information as

long as the correct context is understood. The results of this survey are useful in

identifying the pesticides which have been reported by the responsible state regulatory agency as detected in groundwater across the Nation. This report also

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defines and segregates which pesticide problems are the most severe, which

pesticides occur less frequently and at lower levels, and which are problems that

need to be confirmed or solved by ameliorative action over a period of time.

The data from each state is completely displayed in the attached appendixes.

Appendix C contains the results alphabetically by pesticide and then by state and

Appendix D contains the same results alphabetically by state and then by pesticide.

The results are summarized in Table I, which shows for every pesticide

reported as detected the number of states sampling, number of states reporting

positive results, number of wells sampled, and the distribution of the levels of

occurrence.

There were 67 pesticides detected in a total of 33 states. Thirty three of the

35 states reporting data found some positive wells. There have been a total of 67

pesticides reported as being detected from a total of 169 that were analyzed for, and

102 pesticides that were not detected. There were 144,401 opportunities for positive

results (the sum of the number of wells in which each pesticide was analyzed) and

6,034 positive responses, or 4.17 percent. Out of the positive samples, 17.7 percent were greater than the HA, while 78.9 percent were between 1 ppb and less than the

HA, with 3.4 percent being less than the 1 ppb. It should be apparent, but perhaps

we must be more explicit, that the 4.17 percent positive findings do not measure the

incidence of pesticides in either wells or aquifers in the general sense, but measures

the incidence in pre-selected, vulnerable and susceptible or high risk wells and

aquifers. This percentage is further increased by "mining," or multiple sampling in

areas in which positives have already been detected.

In our work we have used the term "vulnerable" to mean areas in which the

soil characteristics, geological profile, aquifer depth, and water recharge rate are

such that one could conclude that an aquifer could be contaminated by leachable

pesticides if they are used. When the pesticide use rate for an area shows a

significant pesticide loading factor and this overlaps a vulnerable area, the area then

becomes a "susceptible" area. The 67 pesticides identified in 33 states are shown in Table I. These are all

the pesticides reported by the state lead agency in the survey as having been

detected in groundwater at any level and at any frequency.

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Table L Pesdddes Detected in Groundwater in the USA.

St. test.

St. det.

No. Of wells

No. of wells found at Chemical ND 0-1 ppb <.HA > HA

1,2-Dichloropropane 7 4 7035 6583 247 205 1,3-Dichloropropene 5 4 5517 5510 2 5 2,4-D 24 11 3758 3722 21 15 2,4^-T 9 3 842 836 4 2 2,4^-TP 13 2 2036 2020 16 Alachlor 23 16 5016 4874 25 116 1 Aldicaib 21 11 4004 3418 5 407 175 Aldrin 12 3 1820 1815 1 4 Atrazine 28 17 5569 4798 17 743 11 BHC 7 1 1320 1309 11 Bromacil 4 3 726 720 6 Cartoary) 10 1 1502 1497 5 Caibofuran 18 7 1855 1769 7 76 3 Chloramben 5 3 400 392 8 Chlordane 17 4 2046 2032 8 6 Chlordecone 2 1 6 5 1 Chlorothalonil 6 3 715 711 2 2 Chlorpyrifos 11 2 981 978 3 Cyanazine 19 10 3942 3875 3 62 2 DBCP 4 3 7040 4579 2 2335 124 DCPA 8 4 709 632 2 75 DDD S 1 1033 1031 2 DDT 13 1 2071 2064 2 4 1 DEF 2 1 266 265 1 Diazinon 14 2 1481 1473 8 Dicamba 14 10 1239 1196 5 38 Dicofol 4 1 792 791 1 Dieldrin 13 3 1946 1938 7 1 Dimethoate 7 2 916 914 2 Dinoseb 10 4 1347 1308 1 30 8 Disulfoton 4 1 660 659 1 Diuron 5 1 998 976 22 EDB 12 9 5133 4534 79 520 Endosulfan 9 2 2839 2836 1 2 Endrin 18 2 4305 4301 1 3 EFTC 6 2 1069 1063 6 Ethyl Parathion 14 1 1106 1104 2 Fonofos 8 1 2276 2275 1 Heptachlor 13 1 2852 2850 2 Hexachlorobenzene 5 1 1126 1122 4 Hexazinone 6 1 198 197 1 Lindane 15 5 3366 3350 6 6 4 Linuron 6 1 337 335 2 Malathion 14 1 1347 1345 2 MCPA 4 2 626 621 5 Methamidophos 3 1 536 522 14 Methomyl 9 2 1155 1152 2 0 1 Methoxychlor 19 3 2827 2822 3 2 Methyl Parathion 11 1 1275 1269 6 Metolachlor 19 11 2628 2540 16 71 1 Metribuzin 13 7 1900 1840 7 53 Mirex 4 1 271 269 2 Molinate 2 1 538 534 4 Oxamyl 8 2 852 849 3 p-Dichlorobenzene 1 1 1 0 1 PCNB 4 1 304 303 1 PCP 7 4 1518 1412 2 104 Pendimethalin 5 1 330 328 2 Picloram 10 6 1028 990 10 28 Prometon 4 3 418 406 2 10 Prometiyn 3 1 552 551 1 Propachlor 5 2 702 699 1 2 Schradan 5 1 103 93 10 Simazine 17 10 2922 2819 3 99 1 Terbufos 7 2 794 792 2 Toxaphene 11 3 3405 3396 6 2 1 Trifluralin 14 6 2636 2623 5 8

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DISCUSSION

The presentation of the results as "67 pesticides found in a total of 33 states", or

as percentages of positive values, is a simple description of the results, but is

misleading. This statement mixes together the pesticides for which hundreds of wells

were found at levels greater than the Health Advisory, and pesticides which were

found in only one well at a level below 1 ppb.

The most useful way to present the results is to segregate them according to

Frequency and Level of Occurrence. A great deal of consideration should be given

on how to classify the severity of the pesticides in groundwater problem, and how

to define a national problem as distinct from a state or local problem. The policy

implications for the pesticides in groundwater problem can be quite different

depending the scope, frequency, and level of the pesticide contamination.

Categorizing the pesticides in groundwater problems as being more severe and

less severe may be offensive to some persons on the basis that an agency is charged

with a "non-degradation of groundwater" policy, and this means that zero amounts

of any anthropogenic chemicals are to be allowed. In an ideal world zero

contamination might be feasible; in a less than ideal world it would be useful to

establish a strategy to appropriately define quantitative goals and set priorities.

The most severe problems are those pesticides which occur frequently, in several

states, and at levels higher than the HA All pesticides which occur at levels higher

than the HA are shown in Table 11. There are 17 pesticides in a total of 17 states

detected greater than the HA.

Many of these represent only a single well in a single state. In attempting to

categorize the pesticides on a national basis (not a state or local basis) we

established four categories:

I. Most severe; immediate action

11. Less severe; need further definition — may require ameliorative action

HI. Least severe; need further study — requires validation

IV. Not detected; continue surveillance

The definition for the most severe, or Category I, are those pesticides:

1. which occur at levels greater than the HA, 2. and are detected in more than one state,

3. or in more than four wells, if found in only one state.

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Table IL Pesticides Detected in Groundwater in the USA, at Levels Greater than the Health Advisory.

Chemical St. test.

St. > HA

State No. of wells

wells > HA

1,2-Dichloropropane 7 3 CT, MA, NJ 7035 205

1,3-Dichloropropene 5 2 CT,NJ 5517 5

Alachlor 23 1 MA 5016 1

Aldicarb 21 3 MA, NC, WI [NY?] 4004 175

Atrazine 28 5 CT, NE.NY TX, VT

5569 11

Carbofuran 18 2 MA, NY 1855 3

Cyanazine 19 2 MO, PA 3942 2

DBCP 4 AZ [CA, ffl?] 7040 124

DDT 13 MM 2071 1

Dinoseb 10 MA,WI 1347 8

EDB 12 AZ, CT.MA, NJ, OR, WI, NC

5133 520

Endrin 18 PA 4305 3

Lindane 15 PA 3366

Methomyl 9 MO 1155

Metolachlor 19 CT 2628

Simazine 17 SD 2922

Toxaphene 11 PA 3405

There are six (or seven) pesticides in Category I, and these are shown in

Table HI. These pesticides include DD, DBCP, EDB, aldicarb, atrazine, dinoseb

and possibly Telone. Four of these six or seven pesticides have been cancelled or

suspended — DD, DBCP, EDB, and dinoseb - while ameliorative programs are in

place for one, aldicarb. The predominance of fumigants in this list is possibly

10

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related to the fact that their loading factor is quite high in relation to other pesticide

uses. These fumigants were used at rates of 50-500 lbs ai/ac and are often subject

to a high density of use due to similar cropping patterns over the same aquifer. The

fact that three of the fumigants (DD, DBCP, EDB) have a large number of positive

wells greater than the HA may be a result of their extremely low surrogate HA

values, which range from 0.01 to 5.0 parts per trillion, and were derived from the

Negligible Risk Levels (IX 10"*). The fourth fumigant, 1,3-dichloropropene, has a

surrogate HA of 2.2 ppb, which is derived from a DWEL. The uncertainty over

whether to identify Telone as a problem is derived from the fact that DD is a

mixture of 1,2-dichloropropane and 1,3-dichloropropene while Telone is nearly pure

1,3-dichloropropene.

The early and extensive findings of 1,2-dichloropropane were attributable to

DD, but there is uncertainty as to which product to attribute the genesis of the more

recent and sparse findings of 1,3-dichloropropene. The report of DBCP as present

in only Arizona is obviously deficient as it surely could have been reported also from

California and Hawaii. Aldicarb would have been reported from New York if the

agency had reported it, or if the Suffolk County data could have been included.

Table ID. Category I. Pesticides Detected, at Levels Greater than the Health Advisory, and detected in more than one state or in more than four wells.

st! st. st. @ Chemical test. det. > HA

1,2-Dichloropropane 7 3 CT, MA, NJ

1,3-Dicliloropropene 5 2 CT.NJ

Aldicarb 21 3 MA, NC, WI [NY]

Atrazine 28 5 CT, NE, NY TX, VT

DBCP 4 1 AZ, [CA.HI ?]

Dinoseb 10 2 MA, WI

EDB 12 7 AZ.CT, MA, NC, NJ, ORtWI

Number of wells wells > HA

7035 205

5517 5

4004 175

5569 11

7040 124

1347 8

5133 520

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Category II, shown in Table IV, are those pesticides which are:

1. not in category I,

2. occurred in two or more states,

3. found in more than 10 wells,

4. and are detected at levels greater than 1 ppb.

These pesticides are considered to be a national problem, but not the most severe

problem, and may be subject to ameliorative action over a period of several years.

Increased monitoring is certainly called for to define the nature and scope of the

contamination and facihtate planning for an ameliorative program where it is

warranted. Table IV. Category H. Pesticides Detected in Groundwater in two or more states.

or more than ten wells, and are detected at more ; than 1 ppb.

St. test.

St. det.

No. of wells

Number of wells found at Chemical ND 0-1 ppb <.HA > HA

2,4-D 24 11 3758 3722 21 15 2,4,5-T 9 3 842 836 4 2 Alachlor 23 16 5016 4874 25 116 1 Aldrin 12 3 1820 1815 1 4 BHC 7 1 1320 1309 11 Bromacil 4 3 726 720 6 Carbofuran 18 7 1855 1769 7 76 3 Chloramben 5 3 400 392 8 Chlordane 17 4 2046 2032 8 6 Chlorothalonil 6 3 715 711 2 2 Cyanazine 19 10 3942 3875 3 62 2 DCPA 8 4 709 632 2 75 DDT 13 1 2071 2064 2 4 1 Dicamba 14 10 1739 1196 5 38 Dieldrin 13 3 1946 1938 7 1 Diuron 5 1 998 976 22 Endrin 18 2 4305 4301 1 1 Lindane 15 5 3366 3350 6 6 4 Methamidophos 3 1 536 522 14 Methomyl 9 2 1155 1152 2 0 1 Methoxychlor 19 3 2827 2822 3 2 Metolachlor 18 11 2628 2540 16 71 1 Metribu/m 13 7 1900 1840 7 53 PCP 7 4 1518 1412 2 104 Picloram 10 6 1028 990 10 28 Prometon 4 3 418 406 2 10 Simazine 17 10 2922 2819 3 99 1 Toxaphene 11 3 3405 3396 6 2 1 Trifluralin 14 6 2636 2623 5 8

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Category HI, shown in Table V, are those pesticides which are detected in groundwater:

1. at levels not greater than the HA, 2. and two or fewer states, 3. or less than four wells.

These pesticides represent the least severe problem, and probably require verification and more data on their level, frequency, and distribution of occurrences before ameliorative action can be planned.

Table V. Category IQ. Pesticides Detected in Groundwater, not greater than the HA, and detected in two or fewer states or less than four wells.

Chemical St. test.

St. det.

No. of wells

no. wells found at ND 0-1 ppb < HA

2,4,^-7? 13 2 2036 2020 16 Carbaryl 10 1502 1497 Chlordecone 2 6 5 1 Chlorpyrifos 11 981 978 3 DDD 5 1033 1031 2 DEF 2 266 265 Diazinon 14 1481 1473 Dicofol 4 792 791 Dimethoate 7 916 914 Disulfoton 4 660 659 Endosulfan 9 2839 2836 1 EPTC 6 1069 1063 Ethyl Parathion 14 1106 1104 2 Fonofos 8 2276 2275 Heptachlor 13 2852 2850 2 Hexachlorobe.nzene 5 1126 1122 Hexazinone 6 198 197 Linuron 6 337 335 Malathion 14 1347 1345 MCPA 4 626 621 Methyl Parathion 11 1275 1269 Mirex 4 271 269 2 Molinate 2 538 534 Oxamyl 8 852 849 p-Dichlorobenzene 1 1 0 PCNB 4 304 303 1 Pendimethalin 5 330 328 2 Prometryn 3 552 551 1 Propachlor 5 2 702 699 1 Schradan 5 1 103 93 Terbufos 7 2 794 792-

1 8 1 2 1 2 6

4 1 2 2 5 6

4 3 1

2 10 2

Category IV, shown in Table VI, are those pesticides which were analyzed for,

but not detected in any wells. The absence of any positive findings should not be

taken as evidence that these pesticides do not ever leach to groundwater. The

geographic distribution of the search pattern for some of these pesticides would have

to be larger before any conclusions about non-leachability are supportable.

Continued surveillance for these pesticides should be maintained.

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Table VI. CateporY IV. Pesticide

No. No. Chemical state wells Acephate 2 493 Acifluorfen 2 2 Acrolein 1 9 Ametryn 2 150 Amitraz 1 150 Amitrole 1 3 Azinphos methyl 4 736 Azinphos ethyl 1 6 Bendiocarb 1 8 Benefin 3 275 Benomyl 2 515 Bensulide 2 78 Bentazon 4 75 Benthiocarb 1 429 Butylate 2 123 Captafol 1 75 Captan 2 787 Carbamates 2 104 Carbendazim 1 212 Carbophenothion 2 78 Carboxin 1 18 Chlor. hydrocar. 2 104 Chlordimeform 2 14 Chlorobenzilate 1 9 Chloropicrin 1 795 Chlorpropham 2 14 Cycloate 3 47 Cypermethrin 3 129 Cyprazine 1 15 Dalapon 1 14 DDE 5 962 Demeton 5 1148 Dichlorprop 2 151 Dichlorvos 1 12 Dicrotophos 1 9 Dioxacarb 1 8 Dioxathion 1 21 Diphenamid 2 421 Disyston 2 259 Dithiocarbamates 1 15 Endothall 1 298 EPN 2 153 Ethalfluralin 1 75 Ethion 6 896 Ethoprop 3 149 Ethylan 2 67 Fenamiphos 4 397 Fenbutatin-oxide 1 1 Fensulfothion 1 115 Fenvalerate 3 118 Fluchloralin 2 272 Fluometuron 5 207 Glyphosate 1 37 Guthion 1 115 Isofenphos 1 2 Isopropalin 1 115

Pesticides Not Detected in Groundwater.

No. No. Chemical state wells Maneb 2 299 Mecoprop 1 2 Metam-sodium 1 23 Methidathion 1 50 Methiocarb 1 18 Methyl Bromide 2 2926 Mevinphos 3 311 Monocrotophos 3 183 Monuron 2 113 Naled 1 31 Napropamide 2 279 Naptalam 59 Neburon 4 Nitrofen 11 Nonachlor 6 Norflurazon 75 Organochlorines 8 Organophosphorus 79 Oryzalin 174 Ovex 2 Oxyfluorfen 75 Paraquat 149 Pebulate 107 Permethrin 289 Phorate 6 1220 Phosalone 3 129 Phosmet 2 27 Phosphamidon 1 2 Profluralin 2 126 Promecarb 1 8 Pronamide 1 18 Propanil 2 113 Propargite 1 220 Propazine 4 262 Propham 3 338 Propoxur 1 18 Propyzamide 1 179 Pyrethrins 1 9 Ronnel 2 459 Simetryn 1 67 Tebuthiuron 1 31 Terbacil 4 52 Tetrachlorophenol 1 4 Tetrachlorvinphos 1 2 Tetradifon 1 54 Thanite 1 1 Triadimefon 1 9 Triazines 3 29 Tribufos 2 213 Trichloronate 1 1 Trichlorfon 1 124 Trichlopyr 1 75 Vernolate 2 117 Zineb 1 10 Ziram 1 236

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Within Category HI, are ten pesticides which were detected only at levels below 1 ppb. While these should remain in Category HI, it should be noted that these findings could represent an analytical artifact, particularly for those detected in only one or two wells. These findings are questionable and should be subject to further investigation. These pesticides are shown in Table VII.

Table VH. Pesticides Detected in Groundwater in the USA, detected only at levels between 0-1 ppb.

St. test.

St. det.

No.of wells

wells found at Chemical ND 0-1 ppb

2,4,5-TP 13 2 2036 2020 16 Chlordecone 2 1 6 5 1 Chlorpyrifos 11 2 981 978 3 DDD 5 1033 1031 2 Ethyl Parathion 14 1106 1104 2 Heptachlor 13 2852 2850 2 Mirex 4 271 269 2 PCNB 4 304 303 1 Pendimethalin 5 330 328 2 Prometryn 3 552 551 1

Table VIII shows the 13 pesticides which were reported as detected by one or more states, but which were not included in the questionnaire list of 101 pesticides nor in the US EPA list, as of 1 January 1988, of 96 analytes for their National Pesticide Survey.

Table VDL Pesticides detected that were not listed on our questionnaire, or on the US EPA analyte list for the National Pesticide Survey.

Chlordecone Chlorpyrifos DEF Dicofol Fonofos MCPA Methamidophos

Mirex p-Dichlorobenzene PCNB Pendimethalin Schradan Toxaphene

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SUMMARY

Pesticides were analyzed for in 40 states, and 35 of these states reported

results. Thirty-three states reported positive findings. The 67 pesticides detected are

categorized according to level of occurrence and level of detection.

One type of categorization which would have been useful had the survey been

able to receive more detailed data, is the further refinement of the data to

separately identify those pesticides which are below the HA but greater than 0.5 of

the HA. In Oregon it is proposed that pesticides appearing at this level would be

targeted for immediate amehorative action. Amelioration could lead to use

restrictions or even cancellation, but first the results of changes in use patterns and

the development of substitutes would be carefully investigated to determine if these

steps would solve the problem. The use of 0.5 HA or 0.5 MCL would not be a fixed

criterion, as some agencies are considering the use of 0.25 or 0.20 HA or MCL as

the trigger for institution of amehorative programs.

Our classification scheme is intended to initiate a careful and thorough analysis

of the various criteria which might be chosen to prioritize problems. The alternative

is to cope with a long list of pesticides in a non-systematic manner, which could

result in misplaced priorities and devoting scarce resources to less important or

trivial problems.

It should be emphasized that level and frequency of occurrence parameters

used to categorize the pesticide in groundwater problem into groups I - IV are

somewhat arbitrary, others may choose other parameters, and these parameters

would necessarily change as the surveillance programs in the 50 states increase in

intensity.

The Categories I - III are summarized in Table IX for convenience. In

addition, Table I is recast as Table X for the convenience of expressing the positive

findings as percent incidence (Table X) as well as number of wells (Table I).

EPILOGUE These compilations of positive findings of pesticides reflect only the data

submitted by each state's lead agency. As each agency reviews the data received

from their state in the appendix, they may find it to be incomplete or in error. We would be pleased to receive re-submissions from states which find this to be the case.

New data collected subsequent to this survey will surely increase the number of positive results and alter the list of pesticides in each category. If we are able to devote further resources to this program, we will provide updated reports.

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Table IX. Summaiy of Pesticides in Groundwater by Frequency and Level of Detection.

Category I "Most Severe" Candidates for Ammelioritive Action Pesticides found at levels exceeding the Health Advisory in more than one state, or in more than four wells.

1,2-Dichloropropane l^S-Dichloropropene Aldicarb Atrazine

DBCP Dinoseb EDB

Category EL "Less Severe" Candidates for Further Definition & Progressive Ameliorative Action Pesticides found in more than two states, or more than 10 wells, and are detected at more than 1 ppb.

2,4-D 2,4,5-T Alachlor Aldrin BHC Bromacil Carbofuran Chloramben Chlordane Chlorothalonil Cyanazine DCPA DDT Dicamba Dieldrin

Diuron Endrin Lindane Methamidophos Methomyl Methoxychlor Metolachlor Metribuzin PCP Picloram Prometon Simazine Toxaphene Trifluralin

Category HI. "Least Severe" Candidates Requiring Further Validation and Further Study Pesticides found at any level in any number of wells, not in I or EL

2,4,5-TP Carbaryl Chlordecone Chlorpyrifos DDD DEF Diazinon Dicofol Dimethoate Disulfoton Endosulfan EPTC Ethyl Parathion Fonofos Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene

Hexazinone Linuron Malathion MCPA Methyl Parathion Mirex Molinate Oxamyl p-Dichlorobenzene PCNB Pendimethalin Prometryn Propachlor Schradan Terbufos

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Table X. Percent Incidence of Pesticides With Positive Findings

St. test.

St. det.

No. of wells

Percent of wells found at Chemical ND 0-1 ppb <HA >HA

1,2-Dichloropropane 7 4 7035 933% 0.0% 3.5%, 3.0% LS-Dichloropropene 5 4 5517 99.8 0.04 0.09 2,4-D 24 11 3758 99.2 0.4 05 2,4>T 9 3 842 99.2 0.5 0.2 2,4,5-'l'P 13 2 2036 992 0.8 Alachlor 23 16 5016 97.2 05 23 0.01 Aldicarb 21 11 4004 853 0.1 10.2 4.4 AJdrin 12 3 1820 99.7 0.05 0.2 Atrazine 28 17 5569 86.2 03 133 0.2 BHC 7 1 1320 99.2 0.8 Bromadl 4 3 726 99.2 0.8 Carbaiyl Carbofuran

10 1 1502 99.7 03 18 7 1855 953 0.4 4.1 0.2

Chloramben 5 3 400 98.0 2.0 Chlordane 17 4 2046 99.3 0.4 0.3 Chlordecone 2 1 6 83.3 16.7 Chlorothalonil 6 3 715 99.4 0.3 03 Chlorpyrifos 11 2 981 99.7 0.1 03 Cyanazine 19 10 3942 98.3 0.7 1.6 0.05 DBCP 4 3 7040 65.0 0.02 33.2 1.7 DCPA 8 4 709 89.2 03 10.5 DDD 5 1 1033 99.8 0.2 DDT 13 1 2071 99.6 0.09 0.2 0.05 DEF 2 1 266 99.6 0.4 Diazinon 14 2 1481 99.4 0.6 Dicamba 14 11 1739 96.5 0.4 3.1 Dicofol 4 1 792 99.8 0.2 Dieldrin 13 3 1946 99.5 0.4 0.1 Dimethoate 7 2 916 99.7 03 Dinoseb 10 4 1347 97.1 0.07 2.2 0.6 Disulfoton 4 1 660 99.8 0.2 Diuron 5 1 998 97.8 2.2 EDB 12 9 5133 88.3 1.5 10.2 Endosulfan 9 2 2839 99.8 0.1 0.1 Endrin 18 2 4309 99.8 0.1 0.1 EPTC 6 2 1069 99.4 0.6 Ethyl Parathion 14 1 1106 99.9 0.1 Fonofos 8 1 2276 99.9 0.04 Heptachlor 13 1 2852 99.9 0.07 Hexachlorobenzene 5 1 1126 99.7 03 Hexazinone 6 1 198 995 0.5 Lindane 15 5 3366 99.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 Linuron 6 1 337 99.4 0.6 Malathion 14 1 1347 99.9 0.1 MCPA 4 2 626 99.2 0.8 Methamidophos 3 1 536 97.4 2.6 Methomyl 9 2 1155 99.7 0.2 0.08 Methoxychlor Methyl Parathion Metolachlor

19 3 2827 99.2 0.1 0.7 11 1 1275 99.6 0.4 18 11 2628 96.6 0.6 2.7 0.03

MetribiiTin 13 7 1900 96.8 0.4 2.8 Mirex 4 1 271 993 0.7 Molinate 2 1 538 993 0.7 Oxamvl p-Dicnlorobenzene PCNB

8 2 852 99.7 03 1 1 1 0.0 100.0 4 1 304 99.7 03

PCP 7 4 1518 93.0 0.1 6.0 Pendimethalin 5 1 330 99.4 0.6 Picloram 10 6 1028 96.3 1.0 2.7 Prometon 4 3 418 97.1 0.5 2.4 Prometryn Propachlor

3 1 552 99.9 0.1 5 2 702 99.7 0.1 0.2

Schradan 5 1 103 90.2 9.8 Simazine 17 10 2922 96.4 0.1 3.3 0.2 Terbufos 7 2 794 99.7 0.3 Toxaphene 11 3 3405 99.7 0.2 0.05 0.05 Trifluralin 14 6 2636 99.5 0.2 03

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APPENDIX A

Questionnaire

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Department of Agricultural Chemistry

College of Agricultural Sciences

Oregon . .State .. University Corvallis, Oregon 97331-6502 (503)7543791

Questionnaire n

SUMMARY OF PESTICIDES IN GROUNDWATER BY INDIVIDUAL CHEMICAL

NOTE: This survey should be used only if your state does not have a summary report.

1. Lead State Agency Contact Person Title of Contact person Address

Phone 2. How many wells have been sampled in your state? 3. How many samples have been analyzed by your state agency, or others?.

Here is a list of the pesticides on the EPA National Pesticides in Groundwater Survey Analyte list. Please fill out the requested information (if available) for each pesticide. It is as important to know what was NOT found as well as what was found. If a pesticide was analyzed for, but not detected enter that number under "0/ND" (Zero/Not Detected). You will not have conducted analyses for all the pesticides on this list. For those compounds for which you did not analyze, simply enter a "0" under "No. wells sampled." We did not distinguish between the parent compound and its metabolites. That is, if you detected aldicarb sulphoxide, enter under aldicarb. If the Health Advisory (HA) is less than 1.0 ppb, then do not use the column labeled < 1.0 ppb, use the other three columns.

Pesticides Common name [Trade Name]

No. wells sampled

Number of wells found at 0/ND <1.0ppb <.HA >HA

EPA* HA ppb

1,2-dichloropropane [DD] [0.00001]d

l,3-dicliloropropene[Telone] [2.2] b

2,4-D [Weedone] 70

2,4-DB [Butoxone] [50] c

2,4,5-T [2,4,5-T] 21

2,4,5-TP [Silvex] 52

acifluorfen [Blazer] 9

alachlor [Alanex] [70] b

aldicarb [Temik] 10

aldrin [Aldrex] [50] c

ametryn [Ametrex] 60

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Pesticides Common name [Trade Name]

No. wells sampled

Number of wells found at 0/ND <1.0ppb <.HA >HA

EPA* HAppb

atraton [Gestamin] _^_^__ [50] c

atrazine [AAtrex] 3

bentazon [Basagran] 175

BHCfBHq [50] c

bromadl [Hyvar] 80

butachlor [Machete] [50] c

butylate [Sutan+] 50

carbaryl [Sevin] 700

carbofuran [Furadan] 36

carboxin [Vitavax] 700

carbyne [Barban] [50] c

chloramben [Amiben] 105

chlorbenzilate [Acaraben] [140] a

chlordane [Octachlor] • [3.5] a

chlorneb [Terraneb] ' [50] c

chlorothalonil [Bravo] [105] b

chlorpropham [Chloro IPC] [3500] a

cyanazine [Bladex] 8.8

cydoate [Ro-Neet] [50] c

dacthal [Dacthal] 3500

dalapon [Dowpon] 560

DDT [DDT] [35] a

demeton-S [Metasystox] [35] a

diazinon [Spectradde] . 0.63

dibromochloropropane [DBCP] [0.005] d

dicamba [Banvel] 9

dichlorprop [2,4-DP] [50] c

dichlorvos PDVP] [28] a

dieldrin [Dieldren] [035] b

dimethoate [Cygon] . [350] a

dinoseb [DNBP] 7

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Pesticides Common name [Trade Name]

No. wells sampled

Number of wells found at 0/ND < 1.0 ppb <. HA > HA

EPA* HA ppb

diphenamid [Enide] 200

disulfoton [disulfoton] 03

diuron [Karmex] 14

endosulfan [Thiodan] [56] a

endrin [Endren] 032

EPTCfEptam] [50] c

ethion [Ethiol] [42] a

ethoprop [Mocap] [0.53] a

ethylene dibromide [EDB] ; [0.0001] d

etridiazole [Terrazole] [50] c

fenamiphos [Nemacur] 1.8

fenarimol [Rubigan] [50] c

fluometuron [Cotoran] 90

fluridone [Sonar] [50] c

heptachlor [Heptachlor] ' [35] a

hexachlorobenzene [HCB] [5.6] b

hexazinone [Velpar] 210

lindane [Lindane] 2

linuron [Lorox] [44] a

malathion [Cythion] [140] a

merphos [Folex] [50] c

methiocarb [Mesural] [350] a

methomyl [Lannate] 175

methoxychlor [Methoxychlor] 340

methyl parathion [Me Para] 2

metolachlor [Dual] 10

metribuzin [Sencor] 175

mevinphos [Phosdrin] [17-5] a

MGK264[Octacide] [50] c

molinate [Ordram] [50] c

nabam [Dithane] [35] a

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Pesticides Common name [Trade Name]

No. wells sampled

Number of wells found at 0/ND <1.0ppb <.HA >HA

EPA* HAppb

napropamide [Devrinol] [50] c

norflurazon [Solican] [50] c

oxamyl [Vydate] _^__ 175

parathion [Parathion] [35] a

pebulate [Tillam] [50] c

pentachlorophenol [PCP] 220

permethrin [Ambush] [50] c

picloram [Tordon] 490

prometon [Pramitol] 100

prometryn [Caparol] [263] a

pronamide [Kerb] 52

propachlor [Ramrod] 92

propanil [Stampede] [1050] a

propazine [Milogard] 14

propham [Chem-Hoe] ' 120

propoxur [Baygon] [140] a

simazine [Princep] 35

simetryn ["Saturn"] [50] c

swep [Swep] [50] c

tebuthiuron [Spike] 35

terbadl [Sinbar] 90

terbufos [Counter] 0.18

terbutryn [Igran] [50] c

tetrachlorvinphos [Rabon] [50] c

triadimefon [Bayleton] [210] a

tricydazole [Beam] [50] c

trifluralin [Treflan] 2

vemolate [Surpass] [14] a

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OTHER COMPOUNDS NOT LISTED:

Pesticides Common name [Trade Name]

No. wells sampled

Number of wells found at 0/ND <1.0ppb <.HA >HA

EPA* HAppb

* Health Advisory for a 70 kilogram adult, long-term exposure in micrograms/liter (ppb). [ ] Bracket means no Health Advisory (HA) published by EPA. Therefore, we will use a

surrogate number to facilitate the grouping by range on this form. []a This value is calculated from the Allowable Daily Intake (ADI), published by EPA or the

World Health Organization (WHO). This value assumes one consumes two liters of water per day, and that the drinking water exposure is 20% of the total exposure.

[]b This value is the Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL) multiplied by 0.2, as is usually done by EPA. This is simply a calculation to incorporate the assumption that drinking water exposure is 20% of total exposure.

[ ]c This value is an arbitrary surrogate number because of the absence of a rational basis for derivation. There is no ADI available. We arbitrarily used a value of 50 ppb [50] c to facilitate your reporting by grouping your results.

[]d The value given is the negligible risk level (NRL) (10"°) as determined by EPA in an HA document, but the HA is not assigned. The NRL value is multiplied by 0.2 to conform with the intake assumptions made by EPA in their HA determinations.

Note: The above list of pesticides is the 96 pesticides in the EPA Analyte list (the metabolites were listed as the parent compound) plus five pesticides (dimethoate, lindane, malathion, ethion, and oxamyl) reported as having been found in groundwater by Pat Holden in "Pesticides and Groundwater Quality," National Research Council, 1986.

DPrmcc

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APPENDIX B

Derivation of the Health Advisories

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LIST OF IIIIALTII ADVlSOUIliS FOR NATIONAL SURVIIY OF IMISTICIDHS IN (JROUNDWATP.R

# P.nlcred 1IA20% Common Name [Trade Name] (ppb) Lifetime

1,2-dichloropropane (DD] (0.00001] d

1,3-dichloropropene [Tclone] [2.21b

2,4-D [Weedone] 70 70

2,4-Dn [Buloxone] [S0]c

2,4,5-T[2,4,5-Tl 21 21

2,4,S-TP [Silvcx] 52 52

acifluorfcn (Blazer] 9 9

alachlor (Alanex) [701b

aldicarb [Temik] 10 10

aldrin [Aldrcx] [501c

amctryn [Ametrex] 60 60

atralon (Oesiamin) [50] c

atrazine (AAlrcx] 3 3

bcntazon [nasagrau] 17.5 175

nilC|BllC| [50] c

bromacil [llyvar] 80 80

bulaclilor (Machete] [50] c

bulylalc |Sutan + ] 50 50

carbaryl [Scvin] 700 700

carboruran |l'iiradan| 36 36

Oregon State Univcrsily, Deparlmenl of Agricultural Chemistry Prepared by Douglas Parsons, 5 February 1988

EI'AAW WHO AIM AIMmicrog/ mg/kg/day mg/kg/day 70 kg/21.20% DWUl. DWni.20%

N1U. 10"° microg/L

20%

N1U. 10'6

microg/I. Arbitrary

No. Ucf.

0.000056 0.00001

11 2.2

350 70

[501c

|S0] c

ISO) c

[50] c

[50] c

5

4

5

12

4

4

4

5

5

12

4

12

4

4

12

4

12

4

4

5

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Common Name (Trade Name] # Entered

(PPb) HA 20% Lifetime

EPA ADI mg/kg/day

WHO ADI mgAg/day

ADI microg/ 70kg/2L20% DWEL

20%

DWEL 20% NRL lO"6

microg/L NRL W6

microg/L Arbiirary

No. Rcf.

[501c 12

(2)

carboxin (Vitavax] 700

carbyne [Barban] [SO] c

chloramben [Amiben] 105

chlorbenzilate [Acaraben] [140] a

chlordane [Octachlor] [3.5] a

700

105

0.02 140

0.0005 3.5

chlorneb [Terraneb] [50] c

chlorothalonil [Bravo] [105] b

chlorpropham [Chloro IPC] [3500] a

cyanazine [Bladex] 8.8

cydoate [Ro-Neet] [50] c

dacthal [Dacthal] 3500

dalapon [Dowpon] 560

DDT (DDT] [35] a

demeton-S [Metasystox] [35] a

diazinon [Spectracide] 0.63

dibromochloropropane [DBCP] [0.005] d

dicamba [Banvel] 9

dichlorprop [2,4-DP] [50] c

dichlorvos [DDVP] (28] a

dieldrin [Dieldren] [0.35] b

dimethoate [Cygon] [350] a

dlnoseb [DNBP] 7

diphenamid [Enidc] 200

disulfoton [disulfoton] 0.3

diuron [Karmex] 14

cndosiilCun [Thiodan] |56| a

cndrin [Endrcn] 0.32

lil'IC [Eptam] (50) c

8.8

3500

560

0.63

7

200

0.3

14

0.32

525 105

0.5 3500

[50] c

[50] c

0.005

0.005

35

35

0.025 0.005

[50] c 0.004

0.05

28

350

1.75 0.35

0.01 IS 5fi

12

4

7

4

12

4

4

9

13

4

5

4

12

7

4

2/7

4

4

4

4

I

5

12

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-3-

Common Name (Trade Name] # Entered

(PPt>) HA 20% Lifetime

cthion [Ethiol] (42] a

ethoprop [Mocap] (0.53] a

ethylene dibromide [EDB] [0.0001] d

etridiazole [Terrazole] [50] c

fenamiphos (Nemacur] 1.8 1.8 fenarimol [Rubigan] (50] c

fluometuron [Cotoran] 90 90

fluridone (Sonar) [50] c

heptachlor (Heptachlor] (3.5] a

hexachlorobenzene [HCB] [5.6] b

hexazinone [Velpar] 210 210 lindane [Lindane] 2 2

linuron [Lorox] [44] a

malathion [Cythion] (140]a

merphos [Folex] [50] c

methiocarb [Mesural] [350]a

methomyl (Lannate] 175 175

methoxychlor (Methoxychlor) 340 340 methyl parathion (Me Para] 2 2 metolachlor (Dual] 10 10

metribuzin [Sencor] 175 175 mcvinphos [Phosdrin] [17.5] a

MGK264(Octacide] [50] c

molinate (Ordram] [501c

nabam [Dilhane] [351a

niipropamiUc (Dcvrinol] [50] c

norHurazon (Solican] [501 e

EPAADI WHO ADI ADI microg/ mg/kg/day mg/kg/day 70 kg/2L 20% DWEL DWEL20%

20%

NRL W6 NRL W6

microg/L microg/L Arbitrary

No.

0.006

7.5xl0--

42

0.53

0.0005 0.0001

0.0005. 3.5 (0.4)

28 5.6

0.0063

0.05

0.02

44

140

350

0.0025

0.005 35

[50] c

[50] c

[50] c

[50] c

[50] c

[50] c

|50|c

[50] c

Ref.

2

7

5

12

4

12

4

12

3/5

5

4

5

7

5/9

12

2/7

4

5

4

4

4

7

12

12

7

12

12

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-4-

20% # Entered HA 20% EPAADI WHOADI ADI microg/ NRL lO"6 NRL W6 Arbitrary

Common Name [Trade Name] (PPb) Lifetime mgAg/day mg/kg/day 70kg/2L20% DWEL DWEL20% microg/L microg/L No. Ref.

oxamyl [Vydate] 175 175 5 parathion [Parathion] [35] a 0.005 35 13 pebulate [Tillam] [SOJc

, [50] c 12

pentachlorophenol [PCP] 220 220 5 permethrin [Ambush] [50] c [50] c 12 picloram [Tordon] 490 490 4 prometon [Pramitol] 100 100 4 prometryn [Caparol] [263]a 0.0375 263 7

pronamide [Kerb] 52 52 4 propachlor [Ramrod] 92 92 4 propanil [Stampede] [1050] a 0.15 1050 7 propazine [Milogard] 14 14 4 propham [Chem-Hoe] 120 120 4

propoxur [Baygon] [140] a 0.02 140 10 simazine [Princep] 35 35 4 simetryn ("Saturn"]

swep [Swep]

tebuthiuron [Spike]

[50] c

[50] c

35 35

[501c

[SOJc

12

12

4

terbacil [Sinbar] 90 90 4 lerbufos [Counter] 0.18 0.18 4 terbutryn [Igran]

tetrachlorvinphos [Rabon]

triadimefon [Bayleton]

[SOJc

[501c

[210] a 0.03 210

[50] c

[50] c

12

12

2

tricyclazole [Beam]

trinuralin [Trcnan]

[50] c

2 2 [50] c 12

4 vcrnolatc [Surpass] m|a 0.002 14 7

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ACKONYM DEPINITIONS:

ADI Acceptable daily intake

An estimate of acceptable daily dietary exposure which is derived from a no observed effect level (NORL) and a safety factor.

DWEL Drinking water equivalent level

The medium-spccinc exposure which is interpreted to be prolcctive for non-carcinogenic end-points of loxicily over a lifclime of exposure. Medium refers

lo the substrate, i.e., drinking water, and the standard assumes 100% of the exposure is from that medium.

EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization, World Health Organization

GRGL Groundwater residue guidance level

The residue level at which no known or anticipated adverse effects on health of persons may occur, including an adequate margin of safety.

I1A Health advisory

Non-regulatory information on health effects, analytical methodology and treatment technology that would be useful in 'dealing with contamination of drinking water. Developed from data describing non-carcinogenic end-poinls of loxicily.

NAS National Academy of Sciences

NRI. Negligible Risk Level

The amount which could induce cancer in 1 out of 1,000,000 cases.

WHO World Health Organization

Definitions of the numbers in brackets:

* Health Advisory for a 70 kilogram adult, long-term exposure in micrograms/liter (ppb).

[ ] Bracket means no Health Advisory (I IA) published by EPA. Therefore, we will use a surrogate number to facilitate the grouping by range on this form.

| ]a This value is calculated ' from the Allowable Daily Intake (ADI), published by EPA or the World Health Organization (WHO). This value assumes one

consumes two liters of water per day, and that the drinking water exposure is 20% of the total exposure.

| ]b This value is the Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL) multiplied by 0.2, as is usually done by EPA. This is simply a calculation to incorporate the

assumption that drinking water exposure is 20% of total exposure.

| ]c This value is an arbitrary surrogate number because of the absence of a rational basis for derivation. There is no ADI available. We arbitrarily used a

value of 50 ppb [50] c lo facilitate your reporting by grouping your results.

| )d The value given is ihe negligible risk level (NHL) (10" ) as dcicrmincd by EPA in an IIA doctimcnt, but the IIA is nol assigned. The NUI. value is multiplied by 0.2 to conform with the intake assumptions made by EPA in their I IA delerminaiions.

Note: The above list of pesticides is the % pesticides in the EPA Analyte list (the mcuholiics were listed as the parent compound) plus five pesticides

(dimethoale, lindanc, malalhion, elhion, and oxamyl) reported as having been found in grnundwulcr by Pat lloldcn in "Pesticides and Groundwater Quality"

National Research Council, IWfi.

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-6-

RHI'RRnNCRS

1. Pood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (1985) Pesticide Residues in Pood - 1985, FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 72/1 and 72/2.

2. Pood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (1986) Pesticide Residues in Pood --1986, FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 77.

3. United States Environmental Protection Agency, (1985) I Health Advisory, Office of Drinking Water, Suhslances for Which I Icalth Advisories Were Drafted in PY85.

4. United Slates Environmental Protection Agency, (Nov 1987) llcallh Advisories, (DRAPT) Office of Drinking Walcr.

5. United Stales Environmental Proteclion Agency, (Nov 1987) Health Advisories, (FINAL) Office of Drinking Water.

6. United Stales Environmental Protection Agency, (1984 - 1988) Office of Pesticide Programs, Pesticide Fact Sheet.

7. United Slates Food and Drug Administration (1981-1986) The FDA Surveillance Index, Dureau of Foods, Initial Publication ~ Supplement No. 11.

8. Vetlorazzi, G. (1976) State of Ihc Art of the Toxicological Evaluation Carried out by the JoinI PAO/WIIO Meeting on Pesticide Residues, Residue Reviews, Vol. 63, p 1-44.

9. Pood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (1978) Pesticide Residues in Food -1978, FAO Plant Production and Proteclion Papers 15 Sup.

10. Pood and Agriculture Organization of ihc United Nations, (1981) Pesticide Residues in Pood - 1981, FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 42.

11. Pood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nalions, (1982) Pesticide Residues in Pood - 1982, FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 49.

12. Will, Jim (1988) Arbitrary surrogate numbers.

13. World Health Organization (1986) Carbamate Pesticides: A General Introduction, Environmental Health Criteria 64.

14. World Health Organization (1986) Carbamate Pesticides: Organophosphorus Insecticides: A General Inlroduclion, Environmental Health Criteria 63.

15. Food and Agriculture Organization of Ihe United Nations, (1983) FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 61.

3/8/88

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Calculations from the Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) to derive a surrogate "Health Advisory" for pesticide exposure in drinking water.

Example

ChlorbenzHate Allowable Daily Intake = 0.02 mg/kg/day (1)

Change to mcg/kg/day 0.02 mg/kg/day x 1000 = 20 mcg/kg/day (2)

Compensate for person's weight, assuming average weight is 70 kg per person.

20 mcg/kg/day x 70 = 1400 mcg/70 kg/ day (3)

Assuming ADI is based on the consumption of 2 liters of water, multiply figure (3) by 1/2. This calculation produces a number which represents the concentration per liter which will result in consuming the ADI in two liters.

1400 mcg/70 kg/day x 0.5 =

700 mcg/70 kg/ 1 L/day (4)

The ADI is for 100% of all exposures. The HA assumes 80% of exposure is from food or other sources and 20% from drinking water. Multiply the figure by 0.2, to assume exposure from drinking water is only 20% of total

exposure. 700 mcg/70 kg/1 L/day x 0.2 =

140 mcg/70 kg/1 L/day (5)

Surrogate [HA] = 140 mcg/L or 140 ppb.

NOTE: meg denotes microgram

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APPENDIX C

All pesticide and groundwater information, organized alphabetically by CHEMICAL, then STATE.

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APPENDIX C.

Pesticides Analyzed for in Groundwater, Alphabetically by Chemical, then by State.

No. of No. of wells found at Pesticides State wells ND 0-1 ppb <. HA > HA

1,2-Dichloropropane CA 3175 3111 64 1,2-Dichloropropane CA 42 24 18 1,2-Dichloropropane CA 13 12 1 1,2-Dichloropropane CT 2000 1829 171 1,2-Dichloropropane MA 239 126 82 31 1,2-Dichloropropane MA 239 157 82 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane

1,3-Dichloropropene CT 2000 1996 4 1,3-Dichloropropene 1,3-Dichloropropene CA 25 24 1 1,3-Dichloropropene 1,3-Dichloropropene NJ 52 51 1 1,3-Dichloropropene OR 150 149 1

2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T

2,4,5-TP 2,4,5-TP 2,4,5-TP 2,4,5-TP 2,4,5-TP MO 59 44 15 2,4,5-TP 2,4,5-TP 2,4,5-TP 2,4,5-TP

CA 3175 3111 CA 42 24 CA 13 12 CT 2000 1829 MA 239 126 MA 239 157 NJ 52 49 NM 1000 1000 OR 102 93 PR 115 115 Wl 58 58

CT 2000 1996 CA 3051 3051 CA 25 24 MA 239 239 NJ 52 51 OR 150 149

CA 17 17 CA 4 4 LA 3 3 MN 500 499 MS 143 143 NJ 50 50 PA 11 7 SC 25 25 TX 75 74 Wl 14 14

CA 688 688 CA 16 16 GA 41 41 GU 46 46 MO 59 44 MS 143 143 NE 14 14 NJ 50 50 OH 21 21

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No. of No. of wells found at Pesticides State wells ND 0-1 ppb <. HA > HA

Ametryn NJ 84 84

Amitraz CA 1 1

Amitrole CA 3 3

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Azinphos Ethyl CA

AR 20 20 CA 39 39 CA 912 838 74 CA 160 151 9 CT 31 26 3 2 FL 29 29 GA 8 8 GA 107 107 IA 203 20 183 IL 450 447 1 2 IN 24 23 1 IN 8 8 LA 1 1 MA 49 46 3 MD 30 29 1 MD 30 27 3 ME 88 87 1 MN 500 346 154 MO 59 59 MT 12 12 NE 1475 1275 197 3 NH 27 27 NJ 84 78 6 NM 4 2 2 NY 148 145 2 1 OH 21 21 OK 6 6 OR 28 28 PA 48 47 1 SC 25 25 TX 75 74 1 VT 250 242 4 4 Wl 618 505 113

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Azinphos Methyl Azinphos Methyl Azinphos Methyl Azinphos Methyl

CA NH PR TX

616 15 57 75

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Bendiocarb CA 8 8 Bendiocarb CA 8 8

Benefin CA 199 199 Benefin TX 75 75 Benefin Wl 1 1

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Benthiocarb CA 266 266 Benthiocarb CA 163 163

BHC CA 791 791 BHC CA 4 4 BHC KY 184 184 BHC MS 143 133 BHC NE 14 14 BHC NJ 84 84 BHC SC 25 25 BHC TX 75 75

Bromacil CA 571 569 Bromacil CA 1 1 Bromacil CA 108 106 Bromacil FL 38 37 Bromacil OR 5 4 Bromacil Wl 3 3

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Chlorpyrifos NH 27 27

Cyanazine AR 20 20 Cyanazine CA 262 262 Cyanazine CA 19 19 Cyanazine CT 31 31 Cyanazine GA 8 8 Cyanazine GA 107 107 Cyanazine IA 203 177 26 Cyanazine IL 450 449 1 Cyanazine LA 6 5 1 Cyanazine MN 500 496 4 Cyanazine MO 59 56 2 1 Cyanazine MT 12 12 Cyanazine NE 1342 1341 1 Cyanazine NJ 84 84 Cyanazine NY 148 148 Cyanazine OH 21 21 Cyanazine OH 5 4 1 Cyanazine PA 1 1 Cyanazine SD 87 87 Cyanazine TX 75 75 Cyanazine VT 250 249 1 Cyanazine Wl 252 224 28

Cycloate CA 9 9 Cycloate MT 12 12 Cycloate OR 26 26

Cypermethrin AR 20 20 Cypermethrin AR 34 34 Cypermethrin TX 75 75

Cyprazine CA 15 15

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DBCP AZ 218 84 2 8 124 DBCP DBCP DBCP

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AZ 218 84 2 8 CA 5288 3175 2113 CA 304 166 138 NM 1000 1000

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Methyl Parathion CT 40 40. Methyl Parathion GA 8 8 Methyl Parathion GA 107 107 Methyl Parathion IL 450 450 Methyl Parathion MS 143 137 6 Methyl Parathion NJ 84 84 Methyl Parathion OR 14 14 Methyl Parathion PR 57 57 Methyl Parathion SD 87 87 Methyl Parathion TX 75 75 Methyl Parathion Wl 7 7

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Metribuzin CT 31 31 Metribuzin GA 8 8 Metribuzin GA 107 107 Metribuzin IA 203 187 16 Metribuzin IL 450 449 1 Metribuzin LA 3 3

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No. of No. of wells found at Pesticides State wells ND 0-1 ppb <. HA > HA

Paraquat Paraquat Paraquat

PCNB PCNB PCNB PCNB

PCP PCP PCP PCP PCP PCP PCP PCP

Pebulate

Pendimethalin Pendimethalin Pendimethalin Pendimethalin Pendimethalin

Permethrin Permethrin Permethrin Permethrin Permethrin Permethrin

Phorate Phorate Phorate Phorate Phorate Phorate Phorate Phorate

CA 83 83 MO 59 59 Wl 7 7

CA 165 165 MO 59 58 1 TX 75 75 Wl 5 5

CA 775 /75 CA 4 4 MA 20 20 MN 500 497 3 MS 143 42 101 OR 16 15 1 PA 2 1 1 PR 58 58

GA 107 107

CA 2 2 GA 107 107 MO 59 57 : 2 SD 87 87 TX 75 75

AR 20 20 AR 34 34 CA 156 156 TX 75 75 Wl 3 3 Wl 1 1

CA 393 393 CA 4 4 GA 107 107 GA 8 8 IL 450 450 IN 24 24 SD 87 87 Wl 147 147

25

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Pesticides State No. of wells

No. of wells found at ND 0-1 ppb <. HA > HA

Phosalone Phosalone Phosalone

Phosmet Phosmet Phosmet

Phosphamidon

Picloram Picloram Picloram Picloram Picloram Picloram Picloram Picloram Picloram Picloram Picloram Picloram Picloram Picloram

Profluralin Profluralin Profluralin

Promecarb

Prometon Prometon Prometon Prometon Prometon

Prometryn Prometryn Prometryn Prometryn

CA 48 48 NH 6 6 TX 75 75

CA 17 17 CA 4 4 NH 6 6

CA 2 2

AR 8 8 LA 1 1 ME 88 87 MN 500 497 MT 22 19 MT 12 11 MT 18 17 MT 12 11 ND 92 85 ND 126 115 SC 25 25 SD 31 25 TX 75 75 Wl 18 14

CA 11 11 GA 8 8 GA 107 107

CA 8 8

CA 120 112 CA 132 132 NJ 84 82 SD 7 7 TX 75 73

CA 374 374 CA 19 19 NJ 84 83 TX 75 75

1 3 3

2

4

8

26

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No. of No. of wells found at Pesticides State wells ND 0-1 ppb <. HA > HA

Pronamide OR 18 18

Propachlor Propachlor Propachlor Propachlor Propachlor

Propanil Propanil Propanil

Propargite

Propazine Propazine Propazine Propazine Propazine

Propham Propham Propham Propham

Propoxur Propoxur

Propyzamide CA 179 179

Pyrethrins CA 9 9

Ronnel Ronnel

Schradan Schradan Schradan Schradan Schradan Wl 64 54 10

27

MN 500 498 NE 47 47 NJ 50 49 OR 18 18 SD 87 87

AR 20 20 AR 34 34 MO 59 59

CA 220 220

CA 52 52 CA 19 19 NJ 84 84 PA 32 32 TX 75 75

CA 232 232 CA 4 4 NJ 84 84 OR 18 18

CA 14 14 CA 4 4

CA 9 9 IL' 450 450

CA 9 9 GA 8 8 LA 1 1 OH 21 21 Wl 64 54

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No. Of No. of wells found at Pesticides State wells ND 0-1 ppb <. HA > HA

Simazine CA 1285 1228 57 Simazine CA 107 87 20 Simazine CT 31 30 1 Simazine FL 20 20 Simazine GA 8 8 Sima/ine GA 107 107 Simazine LA 3 3 Simazine MD 30 29 1 Simazine MN 500 499 1 Simazine NH 27 27 Simazine NJ 84 82 2 Simazine NY 148 145 3 Simazine OR 58 58 Simazine PA 43 36 7 Simazine SC 25 25 Simazine SD 87 85 1 1 Simazine TX 75 75 Simazine VT 250 249 1 Simazine Wl . 34 26 8

Simetryn CA 52 52 Simetryn CA 15 15

Tebuthiuron CT 31 31

Terbacil CA 3 3 Terbacil CT 31 31 Terbacil LA 3 3 Terbacil OR 15 15

Terbufos GA 8 8 Terbufos GA 107 107 Terbufos IL 450 450 Terbufos IN 24 24 Terbufos MO 59 59 Terbufos MT 12 12 Terbufos PA 1 1 Terbufos Wl 133 132 1

TEST, NO SUBMIT HI TEST, NO SUBMIT KA

28

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No. of No. of wells found at Pesticides State wells ND 0-1 ppb <. HA > HA

TEST, NO SUBMIT Ml TEST, NO SUBMIT Rl TEST, NO SUBMIT WA

Tetrachloroethylene CA 18 17

Tetrachlorophenol CA 4 4

Tetrachlorvinphos CA 2 2

Tetradifon CA 54 54

Thanite CA 1 1

Toxaphene CA 1488 1488 Toxaphene CA 16 16 Toxaphene GA 41 41 Toxaphene GU 46 46 Toxaphene IL 450 450 Toxaphene IN 8 8 Toxaphene KY 184 184 Toxaphene MO 59 57 Toxaphene MS 143 141 Toxaphene OH 21 21 Toxaphene PA 49 44 Toxaphene SC 900 900

Triadimefon CA 9 9

Triazines CA 1 1 Triazines NH 27 27 Triazines PA 1 1

Tribuphos CA 138 138 Tribuphos TX 75 75

Trichloronate CA 1 1

Trichlorophon CA 124 124

Trichopyr TX 75 75

29

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APPENDIX D

All pesticide and groundwater information, organized alphabetically by STATE, then CHEMICAL

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APPENDIX D.

Pesticides Analyzed for in Groundwater, Alphabetically by State, then by Chemical.

St. Chemical No. of wells

No. of wells found at ND 0-1 ppb <.HA > HA Refer

AK NO DATA

AL NO DATA

BUR1

MAS

AR 2,4-D 8 8 CAV AR Acifluorfen 20 20 CAV AR Alachlor 20 20 CAV AR Alachlor 34 34 CAV AR Aldicarb 34 34 CAV AR Atrazine 20 20 CAV AR Benomyl 20 20 CAV AR Cyanazine 20 20 CAV AR Cypermethrin 20 20 CAV AR Cypermethrin 34 34 CAV AR Dichlorprop 8 8 CAV AR Diuron 20 20 CAV AR Fenvalerate 20 20 CAV AR Fenvalerate 34 34 CAV AR Fluometuron 20 20 CAV AR Hexazinone 8 8 CAV AR Linuron 20 20 CAV AR Metolachlor 20 20 CAV AR Metolachlor 28 27 1 CAV AR Permethrin 20 20 CAV AR Permethrin 34 34 CAV AR Picloram 8 8 CAV AR Propanil 20 20 CAV AR Propanil 34 34 CAV

AZ Aldicarb 98 85 13 MUN AZ DBCP 218 84 2 ! 8 124 MUN AZ EDB 134 83 2 49 MUN

CA 1,2-Dichloropropane 3175 3111 64 BRO CA 1,2-Dichloropropane 42 24 18 AME CA 1,2-Dichloropropane 13 12 1 BRO CA 1,3-Dichloropropene 3051 3051 BRO CA 1,3-Dechloropropene 25 24 1 AME CA 2,4,5-T 17 17 BRO CA 2,4,5-T 4 4 AME

This column represents the first three letters of the last name of the author or respondent whose information we used in this report. See Appendix G for the list of references.

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No. of No. of wells found at St. Chemical wells ND 0-1 ppb <. HA > HA Refer

CA 2,4,5-TP CA 2,4,5-TP CA 2,4-D CA 2,4-D CA Acephate CA Acrolein CA Alachlor CA Alachlor CA Aldicarb CA Aldicarb CA Aldrin CA Aldrin CA Ametryn CA Ametryn CA Amitraz CA Amitrole CA Atrazine CA Atrazine CA Atrazine CA Azinphos Ethyl CA Azinphos Methyl CA Bendiocarb CA Bendiocarb CA Benefin CA Benomyl CA Bensulide CA Bentazon CA Benthiocarb CA Benthiocarb CA BHC CA BHC CA Bromacil CA Bromacil CA Captan CA Carbamates CA Carbamates CA Carbaryl CA Carbaryl CA Carbendazim CA Carbofuran CA Carbofuran CA Carbophemothion CA Carbophemothion CA Chloroprophan CA Chlor. Hydrocar. CA Chlor. Hydrocar.

688 688 BRO 16 16 AME

909 909 BRO 16 16 AME

418 418 BRO 9 9 BRO

430 429 1 BRO 46 45 1 AME

481 451 30 BRO 3 2 1 BRO

798 798 BRO 4 4 AME

51 51 BRO 15 15 AME

1 1 BRO 3 3 BRO

39 39 BRO 912 838 74 BRO 160 151 9 AME

6 6 BRO 616 616 BRO

8 8 BRO 8 8 BRO

199 199 BRO 495 495 BRO

3 3 BRO 2 2 BRO

266 266 BRO 163 163 BRO 791 791 BRO

4 4 AME 571 569 2 BRO 108 106 2 AME 712 712 BRO

61 61 BRO 10 10 AME

798 798 BRO 4 4 AME

212 212 BRO 680 679 1 BRO

4 4 AME 2 2 BRO

19 19 AME 260 260 BRO

65 65 BRO 12 12 AME

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No. of wells

No. of wells found at St. Chemical ND 0-1 ppb :< HA > HA Refer

CA Chlordane 869 869 BRO CA Chlordane 4 4 AME CA Chlordecone 2 2 BRO CA Chlordimeform 182 182 BRO CA Chlroobenzilate 9 9 BRO CA Chloropicrin 795 795 BRO CA Chlorothalonil 488 488 BRO CA Chlorothalonil 2 1 1 AME CA Chlorpropham 4 4 AME CA Chlorpynfos 484 484 BRO CA Chlorpyrifos 4 4 AME CA Cyanazine 262 262 BRO CA Cyanazine 19 19 AME CA Cycloate 9 9 BRO CA Cyprazine CA Dalapon

15 15 AME 14 14 BRO

CA DBCP 5288 3175 2113 BRO CA DBCP 304 166 138 AME CA DCPA 352 352 BRO CA DDD 863 863 BRO CA DDD 4 4 AME CA DDE 862 862 BRO CA DDE 4 4 AME CA DDT 867 867 BRO CA DDT 4 4 AME CA DEF 261 261 BRO CA DEF 4 4 AME CA Demeton 931 931 BRO CA Demeton 2 2 BRO CA Diazinon 289 289 BRO CA Diazinon 28 27 1 AME CA Dicamba 33 33 BRO CA Dichlorvos 12 12 BRO CA Dicofol 733 733 BRO CA Dicrotophos 9 9 BRO CA Dieldrin 797 797 BRO CA Dieldrin 4 4 AME CA Dimethoate 612 611 1 BRO CA Dimethoate 4 4 AME CA Dinoseb 571 571 BRO CA Dinoseb 4 4 AME CA Dioxacarb 8 8 BRO CA Dioxathion 17 17 BRO CA Dioxathion 4 4 AME CA Diphemamid 420 420 BRO CA Disulfoton 502 502 BRO

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No. of No. of wells found at St. Chemical wells ND 0-1 ppb <. HA > HA Refer

CA Disulfoton CA Diuron CA Diuron CA EDB CA EDB CA Endosulfan CA Endosulfan CA Endosulfan CA Endothall CA Endrin CA Endrin CA Endrin CA EPN CA EPTC CA Ethion CA Ethion CA Ethyl Parathion CA Ethylan CA Fenamiphos CA Fenamiphos CA Fenamiphos CA Fenamiphos CA Fenbutalin-oxide CA Fenvalerate CA Fluchloralin CA Fluometuron CA Glyphosate CA Glyphosate CA Heptachlor CA Heptachlor CA Heptachlor CA Hexachlorobenzene CA Hexazinone CA Lindane CA Lindane CA Unuron CA Malathion CA Malathion CA Malathion CA Maneb CA MCPA CA MCPA CA Methamidophos CA Methidathion CA Methiocarb CA Methiocarb

4 4 AME 728 719 9 BRO 101 88 13 AME 964 937 27 BRO 202 191 11 AME

1230 1230 BRO 920 920 BRO

8 8 AME 298 298 BRO

1282 1282 BRO 790 790 BRO 20 19 1 AME 10 10 BRO

269 269 BRO 226 226 BRO

19 19 AME 19 19 AME 10 10 BRO

275 275 BRO 3 3 BRO 3 3 BRO 2 2 AME 1 1 BRO 1 1 BRO

165 165 BRO 4 4 AME

35 35 BRO 2 2 AME

843 843 BRO 844 844 BRO

8 8 AME 741 741 BRO

4 4 BRO 1375 1375 BRO

16 16 AME 4 4 AME 1 1 BRO

168 168 BRO 19 19 AME

268 268 BRO 1 1 BRO

70 70 BRO 373 373 BRO

50 50 BRO 14 14 BRO 4 4 AME

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No. of wells

No. of wells found at St. Chemical ND 0-1 ppb <.HA > HA Refer

GA Methyl Parathion GA Metolachlor

107 107 DAV 8 8 BAR

GA Metolachlor 107 107 DAV GA Metribuzin 8 8 BAR GA Metribuzin 107 107 DAV GA Mevinphos 8 8 BAR GA Mevinphos 107 107 DAV GA Monocrotophos 8 8 BAR GA Monocrotophos 107 107 DAV GA Monuron 109 109 DAV GA Napropamide 107 107 DAV GA Pebulate 107 107 DAV GA Pendimethalin 107 107 DAV GA Phorate 107 107 DAV GA Phorate 8 8 BAR GA Profluralin 8 8 BAR GA Profluralin 107 107 DAV GA Schradan 8 8 BAR GA Simazine 8 8 BAR GA Simazine 107 107 DAV GA Terbufos 8 8 BAR GA Terbufos 107 107 DAV GA Toxaphene 41 41 BAR GA Trifluralin 8 8 BAR GA Trifluralin 107 107 DAV GA Vernolate 8 8 BAR GA Vernolate 107 107 DAV

GU 2,4,5-TP 46 46 STR GU 2,4-D 46 46 STR GU Endrin 46 46 STR GU Lindane 46 46 STR GU Methoxychior 46 46 STR GU Toxaphene 46 46 STR

HI TEST-NO SUBMIT CHO

IA Alachlor 203 183 20 HAL IA Atrazine 203 20 183 HAL IA Chloramben 203 197 6 HAL IA Cyanazine 203 MI 26 HAL IA Dicamba 203 187 16 HAL IA Metolachlor 203 187 16 HAL IA Metribuzin 203 187 16 HAL IA Trifluralin 203 197 6 HAL

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Chemical No. of wells

No. of wells found at St. ND 0-1 ppb <.HA > HA Refer

ID Aldicarb 22 22 BRO ID Aldicarb 15 15 BRO ID Aldicarb 150 149 1 BRO ID DCPA 16 4 12 BRO

IL 2,4-D 450 450 SIN IL Alachlor 450 448 2 SIN IL Aldrin 450 450 SIN IL Atrazine 450 447 1 2 SIN IL Chlordane 450 450 SIN IL Cyanazine

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IL 450 450 SIN IL Diazinon 450 450 SIN IL Dieldrin 450 450 SIN IL Endrin 450 450 SIN IL Ethion 450 450 SIN IL Ethyl Parathion 450 450 SIN IL Fonofos 450 450 SIN IL Heptachlor 450 450 SIN IL Lindane 450 450 SIN IL Malathion 450 450 SIN IL Methoxychlor

Methyl Parathion Metolachlor

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IN 2,4-D 24 24 RIS IN 2,4-D 8 8 RIS IN Alachlor 24 22 2 RIS IN Aldrin 8 8 RIS IN Atrazine 24 23 1 RIS IN Atrazine 8 8 RIS IN Carbaryl 8 8 RIS IN Carbofuran 24 24 RIS IN Carbofuran 8 8 RIS IN Chlordane 8 8 RIS IN Chlorpyrifos 24 24 RIS IN DDD 8 8 RIS IN DDE 8 8 RIS IN DDT 8 8 RIS IN Dicamba 24 23 1 RIS

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No. of wells

No. of wells found at St. Chemical ND 0-1 ppb <_HA > HA Refer

OH 2,4-D 21 21 EVA OH Alachlor 21 21 EVA OH Alachlor 13 12 1 WUL OH Aldrin 15 12 3 WUL OH Atrazine 21 21 EVA OH Chloramben 21 21 EVA OH Chlordane 15 10 5 WUL OH Cyanazine 21 21 EVA OH Cyanazine 5 4 1 WUL OH Endrin 21 21 EVA OH Linuron 21 21 EVA OH Methoxychlor 21 21 EVA OH Metolachlor 21 20 1 EVA OH Metribuzin 21 21 EVA OH Schradan 21 21 EVA OH Toxaphene 21 21 EVA

OK 2,4-D 22 22 BON OK Aldicarb 5 5 BON OK Atrazine 6 6 BON OK Carbofuran 12 12 BON OK Dicamba 4 4 BON OK Ethyl Parathion 19 19 BON OK Malathion 5 5 BON OK Trifluralin 8 8 BON

OR 1,2-Dichloropropane 102 93 9 Phi OR 1,3-Dichloropropene 150 149 1 PET OR 2,4,5-TP 16 15 1 PET OR 2,4-D 57 57 PET OR 2,4-DB 3 3 Pbl OR Alachlor 44 44 Pbl OR Aldicarb 41 41 Pbl OR Atrazine 28 28 Pbl OR Bentazon 11 11 PET OR Bromacil 5 4 1 Pbl OR Butylate OR Carbaryl

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No. of No. of wells found at St. Chemical wells ND 0-1 ppb <. HA > HA Refer

AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR AUR

TX Benefin 75 75 TX Bensulide 75 75 TX BHC 75 75 TX Captafol 75 75 TX Captan 75 75 TX Carbaryl 75 75 TX Carbofuran 75 75 TX Chlordane 75 75 TX Chlorothalonil 75 75 TX Chlorpyrifos 75 75 TX Cyanazine 75 75 TX TX

Cypermethrin 75 75

75 75

TX Demeton 75 75 TX Diazinon 75 75 TX Dicamba 75 74 TX Dieldrin 75 75 TX Dimethoate 75 75 TX Disulfoton 75 75 TX Endosulfan 75 75 TX Endrin 75 75 TX Ethalfluralin 75 75 TX Ethyl Parathion 75 75 TX Fenamiphos 75 75 TX Fonofos 75 75 TX Heptachlor 75 75 TX Hexazinone 75 75 TX Malathion 75 75 TX Methamidophos 75 75 TX Methomyl 75 75 TX Methoxychlor

Methyl Parathion Metolachlor

75 75 TX 75 75 TX 75 74 TX Norflurazon 75 75 TX Oxamyl 75 75 TX Oxyfluorfen 75 75 TX PCNB 75 75 TX. Pendimethalia 75 75 TX Permethrin 75 75 TX Phosalone 75 75 TX Picloram 75 75 TX Prometon 75 73 TX Prometryn 75 75 TX Propazine 75 75 TX Simazine 75 75 TX Tribufos 75 75

22

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No. of wells

No. of wells found at St. Chemical ND 0-1 ppb ^HA > HA Refer

TX Tricloryr 75 75 AUR TX Trifluralin 75 75 AUR

UT NO DATA BAR

VA NO DATA WAL

VT Alachlor 250 250 COM VT Atrazine 250 242 4 4 . COM VT Cyanazine 250 249 1 COM VT Metolachlor 250 248 2 COM VT Simazine 250 249 1 COM

WA TEST - NO SUBMIT DAR

Wl 1,2-Dichloropropane 58 58 KES Wl 2,4,5-T 14 14 KES Wl 2,4,5-TP 16 16 KES Wl 2,4-D 72 71 1 KES Wl Alachlor 699 638 61 KES Wl Aldicarb 1417 1060 234 123 KES Wl Aldrin 11 11 KES Wl Atrazine 618 505 113 KES Wl Benefin 1 1 KES Wl Bromacil 3 3 KES Wl Carbaryl 230 225 5 KES Wl Carbofuran 171 170 1 KES Wl Chloramben 47 46 1 KES Wl Chlordane 6 6 KES Wl Chlordane 6 6 KES Wl Chlorothalonil 6 6 KES Wl Chlorpyrifos 30 30 KES Wl Cyanazine 252 224 28 KES Wl DCPA 9 7 2 KES Wl DDD 8 8 KES Wl DDD 9 9 KES Wl DDE 8 8 KES Wl DDE 9 9 KES Wl DDT 8 8 KES Wl DDT 22 22 KES Wl Diazinon 27 27 KES Wl Dicamba 52 43 9 KES Wl Dieldrin 20 20 KES Wl Dimethoate 22 21 1 KES Wl Dinoseb 197 189 4 4 KES Wl Disyston 144 144 KES

23

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No. of No. of wells found at St. Chemical wells ND 0-1 ppb <. HA > HA Refer

Wl EDB 36 27 9 KES Wi Endrin 10 10 KES Wl EPTC 145 140 5 KES Wl Ethyl Parathion 18 18 KES Wl Fonofos 74 74 KES Wl Hexazinone 1 1 KES Wl Isofenphos 2 2 KES Wl Undane 21 21 KES Wl Undane 8 8 KES Wl Unuron 117 115 2 KES Wl Malathion 4 4 KES Wl MCPA 3 3 KES Wl Mecoprop 2 2 KES Wl Metam-sodium 23 23 KES Wl Methomyl 19 19 KES Wl Methyl Parathion 7 7 KES Wl Metolachlor 366 321 45 KES Wl Metribuzin 210 184 26 KES Wl Nonachlor 6 6 KES Wl Oxamyl 4 4 KES Wl Paraquat 7 7 KES Wl PCNB 5 5 KES Wl Permethrin 3 3 KES Wl Permethrin 1 1 KES Wl Phorate 147 147 KES Wl Picloram 18 14 4 KES Wl Schradan 64 54 10 KES Wl Simazine 34 26 8 KES Wl Terbufos 133 132 1 KES Wl Trifluralin 1 1 KES

WV NO DATA FRA

WY NO DATA LUC

24

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APPENDIX E

Pesticide and groundwater information from Suffolk County, New York

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APPENDIX E.

Pesticides in Groundwater Data from Suffolk County, Long Island, New York Note: Upstate New York information is expressed in Appendixes C & D.

Common Name No. samples Samples ND Samples detected

1,2-dichloropropane >3500 3250 >250 2,4-D 96 0 0 2,4,5-IP 96 0 0 Alachlor 32 31 1 Aldicarb > 30,000 20,100 >9900 Aldrin 166 165 1 Atrazine 22 0 0 Butylate 8 0 0 Carbaryl > 23,000 22,975 25 Carbofuran > 24,000 17,000 >7000 Chlordane 182 0 0 Chlorothalonil 67 56 11 Cyanazine 8 0 0 Dacthal 213 202 11 DDT 98 0 0 Diazinon 25 0 0 Dichlorvos 6 0 0 Dieldrin 166 0 0 Dinoseb 66 60 6 Disulfoton 3 0 0 Endosulfan 68 0 0 Endrin 127 0 0 EPTC 12 0 0 Ethoprop 86 63 23 Ethylene Dibromide >5000 4985 15 Heptachlor 106 0 0 Lindane 127 126 1 Linuron 28 0 0 Malathion 11 0 0 Methomyl > 23,000 22,930 70 Methoxychlor 96 0 0 Oxamyl > 23,000 22,200 >800 Parathion 3 0 0 Permethrin 29 0 0 Simazine 14 0 0

Data through 6/87

This information is expressed as number of samples and number of samples detected, not number of wells and therefore could not be merged with the balance of data from New York. In New York it appears that there are two separate data collection systems. The Department of Environmental Conservation has responsibility for all of New York state except Suffolk County, which is the responsibility of the Suffolk County Department of Health Services.

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APPENDIX F

Pesticide and groundwater information from Kansas

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APPENDIX F.

Pesticides and Groundwater Information from Kansas.'

No. %of No. No. No. No. Total Mean Median Diff total det ind. a/r pws Diff cone. cone.

Chemical sites sites wels wels wels wels ug/L ug/L

2,4-D 18 11 43 24 10 3 37 2525.92 15.0 2,4,5-T 10 6 10 3 7 0 10 1.9 0.78 2,4,5-TP 3 2 8 6 0 0 6 43.19 19.85 2,4,6-T *a 2 1 12 8 1 0 9 551.84 3.2 2,6-D **3 2 1 20 12 1 0 13 2964.31 12.5 Alachlor 16 10 28 2 9 8 19 48.09 15.0 Atrazine 35 21 48 17 15 10 43 32.57 4.2 BHC's 2 1 48 29 0 0 29 6.81 0.88 Bromacil 8 5 13 6 0 7 13 12.98 4.6 Chlordane 15 9 29 8 12 1 20 13.42 2.0 Cyanazine 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 4.4 4.4 Dieldrin 2 1 5 4 2 0 6 0.15 0.15 Endosulfan 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0.093 0.09 Endrin 2 1 2 1 1 0 2 0.17 0.17 Fenchlorfos 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 28 28 Heptachlor 4 2 7 3 1 0 4 2.36 1.30 Heptachlor Epoxide 3 2 3 1 2 0 3 0.11 0.07 Linuron 1 1 3 0 1 0 1 295 300 Malathion 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 5.1 5.1 Methoxychlor 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1.6 1.6 Methyl Parathion 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0.34 0.34 Metolachlor 6 4 7 1 2 3 6 3.79 0.97 Metribuzin 6 4 7 2 2 2 6 1.89 0.60 Parathion 2 1 2 1 1 0 2 0.48 0.48 Picloram 3 2 4 0 3 0 3 2.92 3.0 Propazine 5 3 6 3 3 0 6 10.06 5.45 Toxaphene 2 1 5 1 1 0 2 16.64 2.9 Trifluralin 5 3 5 0 4 1 5 26.75 0.53

No. ind wels denotes Number of industrial wells; No. a/r wels denotes Number of agriculture/residential wells; No pws wels denotes Public water supplies.

1 Mr. Vic Robbins from the Kansas Department of Health and Environment made every effort to submit the requested information. When we received this information our report was too near to completion to rework it to include this information. However, we believe this information is valuable, and have included it here.

2 * 2,4,6-T is a rearrangement product of 2,4,5-T or a contaminant. 3 * * 2,6-D is a rearrangement product of 2,4-D or a contaminant.

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APPENDIX G

Erratum from Arizona

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d m.i*^ ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

ROSE MOFFORD, GOVERNOR

RANDOLPH WOOD, DIRECTOR

2655 E. Magnolia, Suite 2, Phoenix, Arizona 85034 . .r::

To Whom It May Concern:

January 19, 1989 ^v' ql'^Sd

RE: "Pesticides in Groundwater in the United States of America, A Report of a 1988 Survey of State Lead Agencies", by Douglas W. Parsons and James M. Witt, Ph.D. of the Oregon State University Extension Service

The purpose of this letter is to inform you that the information provided to you in the above mentioned publication contains erroneous information for the state of Arizona. We mistakenly reported that 13 water wells that were sampled were positive for the pesticide aldicarb. We wish to correct this error. The information should read that no wells were found positive for aldicarb.

If you have questions or require additional information, you may contact me at (602) 392-4037.

Sincerely,

OS^fs—-^- Brian E. Munson, Manager Pesticides Unit

BEM:PC:mJcw

The Department of Environmental Quality is An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer

Central Palm Plaza Building 2005 North Central Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85004

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APPENDIX H

Respondents and References

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APPENDIX H.

Respondents and References for Pesticides in Groundwater Survey

Oregon State University Department of Agricultural Chemistry

Alabama: Massey, Sonja J. Chief, Groundwater Section, Alabama Department of Environmental Management. Personal correspondence, letter dated April 1, 1988.

Alaska: Burgoyne WM. Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. Personal correspondence, letter dated March 21, 1988.

Arkansas: Cavalier, Tom C. and Lavy, Terry L. Eastern Arkansas groundwater tested for pesticides. Arkansas Farm Research, May-June 1987.

Cavalier, Tom C; Lavy, Terry L. and Mattice, John D. Monitoring groundwater in Arkansas for pesticides. Department of Agronomy, University of Arkansas.

Arizona: Munson, Brian E. Acting Manager, Pesticides Unit, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. Completed questionnaire.

California: Brown, M.; Cardozo, C; Nicosia,; Troiano, J. and Ali, S. Sampling for pesticides residues in California well water. 1986 Well Inventory Data Base.

Ames, M.; Cardozo, C; Nicosia, S.; Troiano, J.; Monk, S.; Ali, S. and Brown, S. Sampling for pesticides residues in California well water. 1987 Well Inventory Data Base.

Colorado: Wright, Will. Groundwater Unit Leader, Groundwater Unit, Colorado Department of Health. Personal correspondence, letter dated April 15, 1988.

Connecticut: Robinson, Bradford. Senior Environmental Analyst, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. Completed questionnaire.

Department of Environmental Protection. Study of pesticide contamination in Connecticut's ground water. Interim Report. February 1988.

Delaware: Stayton, H. Grier. Pesticide Compliance Supervisor, Delaware Department of Agriculture. Submitted correspondence

Retallick, Phillip G. Director, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Personal correspondence, letter dated Feburary 17, 1988.

Florida: McDowell, Theodore C. Environmental Speciahst, Division of Inspection, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Submitted computer printout and letter dated March 15, 1988.

DeHan, Rodney S. Assistant Bureau Chief, Florida Department of Environmental Regulation. Personal correspondence, letter dated February 24, 1988.

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Georgia: Barber, N.L.; Davis, J.C.; Donahue, M.D.; Grandison, W.R.; Meehan, D.L. and Weatherby, R.W. Ground-water quality and availability in Georgia for 1984. Georgia Department of Natural Resources.

Davis, K.R. and Turlington, M.C. Ground-water quality and availability in Georgia for 1985. Georgia Department of Natural Resources.

Davis, K.R. and Turlington, M.C. Ground-water quality and availability in Georgia for 1986. Georgia Department of Natural Resources.

Guam: Strain, Larry. Special Assistant to the Administrator, Guam Environmental Protection Agency. Compeleted questionnaire.

Hawaii: Choy, Brian JJ. Environmental Planner, Groundwater Protection Program, Hawaii Department of Health. Correspondence dated March 10, 1988.

Idaho: Brower, Cheryl. Principal Water Quality Analyst, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality. Personal correspondence.

Illinois: Clarke, R.P. and Sinnott C.L. Pesticide monitoring in Illinois' community water supply wells. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. Division of Public Water Supplies.

Sinnott, Carol. Groundwater Section, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. Personal correspondence, letter dated February 24, 1988 and submitted report by R. P. Clark.

Indiana: Risch, Martin R. Chief, Ground Water Section, Office of Environmental Response, Department of Environmental Management. Personal correspondence, letter dated April 26,1988 and submitted report dated March, 1988.

Indiana Department of Environmental Management. Assessment of nonpoint source of pollution of groundwater in Indiana. March 1988.

Iowa: Hallberg, Kelly R.; G.R.; Johnson, L.G.; Libra, R.D.; Thompson, CA.; Splinter, R.C. and DeTroy M.G. Pesticides in ground water in Iowa. Department of Water, Air and Waste Management.

Kansas: Robbins, Vic. Kansas Department of Health. Personal communication on March 21, 1988.

Kentucky: Schindel, Geary M. Manager, Groundwater Branch, Division of Water, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet. Submitted questionnaire and letter dated March 4, 1988.

Louisiana: Calhoun, H.F. Ill "Butch" Director, Louisiana Department of Agriculture. Completed questionnaire.

Maine: Neil, Craig D.; Williams, John S. and Weddle, Thomas K. Second Annual Report -Pesticides in groundwater study Maine Geological Study. Department of Conservation. 1987.

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Maryland: Elmore, Donald and Weaver, Karl, C. Results of a Maryland groundwater herbicide reconnaissance survey Office of Environmental Programs. Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Spring 1987.

Garrison, J. S.; Cassell, Harold; McCombs, Jeff and Watson, JoAnn. Maryland Water Quality Inventory. A report on the progress toward meeting the goals of the Clean Water Act. Office of Environmental Programs. Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. April 1986.

Massachusetts: Corte-Real, Lee. Environmental Chemist, Massachusetts Department of Food and Agriculture. Completed questionnaire.

Sylva, S.R.; Schumacher, A.; Walker, B. Jr. and Hoyte, J.S. 1985 Summary report interagency pesticide monitoring program Executive Office of Environmental Affairs. Massachusetts Department of Public Health.

Sylva, S.R. et al. Pesticides and drinking water. Responsibilities of Massachusetts Boards of Health. Department of Environmental Quality Engineering. August 1987.

Bowley, Donovan R. Water Resource Commission. Personal correspondence, letter dated March 4, 1988.

Michigan: Venman, Bradley, C. Senior Toxicologist, Waste Management Division, Department of Natural Resources. Personal correspondence, letter dated April 18, 1988.

Michigan Department of Agriculture. Agricultural chemicals in groundwater. Briefing paper. March 1988.

Minnesota: Klaseus, Thomas G.; Buzicky, Greg, C. and Schmeider, Edward C. Pesticides and groundwater: Survey of selected Minnesota wells. Minnesota Department of Health and Minnesota Department of Agriculture. February 1988.

Mississippi: Smith, Charles, M. Coordinator Groundwater Planning, Mississippi Bureau of Pollution Control. Completed questionnaire.

Lane, Larry, G. and Minyard, James P. Mississippi pesticide hazard assessment project. Mississippi State University, Mississippi Chemical Laboratory. May 1984.

Missouri: Howland, John R. Chief, Planning Section, Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Completed questionnaire.

Montana: Arrigo, John L. Environmental Specialist, Water Pollution Control, Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences. Completed questionnaire.

Larson, John. Environmental Specialist, Pesticide Registration, Montana Department of Agriculture. Completed questionnaire

Nebraska: Ehrman, Dick. Environmental Control Programs Specialist, Nebraska Department of Environmental Control. Completed questionnaire.

Nevada: Martinelli, Phil. Director, Division of Plant Industry, Nevada State Department of Agriculture. Personal correspondence, letter dated February 17, 1988.

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New Hampshire: McKay, Murray L. Director, Division of Pesticide Control, New Hampshire Department of Agriculture. Submitted report: 1986 Ground Water Project Report. EPA 106 Grant Project.

New Hampshire Division of Public Health Services. A survey and Preliminary Health Assessment for pesticide contamination problems associated with groundwater supplies in New Hampshire.

New Jersey: Louis, Judith B. Research Scientist I, Division of Science and Research, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Personal correspondence, letter dated May 9, 1988 and completed questionnaire.

New Mexico McQuillan, Dennis. Pesticides in groundwater. New Mexico's monitoring program. New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division Ground Water/Hazardous Waste Bureau. November 1986.

McQuillan, Dennis. Water Resource Specialist, Groundwater/Hazardous Waste Bureau, New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division. Completed questionnaire.

New York: Moran, Dennis. Principal Public Health Engineer, Bureau of Drinking Water, Suffolk County Department of Health Services. Completed questionnaire.

Roberts, Kevin. Senior Engineering Geologist, Bureau of Water Quality Management, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Completed questionnaire.

North Carolina: Wade, Henry F. Senior Compliance Specialist, Pesticide Section, North Carolina Department of Agriculture. Completed questionnaire.

North Dakota: Lym, Rodney G. and Messersmith, Calvin G. Survey for picloram in North Dakota groundwater. North Dakota State University, Department of Agronomy. October 1987.

Glatt, L.D. Groundwater investigation to determine the occurrence of picloram in selected well sites in Rolette County. North Dakota. North Dakota State Department of Health, Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control. December 1985.

Glatt, L.D. Pesticide and herbicide survey of selected municipal drinking water systems in North Dakota. North Dakota State Department of Health, Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control. February 1986.

Ohio: Evans, Jim. Division of Public Water Supply, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Completed questionnaire.

Wulfhorst, Robert. Control Specialist Supervisor, Pesticide Regulation, Ohio Department of Agriculture. Completed questionnaire.

Oklahoma: Oklahoma State Department of Agriculture, Plant Industries Division. Exploratory Study on the extent of groundwater contamination from agricultural use of selected pesticides in Oklahoma (Pesticides in groundwater) April 1987.

Bonner, A.L. Interim Director, Plant Industries Division, Oklahoma State Department of Agriculture. Submitted April 1987 report.

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Oregon: Pettit, Greg. Groundwater Specialist, Water Quality Division, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. Completed questionnaire.

Pettit, Greg. Assessment of Oregon's groundwater for agricultural chemicals. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.

Pennsylvania: Miller, Harold L. Chief, Ground Water Quality Section, Division of Water Quality, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. Completed questionnaire.

Puerto Rico: Rivera, Tomas. Director, Water Quality Area, Environmental Control Board. Completed questionnaire.

Rhode Island: Cavarretta, Patricia. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management. Personal communication on May 17, 1988.

South Carolina: Duncan, Donald. Director, Ground-Water Protection Division, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. Completed questionnaire.

Stone, Pete A. Hydrogeologist, Ground-Water Protection Division, Bureau of Drinking Water Protection. Personal correspondence, letter dated May 2, 1988.

South Dakota: Pirner, Steve M. Director, Office of Water Quality, South Dakota Department of Water and Natural Resources. Completed questionnaire and personal correspondence, letter dated March 3, 1988.

Tennessee: Edmunds, Carleton P. Supervisor, Pesticide Laboratory, Tennessee Department of Agriculture. Personal correspondence, letter dated March 9, 1988.

Texas: Aurelius, Lea. Environmental Quality Supervisor, Pesticide Evaluation Programs, Texas Department of Agriculture. Completed questionnaire.

Utah: Barnes, Robert P. Bureau of Water Pollution Control, Utah Department of Health, Division of Environmental Health. Personal correspondence, letter dated February 25, 1988.

Vermont: Comstock, Jeff. Soil Scientist, Pesticide Monitoring Program, Vermont Department of Agriculture. Completed questionnaire.

Virginia: Walls, W.E. Supervisor, Office of Pesticide Regulation, Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Personal correspondence.

Washington: Darling, Nancy. Supervisor, Ground Water Quality Unit, Department of Ecology. Submitted information.

West Virginia: Frame, Robert E. Coordinator, Pesticides Program, Regulatory and Inspection Division, West Virginia Department of Agriculture. Personal correspondence, letter dated March 21, 1988.

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Wisconsm: Kessler, Kevin. Chief, Groundwater Management Section, Wisconsm Department of Natural Resources. Sumitted summary reports.

Postle, Jeffery K. Ground Water Specialist, Soil Scientist, Wisconsin Department of Agriculture. Submitted summary reports.

Lulloff, Alan R. Groundwater quality in Wisconsin. Wisconsin's buried treasure. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. June 1987.

Postle, Jeffery K and LeMasters, Gary. Results of the WDATCP groundwater monitoring for pesticides. Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection. October 1987.

Wyoming: Lucht, Robert. Water Quality Control Supendsor, Water Quality Division, Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality. Personal correspondence.

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Extension Service, Oregon State University, Corvallis, O.E. Smith, director. This publication was produced and distributed in further- ance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30,1914. Extension work is a cooperative program of Oregon State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Oregon counties.

Oregon State University Extension Service offers educational pro- grams, activities, and materials—without regard to race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability—as required by Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Oregon State University Extension Service is an Equal Opportunity Employer.

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