typical phonological process development chart
TRANSCRIPT
TYPICAL PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS DEVELOPMENT CHART
Substitution Processes - when one class of sounds is replaced for another class of sounds.
PhonologicalProcess
What is Happening?
Examples Gone by Age
Stopping(Stop)
When a child substitutes
a stop (b, p, d,
t, g, k)for a fricative
(s, z, f, v, th’s, h,
sh,and zh as in
measure)
/pat/ for fat 3 yrs.
/pine/ for vine 3 1/2 yrs.
/tear/ for chair 4 1/2 yrs.
/dob/ for job 4 1/2 yrs.
/take/ for shake 4 1/2 yrs.
/tope/ for soap 3 yrs.
/pum/ for thumb 5 yrs.
Deaffrication
When a child replaces an
affricate(ch, dz as in
judge) with a
stop (b, p, d, t, g, k)
or a fricative (s, z,
f, v,th’s, h, sh,
and zh as in measure)
/tear/ for chair
NotAvailable
/sop/ for chop
/karm/ for charm
/dob/ for job
/dim/ for gym
/zan/ for Jan
Velar Fronting (VF)
When a child replaces a
/top/ for cop 3 1/2 yrs.
/reen/ for ring 3 1/2 yrs.
velar sound (k, g, ng)
with a sound that is made toward the front of the
mouth.
/tup/ for cup 3 1/2 yrs.
/doh/ for go 3 1/2 yrs.
/tum/ for gum 3 1/2 yrs.
Depalatalization(Dep)
When a child substitutesan alveolar fricative
(s, z) for a palatal
fricative (sh, and zh
as in measure)
/tek/ for check
NotAvailable
/matsiz/ for matches
/dudz/ for judge
/dane/ for Jane
Backing
*This occurs in children with severe
phonological disorders.
When a child substitutes a front sound(t, d) with aback sound
(k, g)
/kop/ for top
NotAvailable
/hope/ for soap
/gime/ for dime
/bike/ for bite
Liquid Gliding (LG)
When a child substitutes aglide sound(w, y) for a liquid sound
/wabbit/ for rabbit
5 yrs.
/wook/ for look
/wing/ for ring 5 yrs.
(r, l)/yeef/ for leaf
This can alsooccur in
consonant clusters
/bwed/ for bread 5 yrs.
/gween/ for green
5 yrs.
/bwack/ for black
/gwas/ for glass
Vocalization(Voc)
This is also known as
vowelization and happens when a child substitutes a vowel for a
syllabic liquid
/simpo/ for simple
Not Available/abuh/ for able
/tabo/ for table
/papo/ for paper
Syllable Structure Processes – sound changes that modify the syllabic structure of words.
PhonologicalProcess
What is Happening?
Examples Gone by Age
Unstressed Syllable
Deletion (USD)
When a child doesn’t say the syllable
with the least amount of
stress
/medo/ for tomato
4 yrs.
/tefon/ for telephone
4 yrs.
/efant/ for elephant
4 yrs.
/nana/ for banana
4 yrs.
/side/ for outside 4 yrs.
Reduplication (Redup)
When a child repeats a
Total
/baba/ for bottle 2 1/2 yrs.
syllable of a target word
which creates a multi-
syllabic word form.
/dada/ for dog 2 1/2 yrs.
/tata/ for television
2 1/2 yrs.
Partial
/bada/ for bottle 2 1/2 yrs.
/dadi/ for dog 2 1/2 yrs.
/tatu/ for television
2 1/2 yrs.
Dimunization(Dim)
When a child adds an “-ee”
and sometimes a consonant +
“-ee” to a target word.
/cup-ee/ for cup
Not Available
/book-ee/ for book
/doll-ee/ for doll
Epenthesis
When a child says an
unstressed vowel usually “uh” between
two consonants.
/suh-poon/ for spoon
Not Available/cup-uh/ for cup
/puh-late/ for plate
Final-Consonant
Deletion (FCD)
When a child leaves a single
consonant or consonant
cluster off of the end of a
word.
This can happen on words that
Open
/ma/ for mom 3 yrs. 3 mos.
/da/ for dog 3 yrs. 3 mos.
/wag-ih/ for wagon
3 yrs. 3 mos.
Closed
/boo/ for books 3 yrs. 3 mos.
/ha/ for hand 3 yrs. 3 mos.
end with a vowel (open-
syllable word) or on words that
Initial Consonant
Deletion (ICD)
*This is more uncommon but can
occur in children with severe phonological
disorders.
When a child does
not say the first
single consonant or
consonant clusterat the
beginningof a word.
/own/ for phone
Not Available
/ah-zit/ for closet
/oo/ for shoe
/indo/ for window
/op/ for stop
Cluster Reduction/
Deletion (CR)or
Cluster Substitution
When a child deletes or substitutes some or all parts of a cluster.
Cluster deletion can be Total or
Partial
Total
All Cluster Reduction and
Substitution should be gone by
3 1/2 yrs.
/op/ for stop
/eight/ for straight
/da/ for dark
Partial
Cluster Substitution
/top/ for stop
/bwed/ for bread
/tate/ for straight
/pwace/ for place
/dak/ for dark
Assimilation Processes – one sound changes to become more like another sound, usually its neighboring sound.
PhonologicalProcess
What is Happening?
Examples Gone by Age
Labial Assimilation
When a sound is
changed to a labial sound (b, p, m, w) because of
another labial sound in a
word.
Labial Assimilation can be Total
or Partial
/wap/ for wax
Not Available
/peb/ for pen
/mob/ for moss
Total
/bub/ for bug
Partial
/bup/ for bug
Velar Assimilation
When a non-velar sound is changed to a velar (k, g, ng) sound.
Velar Assimilation can be Total
or Partial
/kug/ for cup
Not Available
/keek/ for keep
/goag/ for goat
Total
/kuck/ for cup
Partial
/kug/ for cup
Nasal Assimilation
When a non-nasal sound is changed to a nasal (m, n,
/mom/ for mop Not Available
/nong/ for long
/non/ for nose
ng) because of the
influence of another nasal sound in the
word.
Total
/mom/ for mop
Partial
/mon/ for mop
Alveolar Assimilation
When a non-alveolar sound is
changed to an alveolar
sound (t, d, n, l, s, z)
/tot/ for toss
Not Available
/suit/ for soup
/dod/ for door
Total
/tot/ for top
Partial
/tod/ for top
Prevocalic Voicing
When a voiceless sound that
comes before a vowel is
changed to a voiced sound.
/den/ for ten
Not Available
/zuit/ for suit
/vight/ for fight
/bie/ for pie
Postvocalic Devoicing
When a voiced stop, fricative, or
affricate, that follows a vowel is
changed to a voiceless
/pick/ for pig Not Available
/tuck/ for tug
/sat/ for sad
/bis/ for bees
sound