types of simple machines 1196790406105067 4
TRANSCRIPT
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Types of Simple Machines
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The Lever
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The Levera rigid bar that is free to turn about a
fixed point called the fulcrum
Every Lever has three (3) parts: 1. Resistance Force, Input Force or Load,
What you are trying to move or lift.
2. Effort Force or Output Force - The work done on the Lever.
3. Fulcrum – A fixed pivot point.
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The Lever
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1st Class Lever
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1st Class Lever
• The Fulcrum (fixed pivot point) is located between the Effort (Input) and the Resistance (Output) Forces.
• The effort and the resistance move in opposite directions.
• The effort force pushes down in order to lift the resistance or load.
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1st Class Lever
• When the fulcrum is closer to the effort than to the load:– there is a loss in force – There is a gain in speed and distance.
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1st Class Lever
• When the fulcrum is closer to the load than to the effort:– there is a loss in speed and distance– There is a gain in force.
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1st Class Lever
• When the fulcrum is midway between the effort and the load:– there is no change in force, speed or
distance
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1st Class Lever
• Examples:– Seesaw– Crowbar– Scissors
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2nd Class Levers
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2nd Class Lever
• The load is between the effort and the fulcrum.
• The fulcrum is at one end of the lever.
• The fulcrum is usually closer to the load.
• Produce a gain in force.
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2nd Class Levers
• Examples:– Wheelbarrow– Bottle opener– Nutcrackers
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3rd Class Levers
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3rd Class Levers
• The effort is between the load and the fulcrum.
• There is usually a loss in force, but a gain in speed and distance.
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3rd Class Levers
• Examples:– Broom– Shovel– Fishing rod
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The Pulley
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The Pulley
• A pulley changes the direction of the force:– Instead of lifting up, you can pull down using
your body weigh against the load (what is being lifted)
• A pulley gains nothing in force, distance or speed
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The Pulleya wheel that turns around an axle
• A pulley is a grooved wheel that turns around an axle (fulcrum), and a rope or a chain is used in the grove to lift heavy objects.
• A pulley may be fixed, moveable, or used in combination.
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The Fixed Pulley
• Is attached to something that doesn't move such as the ceiling or wall)
• It acts as a first class lever with the fulcrum located at the axis
• Instead of a bar the pulley uses a rope or chain.
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The Pulley
• A moveable pulley acts as second class lever– the load is between
the fulcrum and the effort
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The Pulley
• A compound pulley is a system of movable pulleys.
• Mechanical advantage can be increased by using more than one pulley.
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The Inclined Plane
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The Inclined Planea sloping surface that does not move
• An inclined plane provides for NOT Less work but less effort.
• The trade off is greater distance to travel.
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The Inclined Plane
• Used to reduce the force needed to overcome the force of gravity when lifting or lowering a heavy object.
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The Inclined Plane
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The Screw
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The Screwan inclined plane wrapped around a
central cylinder
• A Screw has two (2) parts: – The Body – Cylinder Post – The Thread – Inclined Plane wrapped around
the cylinder.
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The Screw
• Functions of the screw– To fasten things – the standard screw or nuts
& bolts.– Drill bits are screws used to make holes. – A jackscrew is used to lift heavy objects; car
jack.
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The Screw
• When you turn a screw:– The input force is changed by the threads into
an output force.– The output force pulls the screw into the
materials.– Friction between the threads & the material
holds the screw in place.
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The Wedge
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The Wedgean inclined plane that tapers to a sharp
edge
• The wedge used to increase force.
• The material remains in place while he wedge moves through it.
• A wedge changes the direction of the input force.
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The Wedge
• Wedges can be forced between two things to hold them tightly together, like nails or a doorstop.
• Wedges can be used to split, cut or fasten.
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The Wheel & Axle
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The Wheel & Axlea wheel connected to a rigid pole
• The Wheel & axle is a modified lever:– The center of the axle acts as a fulcrum –
making the wheel a lever that rotates around in a circle.