types of population policies pro-natalist / expansive anti-natalist / restrictive
TRANSCRIPT
Types of Population Policies
Pro-natalist / Expansive
Anti-natalist / Restrictive
U.S.S.R. - pro-natalist
Starting on July 8, 1944 the government of the U.S.S.R. began awarding medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate.
Why did the government believe there was a need for a pro-natalist policy at this time ?
Motherhood Medal 2nd Class
5 children 8,000,000 awarded
Motherhood Medal 1st Class
6 children 4,000,000 awarded
Order of Maternal Glory 3rd Class
7 children 2,000,000 awarded
Order of Maternal Glory 2nd Class
8 children 1,000,000 awarded
Order of Maternal Glory 1st Class
9 children 500,000 awarded
Order Mother Heroine
10 children 200,000 awarded
Germany Cross of Honor of the German Mother (Ehrenkreuz der deutschen Mutter)
1938 - 1944http://www.nobeliefs.com/mementoes.htm
Bronze 3rd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 4, 5Silver 2nd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 6, 7Gold 1st Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 8 or moreDiamond – 14 or more
http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-medals/nazi2.htm
China - anti-natalist
One Child Policy 1979
- rewards start once 1 child contract is signed
Rewards
•free medical care •free daycare and schooling•guaranteed job for child•bonuses for parents•extra maternity leave•better housing•bigger old age pension
Penalties
•must repay financial benefits•educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn•parents’ wages reduced
Millions of dollars have been spent on education and on advertising.
http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.htmlhttp://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html
Do a good job in family planning to promote economic development
http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html
The anti-natalist policies worked so well, now China is promoting births again
http://static.flickr.com/56/133361262_16edfe9ada_m.jpg
Bolivia
http://info.k4health.org/pr/j50/p5.jpg
Ethiopia
Vietnam: Two children are enough!
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3206/3150039863_cb3ba3359d.jpg?v=0
Why do you believe that mostposters show a girl rather than a boy ?
What do you notice about this population pyramid? Note two things.
India
Wait until the 1st child is 3 before having your 2nd
www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias-population.html
What do you notice about India’s pyramid?
Egypt
United States
Why would a country want an anti-natalist policy ?
http://www.upiasia.com/thumbnails/63232c7d88b2a81dfa3c881741f3ac7a.jpg
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Current world population: 7.1 billion
From Plan B 2.0• Per capita income in China will equal that of the US
by 2031 if China’s economy grows at current pace.• With a projected population of 1.4 billion at the time,
a China as prosperous as the US would:– Burn 99 million barrels of oil a day, 18% more
than is now produced globally– Consume 2/3 of world’s current grain harvest– Use twice as much paper as the world currently
produces– Drive 1.1 billion cars, more than the world’s 2005
fleet of 800 million--forcing China to pave roads, highways, and parking lots equal to the area it now plants in rice.
Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ?
http://www.aishbaltimore.com/zz/family/rebbitzen/The_Joys_of_A_Large_Family.asp
http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/images/Malagasy_children.jpg
Problem is not resources, but allocation of resources…
Costs of Population Decline/Aging Population:
1. Dependency ratio, currently 3:1, will become 1.5:1 by 2050.
Costs of Population Decline/Aging Population:
2. ‘Graying Means Paying’: the rise of the ‘old,old’ (85+ yrs old) will require care…Expensive care. Who will pay? Greece,
Italy, Portugal, and Ireland already on verge of bankruptcy.
Costs of Population Decline/Aging Population:
3. In Germany, foreign workers (mostly Turkish) will constitute 30% of population.
What problems might that entail?
Costs of Population Decline/Aging Population:
4. Fewer soldiers. Thus, ignore some international problems, over-react to others.
In recent years China has relaxed the rules, and in some cases have even started encouraging two children.
In many cases, parents are not takingadvantage of this opportunity.
Why ?
Quebec - Pro-natalist
1950’s - one of the highest Fertility Rates in the developed world (Catholic & rural)
1987 - FR of 1.4 (1.7 Canada) & Quebec’s share of Canadian population was decreasing
1st set of incentives
•$500 for each of 1st 2 children•$3000 for each subsequent child•child care facilities improved & expanded •tax free family allowance if 2 or more children•interest free housing loans (up to $7000)
1987
1992
2nd set of incentives
•$500 for 1st child•$1000 for 2nd child•$6000 for each subsequent child•other benefits remained the same
1997
Program ended after 10 yrs. of minimal success
Greek debt crisis: Retirement age 58