TYPES OF MINERAL & ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIAEbad ur RahmanFA3 ActivityX-B1

CONTENTS• What is a Mineral?• Criteria for a Mineral• Occurrence of Minerals• Types of Minerals• Conservation of Minerals• What are Energy Resources?• Classification of Energy Resources• Conservation of Energy Resources• Acknowledgements

WHAT IS A MINERAL?It is defined as a homogenous naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure. It is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. There are over 5,300 known mineral species; over 5,070 of these have been approved by the International Mineralogical Association(IMA).

CRITERIA FOR A MINERAL1. Naturally occurring.2. Stable at room

temperature.3. Represented by a chemical

formula.4. Usually abiogenic (not

resulting from the activity of living organisms).

5. Ordered atomic arrangement.

OCCURRENCE OF MINERALSMinerals are mostly found in ‘ores’, which are used to describe the accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. Mineral content of these ores must be in sufficient concentration to make its extraction commercially viable. Their structure determines the relative case with which the mineral ores may be mined, which also determines the cost of extraction.

Minerals mostly occur in these forms:• In igneous and metamorphic rocks

they occur as ‘veins’ and ‘iodes’.• In sedimentary rocks a number of

minerals occur in ‘beds’ or ‘layers’.• Decomposition of surface rocks

leaves a residual mass of weathered material containing ores.

• Minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills.

• Ocean waters contain large quantities of minerals, but they are too widely diffused to be of economic significance.

TYPES OF MINERALSFerrous Minerals

• Account for 3/4th of the total value of the production of metallic minerals.

• Provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries.

• India exports substantial quantities.• Eg: Iron ore, Manganese etc.

• Play a vital role in metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries.

• India doesn’t have good reserves and production.

• Eg: Copper, Bauxite, Lead, Zinc etc.

Non-Ferrous Minerals

TYPES OF MINERALSNon-

Metallic Minerals

• No metallic luster.• Break easily.• Do not have high profit margin.• Eg: Mica, Silica, Limestone, Marble etc.

• Composed of Ca, Mg carbonates.• Found in sedimentary rocks.• Used for many raw materials.• Eg: Limestone, Quartzite, Serpentine etc.

Rock Minerals

33%

22%15%

30%

Production of Manganese state wise, 2003-04

Orrisa Madhya PradeshKarnataka Others

58%42%

Production of Copper state wise, 2003-04

Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan`

45%

17%

14%

11%

13%

Production of Bauxite state wise, 2003-04

Orissa Gujarat JharkhandMaharashtra Others

Production of Limestone state wise, 2003-04

Tamil NaduGujaratRajasthanMadhya PradeshAndhra PradeshOthers

CONSERVATION OF MINERALS

Minerals are non-renewable resources. They cannot be replenished and their new reserves cre ated once, these are depleted. Also these are Earthly treasure which belongs to entire mankind of present and future generations. Some steps to their conservation are:• Resource planning• Sustainable development• Reducing, Reusing and Recycling• Uses of alternative sources• Improvement of technology to use the low-grade ores

profitably.• Public awareness

What are Energy Resources?Energy resources are generally defined as anything that can be used as a source of energy. Access to energy resources is vital to economic development and prosperity. The estimates for the amount of energy in these resources is given in zettajoules (ZJ), which is 1021 joules. The world's available energy resources threatened to be strained by population growth and rapid economic growth in large countries such as China. At the same time, it's vital that the world develop new energy resources that do not contribute to global warming and other environmental problems.

CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES

Conventional Sources• Are used abundantly• Practiced and used for a long time.• Cause pollution• Are exhaustible• Very expensive to be maintained, stored

and transmitted.• Eg: Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas, Oil etc.

Non-Conventional Sources• Are yet in the process of development.• Recently discovered• Generally, pollution-free• Are inexhaustible• Less expensive and easy to maintain.• Eg: Solar energy, Tidal energy, Geo-

thermal energy, Wind energy etc.

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES

Energy conservation refers to reducing energy consumption through using less of an energy service.  Driving the same amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an example of energy efficiency. Energy conservation and efficiency are both energy reduction techniques. Even though energy conservation reduces energy services, it can result in increased environmental quality, national security, personal financial security and higher savings. It is at the top of the sustainable energy hierarchy. It also lowers energy costs by preventing future resource depletion.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would like to thank my Social Science teacher, Mr. Sheljan for being a great source of help in the progress of this project. My geography textbook, Contemporary India has been a source of great help. Next, I would like to thank the following websites, which were a great source of information:• www.Wikipedia.com• www.gradestack.com• www.ovoenergy.com• www.ehow.com• www.answers.com• www.google.com