types of industry
DESCRIPTION
Types of Industry. Types of Industry. You can divide the jobs and industries into 4 groups – Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary. Quaternary Industries. Quaternary Industries - process ideas e.g. computer programmers, accountants and university professors etc. Primary Industry. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Types of Industry
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Types of Industry
You can divide the jobs and industries into 4 groups –
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary.
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Quaternary Industries Quaternary Industries - process ideas
e.g. computer programmers, accountants and university professors etc.
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Primary Industry Primary industries – extract raw materials
e.g. iron, lumber, gold and the like
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Secondary Industry Secondary industry – uses materials from
Primary Industry to create finished products e.g. vehicles
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Tertiary Industry Tertiary industries - services that support
Primary and Secondary industries. Tertiary and Quaternary industries employ
3X more than Primary and Secondary combined.
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Basic Industries e.g. Miners receive their pay from sources
beyond the boundaries of their local economy.
Their jobs are as the result of the customers who indirectly buy items that are produced from the metals/ores they extract.
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Non-Basic Industry Non-Basic - does not bring new money into
a local economy $ is effectively recycled within a community Basic Industries are crucial for growing and
economy.
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Question
What Industry is important for the growth of an economy.
a) Non-Basic
b) Basic
c) Primary
c) Secondary
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QuestionTertiary and Quaternary Industries employ
___ times more people than do Primary and Secondary Industries combined.
a) 2b) 3c) 4d) 5
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Question
What industry is first in line?
a) Quaternary
b) Tertiary
c) Secondary
d) Primary
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Question
Which industry recycles monies already in one’s local economy?
a) Tertiary
b) Non-basic
c) Basic
d) Primary
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The World Community
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Why the Increase in International Connections?
More people are traveling to more places International trade grows a great amount
every year Phoning and internet allow contact
throughout the “Global Village”
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Grouping Countries How do you group countries?
Similarities Comparing economic and social development
Economic development is measured using Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
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Grouping Countries Social development is measured by
comparing factors like: How long people live Health care they receive Education levels reached
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Three Levels of Development Developed Countries
Countries that have highest social and economic development
Some characteristics of Developed Countries are having well developed:
Education Health care Banking Transportation Information technologies
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Developed Countries People living in this type
of country have the highest standards of living in the world
The poorest people in these countries are well to do in comparison to average persons residing in developing countries
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Developed Countries Contain 20% of the
World’s population Use most of the
World’s resources Produce most of the
World’s pollution
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Developing Countries Developing countries
Have lowest levels of economic/social growth Are dominated by Primary industries and
Agriculture Most citizens live their lives farming Most of the population does not have money to
spend on telephones, banks, and schools
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Developing Countries Citizens earn very little money Therefore they do not pay taxes Since no taxes are paid, governments in
developing countries are unable to provide for: Education Health Care Economic Development
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Newly Industrializing Countries Countries that are becoming developed Undergoing enormous change Change in lifestyles and economy are occurring
at a rapid speed
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Limits of Grouping Countries this way…
There are only 3 groups Countries can be very different from each other
yet, still belong to the same group
Wealth and resources are not necessarily distributed evenly or equitably
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What determines the level of development?
Life expectancy How long people live
Wealth GDP per capita is used to measure wealth
Population Growth How fast the population is growing
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What determines the level of development? Education level
Determines literacy level of country Health care
Having effective health care is vital for development Food supply
How much food each country supplies its people
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QUESTIONWhat is meant by the term Global Village?
a) “It takes a village to grow a child.”b) Cities are becoming more diverse and have residents
representing a wide variety of cultures.c) An organization that obtains and sells goods from third
world countries in developed countries, to support artisans from developing countries.
d) Communication by phone and internet resulting is more closely connected communities.
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QUESTION
Which country is known to have the highest standard of living amongst its citizens?
a) Brazil
b) Norway
c) Italy
d) Spain
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Question
Which of the following produces most of the World’s pollution?
a) Industrializing countries
b) Developing countries
c) Developed countries
d) Third world countries
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QuestionHow do we typically and frequently group countries?
a) By differences and social development
b) By differences and economic development
c) By similarities and social and ecological development
d) By similarities and social and economic development
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Global WarmingLiving in the Greenhouse
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Global Warming
an increase of the earth's temperature by a few degrees
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What is happening? Gases trap more heat in the atmosphere
than needed Global temperatures are rising
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The Green House Effect
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Main Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide Methane Halocarbons Water Vapour
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Carbon Cycle
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Carbon Cycle More carbon is being released
More people 1.6 Billion 1888 6 Billion today
Lifestyle requires more fossil fuels, clearing more forests
Carbon locked away beneath Earth’s surface is now being added to atmosphere through fossil fuels
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Hoax Theory The earth has gone through warming and
cooling periods The Medieval Warming Period Global Warming is nothing to worry about
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Hoax Theory During the Medieval warming period there
were NOT… Cars Factories 6 B people
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How will this effect us? Global temperatures are rising Summer 2003 European Heat Wave
35 000 people died
Become more frequent
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How will this effect us? Imbalance of precipitation
Alberta and Saskatchewan would suffer from this
Already driest area of Southern Canada
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How will this effect us? Increase of sea level by 1 m
Caused by melting glaciers and polar ice 80% of the Marshall Islands in the Pacific
would be flooded Bangladesh would suffer devastating floods
Population of 120 million 4 times that of Canada
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How will this effect us? The amount of “weather refugees” is
increasing There are now more of these refugees than
political/war refugees 25 million weather 23 million political/war
Canada would be under a lot of pressure to accept these people
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How will this effect us? Wealthy countries must provide at least $86
billion US to the world's poor by 2015 help them cope with
floods droughts disease other negative effects from global warming
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What can/should we do? We MUST reduce the amount of emissions
Carpool Walk Bike Plant a tree Use energy efficient devices
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What can/should we do? Use alternate fuel sources
Electric Wind Solar Geothermal
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The Tindo
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The Tindo World’s first solar powered electric bus
Adelaide, Australia
Free admission 200 km range between charges Charged with solar generated electricity
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Groups1. In between
Willing to accept the problem Not willing to take the steps to solve it
2. Do nothing until there is clear proof3. Global warming is clear
Take drastic action
4. Gradually switch to cleaner energy and environmentally friendly lifestyles
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Question
What percentage of the Marshall Islands would be flooded if the sea level rose 1m?
A. .8%
B. 24%
C. 80%
D. 95%
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Question
Which of the following energy sources is the most environmentally friendly?
A. Nuclear
B. Geothermal
C. Natural Gas
D. Coal
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QuestionWhich of the following would be the most
environmentally friendly method of transportation?
a. Carpoolb. Taxi (alone)c. Bio-Diesel Vehicled. Air
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QuestionWhat is the “Greenhouse Effect?”
A. Carbon dioxide trapped deep beneath the earth’s surface
B. The thinning of our atmosphereC. Gases trap heat from the sun in our
atmosphere D. Toxins from plastic factories damage our Ozone
Layer that prevents solar radiation from escaping.
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Water Resources
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Types of Fresh Water
There are four types of fresh water Surface water Sub-surface water Desalination Frozen water
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Surface Water
Surface water is water in lakes, rivers or wetlands. It is naturally replenished by rainfall, and
lost to oceans and evaporation It is estimated that Canada has the
largest amount of fresh water in the World
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Sub-surface water
This water is located in the pore space of soil and rocks
It shares many of the same characteristics of surface water, the main difference being its slow rate of turnover
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Desalination
This is a process where saline water is converted to fresh water
This is a expensive resource compared to others, and only satisfies a very small percentage of humans
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Frozen water There have been a
few plans made to turn ice burgs into a water source
But so far it has only been used for novelty reasons, even though glacier runoff is considered to be fresh water
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Uses of Water
Canadians consume large quantities of water users
Many of our personal, social and economic activities relate to water
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Water Diversions When there are water
shortages - we often divert water from one drainage basin to another
Can only be done over short distances
Water is used to produce hydro-electricity
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Wetlands Wetlands are an
important source of groundwater and can act as storage areas for flood water
However they are starting to disappear
Over 70% of S. Ontario’s wetlands have dried up
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Future Needs
Today Canadians have plenty water, but the demand is likely to grow as our population increases and our industries expand
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What kind of water is found in rivers, lakes and wetlands?
a) Fresh waterb) Saline waterc) Sub-surface waterd) Frozen water
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Water Diversions ______
a) Are great for the eco-system b) Provide animals with a place to livec) Can be used to create hydro
electricityd) b and c
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What percentage of Southern Ontario’s wetlands have dried up?
a) 5%b) 30%c) 50%d) 70%
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Why is the demand for fresh water likely to grow in the future?
a) Because of higher populationb) It won’t c) Because of growth in industryd) a and c
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Canada’s Foreign Trade
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Key Terms…
Imports Exports Trade surplus Net imports Net exports
Trade deficit Tariff Import substitution Protectionism Free trade
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Exports vs. Imports
More exports than imports the difference is called trade surplus
More imports than exports it’s called trade deficit
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Why Must Canada Export?
The three main reasons are:
1.To pay for things that we import
2.To keep our economy healthy
3.To lower prices of Canadian-made goods for Canadians
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How do we benefit?
Canada benefits from exporting goods by simply selling them to other countries.
For a country to make money from trading they must export more goods than the import.
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You Should Know… A tariff is a tax charged on products
coming into Canada to protect our industries.
It is applied to enforce protectionism.
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In Real LifeTariff and Protectionism…
When you go to the States to shop, you will undoubtedly spend some of your money there.
If you spend over $200, you will have to pay duty on your purchases at the border, and that’s a ‘royal pain’ in the butt.
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Freedom! Free trade is pretty much the type of trade we
all think we want… Trade with no strings attached No hidden fees No duty at the border and of course no tariff barriers.
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Another little tidbit…
Import substitution is the process of replacing foreign goods with Canadian goods to support Canadian business.
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IMPORT SUBSTITUTION WHEN YOU CHOOSE TO
USE A CANADIAN GROWN OR MADE PRODUCT YOU ARE SAVING CANADA FROM IMPORTING THAT PARTICULAR GOOD. THIS IS CALLED IMPORT SUBSTITUTION.
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Canadian Import Substitution
Canadian cars are quite different from European cars.
They are generally less fuel efficient and not as economical.
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However, people still feel compelled to purchase Canadian built cars to support our country’s vehicle production and its workers.
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Statistics…
Every 1 in 5 jobs in Canada is tied to exports
Canada’s largest trading partner is the Unites States
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COMMODITY IMPORTS EXPORTS NET
INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 30,572 56,913 - 26,342
COMPUTERS, T.V. AND ELECTRONICS 33,499 17,004 16,495
MOTOR VEHICLE PARTS 24,651 16,981 7,670
PRECISION INSTRUMENTS, CLOCKS, AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
11,449 4,329 7,120
TEXTILES, CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR 13,171 6,067 7,104
SPORTS, GAMES, AND REC. EQUIPMENT 3,797 1,438 2,359
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 4,401 2,066 2,335
BOOKS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER PRINT 3,405 2,062 1,343
SUGAR, COFFEE, TEA, CHOCOLATE, SPICES AND NUTS
1,536 909 627
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NAFTAA movement that started in 1988 to have free trade
in North America.
North American Free Trade Agreement
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GATTAn agreement including major trade countries
that encourages Trade world wide.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
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Which of the following is an example of trade deficit?a) Canada gives USA 50 cows and does not receive any.
b) China and Canada exchange 1,000 lbs of grain and rice.
c) Canada gives 6,000 meters of material away and receives 5,000 meters of material from another country
d) Canada gives Russia 1,000 cars and receives 2,000 cars from Germany.
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Import Substitution is when…
a) Goods are imported and re-sold within another country
b) When you purchase goods produced in your own country.
c) Goods that are traded from one country to another.
d) You are building a project and you use a different material than suggested.
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Key Terms Ecological
Footprint [ E.F.]
Productive Land Degraded Land Energy land
Carrying Capacity
Sustainability
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What is an ecological footprint?
An ecological footprint is the amount of space that is required to support an individual’s activities.
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What is an ecological footprint?
An ecological footprint is a measurement of the demands that we place on our environment
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The BreakdownEF is made of 5 different layers.• Biodiversity - variety of people in
an ecosystem.• Built Land - land that has been
built upon.• Energy Land - energy used in a
specific area.• Bio-productive Sea - ocean waste.• Bio-productive Land - land waste.
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Facts The average global footprint is 21 global
hectares per person.
Unfortunately, the sustainable footprint is only approximately 15 hectares per capita.
Global Ecological Footprint Calculator
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Reducing our Ecological Footprint
Carpool Bike Walk, etc. Use energy saving
lightbulbs, appliances, solar energy, etc.
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Productive LandActivities Energy
LandDegraded Land
Crop Land
Pasture Land
Forested Land
Total Land
Housing 0.41 0.08 0.40 0.89
Construction 0.06 0.35
Operation 0.35 0.05
Food 0.33 0.62 0.33 0.02 1.30
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Activities Energy Land
DegradedLand
Crop Land
Pasture Land
Forested Land
Total Land
Transportation 0.79 0.10 0.89
People
(private)
0.60
People
(public)
0.07
Goods 0.12
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Consumer Goods
0.52 0.01 0.06 0.13 0.17 0.89
Packaging 0.10 0.04
Clothing 0.11 0.02 0.13
Furniture and Appliances
0.06 0.03
Books and Magazines
0.06 0.10
Tobacco and Alcohol
0.06 0.04
Personal Care
0.03
Recreation Equipment
0.10
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Services 0.29 0.01 0.30
Government and Military
0.06
Education 0.08
Health Care 0.08
Tourism 0.01
Entertainment 0.01
Other 0.05
Total 2.34 0.20 0.68 0.46 0.59 4.27
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QUESTION
What is the average environmental footprint per person?
a] 12 hectares
b] 15hectares
c] 18 hectares
d] 21 hectares
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QUESTION
Ecological footprints measure…
a] the average annual amount of Carbon Dioxide that we emit into the atmosphere.
b] the amount of greenhouse gases in the air
c] the demand that we place on the environment
d] your Ecological shoe size
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Key Terms Ecological
Footprint [ E.F.] Productive Land Degraded Land Energy Land
Carrying Capacity
Fair Earthshare Sustainability Overshoot
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What is an ecological footprint?
An ecological footprint is the amount of space that is required to support a person’s activities.
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What is an ecological footprint?
The ecological footprint measures the demand that we place on our environment
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The Breakdown• The ecological footprint is made
up of 5 different layers.• Biodiversity - the variety of people
within a given ecosystem.• Built land - areas of land that have
been built on• Energy land - energy used up in a
specific area• Bio-productive Sea - wastes in
oceans• Bio-productive Land - amount of
wastes on land
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Facts The global average footprint is 21 global
hectares per person. The sustainable footprint is approx. 15 global
hectares per capita. Global Ecological Footprint Calculator
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Reducing our Ecological Footprint
Carpooling, biking, walking, etc. [exercise to save the environment]
Use energy saving bulbs, appliances, solar energy, etc.
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Productive LandActivities Energy
LandDegraded Land
Crop Land
Pasture Land
Forested Land
Total Land
Housing 0.41 0.08 0.40 0.89
•Construction 0.06 0.35
•Operation 0.35 0.05
Food 0.33 0.62 0.33 0.02 1.30
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Activities Energy Land
Degraded Land
Crop Land
Pasture Land
Forested Land
Total Land
Transp-ortation
0.79 0.10 0.89
•People
(private)
0.60
•People
(public)
0.07
•Goods 0.12
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Consumer Goods
0.52 0.01 0.06 0.13 0.17 0.89
•Packaging 0.10 0.04
•Clothing 0.11 0.02 0.13
•Furniture and Appliances
0.06 0.03
•Books and Magazines
0.06 0.10
•Tobacco and Alcohol
0.06 0.04
•Personal Care 0.03
•Recreation Equipment
0.10
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Services 0.29 0.01 0.30
Government and military
0.06
Education 0.08
Health Care 0.08
Tourism 0.01
Entertainment 0.01
Other 0.05
Total 2.34 0.20 0.68 0.46 0.59 4.27
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QUESTION
What is the average global footprint per person?
a]15 global hectares
b]12 global hectares
c]18 global hectares
d]21 global hectares
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QUESTION
The Ecological Footprint measures…
a] the circumference around MOTHER EARTH
b] the amount of greenhouse gases in the air
c] the demand that we place on the environment
d] your shoe size
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What is the Global Village?
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Ways to group countries…
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Three Levels of Three Levels of DevelopmentDevelopment
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Three Levels of Three Levels of DevelopmentDevelopment
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Three Levels of Three Levels of DevelopmentDevelopment
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Limitations of Grouping Limitations of Grouping CountriesCountries
““Progress” & “Development”Progress” & “Development”
3 Groups3 Groups
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How many different How many different levels of country are levels of country are
there?there?A)3
B)4
C)5
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Most of the new Most of the new development in the development in the
developed countries is developed countries is focused on:focused on:
A)Manufacturing
B)Agriculture
C)Farming
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Types of Industry
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National Wealth & Branches of National Wealth & Branches of IndustryIndustry
Wealth is generated from a combination of Wealth is generated from a combination of rich natural resources and labour of rich natural resources and labour of people.people.
There are 4 categories of Industry:There are 4 categories of Industry:PrimaryPrimarySecondarySecondaryTertiaryTertiaryQuaternaryQuaternary
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Primary IndustriesPrimary Industries
Extraction of raw materialsExtraction of raw materials
This area of the economy makes a huge This area of the economy makes a huge contribution to Canada’s wealth.contribution to Canada’s wealth.
These Industries are tied directly to These Industries are tied directly to natural resources, and are usually natural resources, and are usually located close by.located close by.
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Secondary IndustriesSecondary Industries
Secondary Industries are involved in Secondary Industries are involved in the processing of primary industry the processing of primary industry products into finished goods.products into finished goods.
This may involve more than one step.This may involve more than one step.
The largest sector of secondary The largest sector of secondary industry is manufacturing, which is industry is manufacturing, which is responsible for making all the goods responsible for making all the goods consumers need.consumers need.
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Tertiary IndustryTertiary Industry
• Provide servicesProvide services• Without this sector, industry could Without this sector, industry could
not functionnot function• This area employs most of the This area employs most of the
Canadians in industryCanadians in industry• These are called service industries, These are called service industries,
which is where most of you work, if which is where most of you work, if you work at all.you work at all.
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Basic & Non-Basic Industry
Basic jobs come from basic industries, and are paid indirectly by the consumer, like a logger in Thompson.
Non-Basic jobs are jobs that are paid directly by the consumer, and they are not needed to fully support the local economy, like a chef.
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Question
Wealth is generated by:1. Labour
2. Shrewd business practices
3. Taxes
4. Mechanical labour
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Which area of industry provides the most revenue for Canada?
1. Primary Industry
2. Secondary Industry
3. Tertiary Industry
4. Quaternary Industry
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A secondary industry does what?1. Provides jobs
2. Processes products
3. Helps the economy
4. All of the above
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Which industry provides the greatest number of jobs?
a. Manufacturing
b. Tertiary Industry
c. Mining
d. a & c
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Canada’s Foreign Trade
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Why Do We Trade?
Countries depend on other countries for trading
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Terms
Exporting more than importing = trade surplus
Importing more than exporting = trade deficit
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Who Do We Trade With?
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The United States
America is our best friend whether we like it or not
By far most of our importing and exporting is done with the US
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NAFTA
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) means North American countries can trade with each other without duty
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The Softwood Lumber Dispute
Long ongoing problem
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What is the Softwood Lumber Dispute?
Provincial government subsidizes America charges a high tariff Canada doesn’t get business from
America
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What is happening now?
US lifted the tax in 2006
Canada is still limited in their sales
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Our Imports
A lot of our imports are from tropical and 3rd world countries
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Our Exports
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20% of jobs in Canada are linked to exports
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Should We Reduce Our Imports
Is it good we get our products for cheap in other countries?
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What percent of Canadian Jobs are linked to Exports
a. 30%
b. 20%
c. 50%
d. 15%
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When a country imports more than it exports it is called a
a. Trade surplus
b. Import country
c. Trade deficit
d. All of the above
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Our closest trading partner is
a. US
b. China
c. UK
d. Japan
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What does NAFTA stand for
a. North American Foundation To Achieve
b. North American Free Trial Alternative
c. North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement
d. North American Free Trade Agreement
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Water ResourcesWater Resources
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Water for LifeWater for Life
Humans need water more that any other Humans need water more that any other physical thing.physical thing.
On average, people need about 2.5L per On average, people need about 2.5L per day to stay healthy.day to stay healthy.
This is driven by the fact that over 2/3 of This is driven by the fact that over 2/3 of our bodies are composed of water.our bodies are composed of water.
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Drinking WaterDrinking Water
¾ of the earth’s surface is covered in ¾ of the earth’s surface is covered in water.water.
Of that, only 0.6% can be consumed.Of that, only 0.6% can be consumed.
Most of this drinkable water is found Most of this drinkable water is found in Lakes, Rivers, and Aquifers.in Lakes, Rivers, and Aquifers.
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PollutionPollution
• Physical – Able to see, human Physical – Able to see, human presencepresence
• Chemical – Colourless & usually Chemical – Colourless & usually odourless odourless pesticides/herbicidespesticides/herbicides
• Biological – Substances that harm Biological – Substances that harm the the living organisms in the living organisms in the areaarea
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Biological Magnification
• BM is where an organism on the bottom of the food chain, like a plant that ingests chemicals or toxins, and when an animal eats 5 plants, it gets not only 1x the amount of chemical, but 5x, and so on up the food chain to us.
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Drainage BasinsDrainage Basins
The PacificThe Pacific The AtlanticThe Atlantic The ArcticThe Arctic Hudson BayHudson Bay Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico
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Water UsesWater Uses
Power (Hydroelectricity)Power (Hydroelectricity) ConsumptionConsumption IndustryIndustry IrrigationIrrigation
(Classified as either instream or withdrawal (Classified as either instream or withdrawal use.)use.)
Canada overall uses about 130 billion L/day, Canada overall uses about 130 billion L/day, whereas it’s expected that by 2011, water use whereas it’s expected that by 2011, water use could jump to 180 billion L per day.could jump to 180 billion L per day.
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Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
““Our economic and environmental health Our economic and environmental health today and in the future will depend in part today and in the future will depend in part on how we manage our water resources. on how we manage our water resources. We need to evaluate our behavior and We need to evaluate our behavior and lifestyles in order to sustain our high quality lifestyles in order to sustain our high quality freshwater resources for future generations. freshwater resources for future generations. If we do not take measures to protect our If we do not take measures to protect our environment, the words from the poem environment, the words from the poem The The Ancient Mariner Ancient Mariner may predict our future: may predict our future: ‘Water, water everywhere, Nor any drop to ‘Water, water everywhere, Nor any drop to drink’drink’””
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QuestionsQuestions
What percentage of earth’s surface What percentage of earth’s surface water is actually drinkable?water is actually drinkable?
a.a. 0.3%0.3%
b.b. 0.5%0.5%
c.c. 0.6%0.6%
d.d. 0.65%0.65%
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Which is not a drainage basin of Which is not a drainage basin of Canada?Canada?
a.a. The PacificThe Pacific
b.b. The St. LawrenceThe St. Lawrence
c.c. The Gulf of MexicoThe Gulf of Mexico
d.d. The ArcticThe Arctic
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On average, how many liters of water On average, how many liters of water do Canadians use every day?do Canadians use every day?
a.a. 240 L240 L
b.b. 270 L270 L
c.c. 300 L300 L
d.d. 330 L330 L
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Which is not a type of water use?Which is not a type of water use?a.a. BiologicalBiological
b.b. InstreamInstream
c.c. WithdrawalWithdrawal
d.d. HydroelectricHydroelectric
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Global Warming is the idea that world temperatures are increasing.
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Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas.
It is made by animals breathing you are producing it right now as you breathe! It is made from the burning of any organic material like wood and grass.
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THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING
Scientists predict that average temperature in the next 100 years will increase by 1 to 3.5C.
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More on the impact on Global Warming....
The biggest increase will occur in polar areas, especially in the winter months.
This warming would have a number of effects on the world and on Canada.
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One of the impacts of global warming is an increase in sea level of one meter, caused by melting glaciers and polar ice sheets.
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Glacier in the Peruvian Andes in 1980 and from the same position in 2002. Cordillera Blanca, Peru.
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What animal was threatened under the U.S. endangered species act was announced, on May 14, 2008??!!??
a.Black Bear
b.Whale
c.Dolphin
d.d.Polar BearPolar Bear
e.Hummingbird
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What is the most important Greenhouse Gas?!?
a. Methane
b. Carbon Dioxide
c. Oxygen
d. Nitrous Oxide
e. Water Vapor
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How much snow has the planet lost since the 1960’s?
a. 12%
b.b.10%10%
c. 11%
d. 5%