types and causes of hearing loss -1- - ksufac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/types_and... · types...
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Types and causes of
hearing loss -1-
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Recap for Auditory system
Auditory system consists of:
Outer ear, Middle ear, Inner ear, 8th cranial
nerve (PERIPERAL PATHWAY))
Central auditory nervous system (auditory
brainstem and auditory cortex) (CENTRAL
PATHWAY)
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Peripheral auditory system
Outer ear (OE) :
Consists of Pinna (auricle), External ear
canal and Tympanic Membrane
Middle Ear (ME):
It’s an air-filled space with chain of tiny
bones ( Malleus, Incus and stapes )
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Inner ear (IE): Contains
Cochlea (sensory organ)- responsible for
hearing
Vestibular system ”Semi-circular canals” (
Balance organ).
The 8th cranial nerve: contains cochlear and
vestibular branch.
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Peripheral auditory pathway
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Central auditory pathway
The auditory brainstem:
Starts from cochlear nuclei and continues
up to the auditory cortex.
It involves cochlear nuclei, Superior
Olivary Complex ( SOC), Lateral
Leminscuse (LL), Medial Geniculate body
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The Auditory cortex
It is situated in the Temporal Lobe
The right and left sides are connected via
Corpus Callosums.
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Central auditory pathway
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The conductive mechanisms are the
outer and the middle ear.
The sensorineural mechanism are the
cochlea, 8th nerve and cochlear nuclei.
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What is hearing Impairment?
It’s a complete or partial loss of the ability
to detect or discriminate sounds due to
an abnormality associated with the
physiology, anatomy or function of the
ear.
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Hearing impairment described in terms of
the:
Degree of a hearing impairment, ranging
from mild to a profound hearing
impairment
Types of hearing impairment, sensori-
neural, conductive or a combination of
both (mixed loss). http://education.qld.gov.au/studentservices/learning/disability/generalinfo/hearing/what-is-hi.html
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Types of Hearing loss
Organic Non-organic
Central Peripheral
(CAD) - Conductive (CHL)
- Sensory-neural (SNHL)
- Mixed (MHL)
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Organic Hearing Loss
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CHL
It refers to hearing loss resulted from any
damage or lesion to the conductive
mechanism (OE, ME).
CHL can be revealed spontaneously,
treated surgically or medically, therefore,
it’s reversible usually.
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Main Causes of CHL
Outer Ear Problems:
A. Atresia It’s the complete absence of the external
auditory meatus because of congenital embryological anomaly.
When the opening presents partially, it’s
known as Stenosis.
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Atresia usually happened in combination
with Microtia, total or partial absence of
the Auricle.
It’s usually unilateral and associated
with a maximum CHL (60 dBHL)
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Atresia, Microtia and stenosis
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B. Collapsed external ear canal
Resulted from the wrong placement of
supra-aural earphone that leads to the
blockage of the ear canal
It leads to false CHL
Highly happened among children and
elderly, Why?
It could be avoided by plastic tube or
rubber foam
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C. Cerumen Impaction
Cerumen is the ear wax that formed by
glands below the skin of the EAM
It has multiple advantages:
Lubricates the skin.
Prevents entrance of foreign bodies to the
ear canal.
Protect against maceration.
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The cerumen usually migrates laterally and falls out of the ear canal.
Possible causes for cerumen impaction
1) Some people due to their ear canal anatomy, the wax becomes unable to leave the ear canal, instead it impacted and occluded the ear canal.
2) Ear wax could be occluded also as a result of using the cotton-tipped to clean the ear.
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3) Cerumen impaction usually occurs with hearing aid users since the wax is unable to migrates outward because of the earmould.
4) Diving is another cause of cerumen impaction.
Cerumen accumulates gradually, the CHL happens when the meatus fully occluded.
The hearing loss associated with that cases usually has a sudden onset and varies from mild to moderate.
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Impacted cerumen
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D. Foreign bodies in the EAM.
Like beans, cotton, buttons, crayons…etc
It is usually seen In children’s ears
The occluded ear canal with CHL and skin irritation that leads to Otitis externa.
Tympanic membrane perforation may happens in some cases.
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Foreign body
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E. Bony growth.
It is either Exostoses or Osteomas.
Exostoses:
Multiple, hard bony growths of the ear
canal covered with skin.
Frequent swimming in the cold, salty water
is the main possible cause.
Often it is bilateral.
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Osteomas:
spongy, bony growths of the ear canal
covered with skin.
They are usually singles.
In contrast to Exostoses, Osteomas
continue to grow and it should be removed
and biopsied to ensure that they are not
malignant.
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Neither Exostoses nor Osteomas
accompanied with CHL except when they
lead to cerumen impaction or occluded the
meatus.
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Bony growth
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F. External Otitis ( Otitis Externa)
The infection of the EAM skin, it also
known as “ swimmer’s ear”.
External ear canal is an ideal environment
for bacterial growth, Why!!
It could be fungus or bacterial (more
common)
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Fungus caused by overuse of ear drops and known as Otomycosis
It could be the result of allergic reaction
earplugs, hearing aids’ earmolds, soaps….etc
Its signs and symptoms are
Itching and severe pain.
Aural discharge in some cases.
Fever happened rarely.
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Swelling and tenderness of the ear canal.
CHL occurs if the ear canal is completely
closed.
It’s mostly treated with antibiotics
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Otitis externa
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G.TM perforation
It caused either by;
1. Direct trauma to the TM ( direct
penetration by sharp tool)
2. Indirect trauma ( explosion near the ear or
ME infection ).
Traumatic perforation shows spontaneous
healing better than one caused by
disease
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TM perforation could be repaired
surgically during ( Myringoplasty).
Signs and symptoms
Pain, bleeding, hollow sensation in the
ear.
CHL that its degree varied depending on
the size and site of the hole.
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Different sizes of perforation
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H. Tympanosclerosis
It’s the formation of white plaques on the
TM, causing thickening and scaring
formation.
It’s usually the result of repeated ME
infections.
They do not respond well to medical or
surgical treatment
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TM with scar
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ME problems
A.Negative ME pressure
Poor Eustachian tube function is one of the most common ME disorders
2 of the most common cause for ET dysfunction are
infection or allergy
Hypertrophied adenoids
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ET dysfunction affects pressure equalization
Pressure will be increased within the ear canal
TM retracted and not vibrate normally, that might produce slight CHL
It could be diagnosed using a technique name ( politzer-ization )
Valsalva and Toynbee maneuver used to inflate the ET
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B. Otitis Media
It’s an inflammation of the ME that is
associated with eustation tube dysfunction.
It’s either purulent or non-purulent otitis
media.
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1) Purulent Otitis media,
When there is ME effusion with the
bacterial infection. And it’s either acute
or chronic.
Acute POM occurs more frequently in
children less than 6 years.
Repeated occurrences of APOM known
as repeated acute otitis media.
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When the APOM persists for 12 weeks or
more it’s known as Chronic otitis media
with effusion.
It is treated by suitable antibiotics and
frequent removal of the bus
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2) Serous (non- purulent) otitis media
ME inflammation that accompanied with
non-purulent, thin watery discharge.
SOM is usually present in children with
cleft palate, children with down syndrome
and people with other cranio-facial
anomalies.
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Prolonged and/ or recurrent SOM may
results in adhesive OM, known as “ glue
ear”.
Glue ear is associated with CHL.
Antibiotics are not recommended
It might be treated by using
decongestant- antihistamine
combinations or decongestant alone
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Surgical treatment for ME fluids
Maringostomy ( opening into TM)
Placement of Pressure-Equalizing (PE)
tube / tympanostomy tube ( inserted
through the incision in the TM).
Some removed by the doctor. While,
some stay in place for couple of weeks or
months and falling down naturally
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Otitis media purulent Vs non-
purulent
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C. Otosclerosis
It’s a progressive disease of Labyrinthine
capsule and stapedial footplate.
Involvement of stapes, stapedial footplate,
leads to an impairment to stapedial
movement, leading to progressive CHL.
Some called it as otospongiosis
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Signs and symptoms
Gradually progressive CHL, that may stabilize.
Early stages characterized by LF CHL that flattens with the disease progression.
Audiometeric configuration present with CARHART notch, it’s an elevation of bone-conduction threshold but not the air conduction one at 2000 Hz.
Tinnitus, sometimes vertigo and nausea.
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Patients show bluish cast to the whites of
their eyes
Difficult to hear while chew
Patients tend to understand speech better
in the presence of noise (paracusis
willisii)
It’s more in female than the male
(twice)??, rare in children and more in
whites
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Treatment
Fensetration (bypassing the ossicular
chain)
Stapes mobilization and re-fixation of
ossicular chain
Stapedectomy following stapes
mobilization
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Audiogram for otoscelrosis
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D. Cholesteatoma
It’s a cyst that usually formed in the ME cavity, but sometimes may seen in the temporal bone.
It stated to be pesudotumor that forms a sac ( keratin, squamous epithelium and cholestrol)
It’s may be developed following chronic or recurrent otitis media, occasionally it’s idiopathic and rarely congenital.
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Types
1. Primary acquired (no history of OME)
2. Secondary acquired ( where cholesteatomas enter the ME through perforation)
Signs and symptoms:
Earache, tinnitus, CHL with polluted smelling aural discharge.
A SNHL may present in the cases where the cholesteatoma involves bony labyrinth, internal auditory canal or CPA.
Treatment Surgical
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E. Ossicular Discontinuity
It’s a break anywhere along the ossiclular
chain.
It may be results from head trauma or
congenital ME malformation.
Signs and symptoms
CHL.
Head trauma cases associated with skull
fracture and facial nerve impairment.