tygart, holt and walker, 1972

8/17/2019 Tygart, Holt and Walker, 1972

1/15

The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of

Sociology.

http://www.jstor.org

Examining the Weinberg and Walker Typology of Student ActivistsAuthor(s): Clarence E. Tygart, Norman Holt and Kenneth WalkerSource: American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 77, No. 5 (Mar., 1972), pp. 957-970Published by: The University of Chicago PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2776931Accessed: 15-03-2016 17:31 UTC

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/

info/about/policies/terms.jsp

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of contentin a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

This content downloaded from 121.58.232.35 on Tue, 15 Mar 2016 17:31:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

http://www.jstor.org/http://www.jstor.org/publisher/ucpresshttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2776931http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2776931http://www.jstor.org/publisher/ucpresshttp://www.jstor.org/


2/15


3/15

Amer cnJ o ur n o f S o c o o gy

O nybyg vng th eo r y ve rybr o dr e f e rr ent c nmuch o f e ven th e

b e t p r op o t o n q u f y t he or et c y d e r ve d

A f r eq ue nt t he or et c c on c er n n t u de nt c t v m r e e r ch f m y

b c k gr ou n d T he f m y o c oe co no m c t t u o f t u de nt c t v t c om

p r e d w t h no n c t v t h b e en n v e t g t e d b y F c k 1 96 7 D u n p

1 9 70 K h n n d B o we r 1 97 0 n d T yg r t n d H o t 1 9 7 1 F c k

1 97 0 r g u e t h t t ud e nt c t v t c om e f ro m h u m n t f m e

wh c h r e c h r c t e r e d b y ro m n t c m n d n t e e ct u m

S c ot tn dE A 1 9 69 f o cue do n t r uc t ur c ompo nen t o f th e

un ve r tyde r vngth e r hypo th e r geyf r omK er r 1 9 65 dh o c

t he or y o f t h e c u e o f t u d en t c t v m K e r r u g ge t t h t t u d en t

c t v m t em p r m r y f ro m t en o n g en er t e d b y th e m u t v e r t y

A c co mp h me nt n r e e r c h g v e n gr e t er e m ph t h n t e c h ng n

th eh r ng r e ten t o n ndpr omo t o n o f f cutyS t uden t r e e f t mo t

e n t r eyt o th emeve

S ome o f th e o the r th e o r e dvn c e dt o e xpn tuden t c t v m

r e pr e en t h e t er o gen eo uc o e c t o nT r en tn d C r e 1 9 6 7 f o r n

t n c e d c u g re t e r p ro c v t y t o c t v m m on g t ho e y o un g p eo p e

w ho g o t o c o e ge K e n t o n 1 9 67 g v e m p or t n ce t o f m y o c

t o n n d t n g u h n g t wo y ou t h po r t y pe t he e n t ed r e tr e t t n d

t he p o t c c t v t D er be r n d F c k 1 96 7 d e c r b e t u de nt c t v m

y ou th e r c h ng f o r n t er n t v e t o m d d e c v u e

t t emptngt o o ve r come thew ekn e e o f th eo r et c pe cu t o n

Wenbe rg ndW k er 1 9 6 9 h ve ugge t ed r udmen t r ytypo o gyo f

t ud en t c t v m T h e u t ho r p p r e d pr ev n g n y f oc u n g

m o t ex c u v e y up on o c p y ch o og c c h r ct er t c o f c t v t

A o th eyde c r be c o n t empor r yr e e r ch o f fe r n gmcr o o c o o gc

r th e r thnmcr o o c o o gc fn dng T h ey t t empt e dt o c on t r uc t

t ypo ogyo f t uden t c t v mwh ch c o n de r e dth e t r uc tur nk be

t we e n t u de nt c t v m n d t he p o t c y t e m p r ev o u y g no re d

c o n de r t o n

THEWENBERGAND WALKERTYPOLOGYOFSTUDENTACTVSM

W e n be rg n dW k e r p o t t h t t h e m o r o c f c t or w h c h u b t n

t y n fuenc e th e f ormo f tuden tpo t c r e 1 go ve r nment c o n tr o

o ve r u n ve r t y t ru ct u re n d f n n c n g n d 2 t he r e t o n h p o f u n

v er t y t u de nt t o n t o n p o t c p r t e t h r ou g h th e p o t c c r e er

Wh enboth r e pr e en t c ompe t t o nmo ngpo t c pr tybr n ch e

h ou d p r ev T he b e n ce o f b ot h n k u g ge t p o t c d om n t e d b y

tuden tgo ve r nmen twh chh un t r e c en tybe en th e c e f o r th eU n t ed

S t t e W e k n k g e w t h po t c p r t e b u t t r on g g ov e rn me nt c o nt ro

o f u n v er t y f n n ce e d t o t r on g n t o n t ud e nt u n o n U n d er

958


http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp


4/15

R e e xmnngS t udentAc t v t

e v er e c o nd t o n p o t c p r t y b r nc he n d c u b h ou d p e rv d e

t udentpo t c

T h eWenbe r gndW k er ugge t o n o f th empo r tn c e o f the e xt ent

o f go ver nmen tf e der t t e o r o c c o nt r o o ve r un ver tyt r uc t ur e

n dfnn cn gf o r t uden tpo t c mer t t t e nt o n S uppo e th t un ve r

tye duc t o nw ere r geyfnn c e dbygo ve rnment gr n t t o n dv du

t uden t o r th t e ch unve r tyw er e t o gve gr n t t omo t t uden t

W ou d t u de nt p o t c t he n c on ce rn t e f w t h u e o f m o ne y o c

t on w h e r e e g t ng u ch o c c on ce rn w r n d r c m t o th e b ck

ground?Orwou d tudentbecomemoreconcernedwthbrod oc

u e f th eybe e ve dth t th e r t pen dw er e de pen den t o n r ge r o c

ue?

An oth er pr o vo c t ve pe ct o f th eWenbe rg ndW k er r gumen t

c o nc e rn th empc t o f un ve r tytuden tgove rnment o n tuden tpo t c

funver ty tudentgovernmentweretheeffectvegovernorofunver

ty f f r w ou d t u de nt p o t c f oc u m o t e xc u v e y u po n t he

un ve r tygo ver nmen t ?For e xmpe w o udh r ng f r ng ndpr omo t o n

o f f cuty w e curr cuumco n t ro be en oughn c en tve t o h o dth e

m o r n t e r e t o f t uden tpo t c o ?

A m o t b c q u e t o n u g ge t e d b y th e p e cu t o n t m u t e d b y

W e nb e rg n dW k e r W h c h f n y c o nc e o n g n ed b y u n v er t y

tudentwoud dvertthe tudentmovementfromoneconcernwth

f u nd m e nt o c p ro b e m g t t n g f o r r g e t ru ct ur c h n ge ? T h e

t uden tmo vementm ypr e th e bo rmovemen tn mpor tn t pe ct

L b o r u n on t od y c o nc en t r te m o t e nt r e y u p on m k n g g n w t h n

t he e x t n g t ru c tu re n d e xe rt m o t n o f or ce f o r o c c h n ge T n

n en b um 1 96 5 n t e r e r p h e t e t o m e e ct o n o f th e b o r

mo vement t r ugge df o r o c chnge

T h t p r t o f W e nb e rgW k er t y po o gy p e rt n n g t o p o t c

c r e er h ow ev er e t f c to ry t h n t h e po rt o n c on ce rn n g g ov e rn

men t c on t ro o f th e un ve r tyT h eye emp r t cur yvgue n th e r

n y o f n k b et we e n th e t u d en t c t v m n d t he r g er p o t c

y t emTh e f o o wng t t ement byth e uth o r ugge t th t th eype r

c e v e m o t n o n k b e tw ee n t u d en t c t v m n d n t o n p o t c

p r t e W e n be rg n dW k e r 1 96 9

T h e degr ee n dtype o f t udentpo t c beh vo rw co n e quen tybe

g re t y n f u en ce d b y th e n k g e b e tw ee n t he p o t c y t e m n d t h e u b

y t e m o f t u de n t po t c n d t he y t e m o f h gh er e d uc t o n P 8 0

W e n t y c m e t o t h t y po o gy t h ro ug h n e m p h o n t he n o t on o f t he

po t c c r ee r T he p o t c c r ee r y t em n k ge m ec h n m n d w e

c o n de r o n e o f th emo t mpor tn tY e t t e xt r o rdn r yh o wmuch t

h b ee n n eg e c te d W e c m e t o t b y o u r re d n g o f C o w r d n d O h n

D en q uen cyndO ppo rt un ty1 9 6 0 T o put th e r r gumen tn mpe

t e rm th ey t t e th t th er e r e th r e eknd o f den q uent ubcut ur e th e

959




5/15


6/15


cmpu n tw rmo vemen tT h e ympthyt emgve r e po n dent f ve

c t e go r e c o n c er nngth e r t t t ude t o w r dth emovemen t r n gngf r om

ve rypo t ve t o ve r yn egt ve D o n tn gmo n ey nddemon t r tn g

w er e u e d t o n d c t e p r t c p t o n

D o n tn gmo n ey ppe r t o r e pr e en t e e r de gre e o fn vo vement

t h n d em on t r t n g T w en ty x o f t he 3 2 d em on t r t or 8 1% h d o

gvenmo neyH o w eve r o ny 3 1% o f th e fnn c c o nt r buto r h dde

mo n t r t e dn th e pr n go f 1 9 6 6when th e dt w co e c t e do ny3 2%

o f th e mpeh dpo t ve f e en g t o w r dth emovemen tO f th o ewh o

h d p o t v e f ee n g 7 % h d d e mo n t r te d n d 2 1 %o h d g v e n m on e y

ony th e r r e pe c t ve pro por t o n o f th e en t r e mpew e r e bo ut 3 o

nd9%o

Fn dng Pr e cnc tw o rk cn o per t o n e th e nk gebe twe en t u

d en t c t v m n d n t on p o t c p r t e T h e We n be rg n d W k er

c o nt ent o n o f t t e nk ge be twe en t udentpr o te t n dn t o n po t c

p r t e u gg e t t h t t u d en t p r t c p t n g n c m p u p r ot e t c t v t e

w ou d h v e e e x pe r e nc e w or k ng w t h n t o n p o t c p r t y t h n

n on p r t c p n t A t e t o n t he n t e rp er o n e ve t he W e n be rg n d

W k e r c on t ent o n o f ck o f t r uc t ur nkgebe twe enn t o n

p o t c o rg n t o n n d c o e ge c m p u e n t h e Un t e d St t e p r o b

byn e e d r e fn ement f r omth e tn dpo n t o f o ur dt O f th e t ot

mpe o ny2 3% o hdpr e cn ctw o r k e xpe r enc eH o w eve r t be 1 h o w

TABLE1

ANTWAR NVOLVEMENTANDPRECNCTWORKEXPERENCE

PrecnctWorkNoPrecnct

ExperenceWorkTo N

An tw r nvo vement EeWT o t N

D em on t r t o n p r t c p n t 5 6 4 4 3 2

O nygvenmo n eyt o n tw rmo vemen t 3 1 6 9 5 8

V er ypo t ve t o w r dmo vement 3 2 6 8 9 2

S omewh tpo t ve t o w r dmo vement 2 3 7 7 1 5 9

n df fe r en t o r n e gt ve t o w r dmo vement 1 9 8 1 6 9 9

NO TE T h emo tpo w er f u gn f cn c e t e t f o r the e d t th e two mpedf f e r enc e o f pr opo rt o n

D em on t r t o r r e t r e t ed o ne m p e n d n o nd em on t r t or t he o t he r m p e T h e t n d r d

d e v t o n o f th e m p n g d t r b ut o n 0 76 m k n g Z c or e o f 4 3 T he g n f c n c e e v e

beyon d0 0 1 f o r both o n e n dtw o t t e t

o n t r r yt oWenbe rg ndW k er e xpe c t t o n th t 5 6% o f th e demo n

t r t o r h dw o r kedn pr e cnc t T h eper c en tge o f pr ecn c t e xper en c e

de c r e e dw thmo vemen tn vo vemen t n dympthy O f th o e unym

pth e t c t o th emo vement o ny1 9% hdw o r k ed n po t c pr ty

precnct

W h e t he q u e t on n r e d d n o t c er t n t h e t m e r e t o n h p b e

tw een pr e cnc tw o rk ndmo vemen tn vo vemen t th e tmngo f th e t udy

961




7/15


1 9 66 u g ge t v e T h e q ue t o n n r e w e r e r et ur ne d n t h e t e

pr n gf o o wngdemo n t r t o nwh ch o c cur re dn th e pr evo u wn t e r

n d e r y p r n g S n ce t h e e w er e t he f r t m o r n t w r d e m on t r t o n

n th e r e mo t o f th e pr e cn ctw o r k pro bby o c cur re dn th e gene r

e ec t o n 18 m o nt h e r e r W e m g ht p e cu t e t h t t h p c t ur e o f

t uden tpr ecn c tw o rk e r t ur nngt o demo n t r t o n r th e r thn th e o the r

wy r o und

m p re o n t c y w e q u e t o n wh et he r t he re t t e n k g e b et we en

u n ve r t y t ud en t po t c c t v m n d n t on p o t c o rg n t o n

Th h o d t ro ng y f o r C f or n W e h v e e e n t u d en t p o t c

c t v t w ho b e o ng ed t o t he c m p u Y o u ng D e mo cr t w e m or e

r d c o rg n t o n N ot n f r eq ue nt y t he c m p u Y o u ng D e mo cr t

w en do r e n d/o r po n o r demo n t r t o n

A t h ou gh w e r e u n b e t o o f fe r n y y t e m t c d t w e u p e c t t h t

t he f o o w n g c m b yW e n be rg n dW k e r n c c ur t e 1 9 69 p 8 5

M ember o f t uden tgove rnmentpr o bbydo n o tm n tn n f orm o r

e ven f o rm o c c o nt c tw th de o o gc gr oup wh o o ft en r egr dth em

h v n g b e en c o o pt e d by t h e d m n t r t o n W e r e e p ec y k ep

t c f or u n v er t e w he re c t v m f r e qu e nt y o c cu r A ct v t r un f o r

t uden t o ff c e n dome tme r e e e c t e dEven f t uden tgo ve r nmen t

o ff c e r d o n ot w n t c o nt c t w t h d eo o g c g ro up p er o d o f t u de nt

c t v mmgh tbr ng bo ut uch c o nt c t

A w t h t he r d c u o n of t ru c tu r n k g e w e d g re e w t h th e

W e nb er g n d W k er n y o f un v er t y t ud en t c t v m b e ng

p r m r y c on f c t o r ex p re v e b eh v o r n t h e C o w r d n d O h n

1 9 60 c o n t e xt S t udentdemo n t r t o n c n be vew ed n o gou t o

vo en c en th e c on f c t de n q uen cy ubcut ur e th eo r yMnpu t o n o f

v o e n ce b e co me m e n o f c q u r ng t t u o r v u ed f o r t o wn

k en th e ubcut ure

h en o t o n th tdemo n t r t o n c o n t t ut e e xpr e ven o nn t r ument

b e h v or h o cc up e d n n f u en t p o t o n n m uc h o f co e c t v e be

h v o r t h eo ry S m e e r 1 9 6 2 e d n g c o e c t v e be h v o r t he or t t o

w homWenber gnd W k er r e fe r o f t enh be enn t e rpr et e d em

p h n g t he e x pr e v e n o n n t ru m en t p ec t o f c o e c t v e be h v o r

S me e r 1 97 0 h r ec en t y d en e d t h c h r c te r t o n o f h t h e or y

T h e c on c ept o f n t r umen t o r c o n f c t e xpr e ve beh v o r o f

e m on t r t o r d f f c u t t o op e r t on e n t r um en t t y m g ht b e

c on ce v e d c o e y k n t o g o o r en t ed b e h v o r B ut h o w c n t he

f f e c t ven e o f demon t r t o n be demon t r t e d?T h e r e f fe c t ven e cn

h r dybe de te rmn eddur ngth e demon t r t o n Af te rw r dpr e umby

e xp e rt t t em pt t o e t h e n t r um e nt t y o f th e d em on t r t o n o n

t he b o f wh t t h e y u m e to b e o b ec t v e d t B ut t h e m e u r e of

962




8/15


n t r um en t t y m u t b e b e d o n d e mo n t r to r t t t ud e n m e y d o

t h eybe e ve th e demo n t r t o nh epe d c c omp h th e r o be c t ve ?

A th o ugh th e pr e ent t t e o f r e e r ch doe n o t en bem nyde fn tve

n w e r w e u p e ct t h t S k o n ck 1 96 9 o b e rv t o n o n t ud e nt

o c pr ot e t r emo re c c ur t e thn th o e o fWenbe rg ndW k er S k o

n c k m n t n t h t de mo n tr t or v e w o c p ro te t p r m r y n t r u

m en t c t v t y r t he r t h n c on f c t f or t o wn k e n n te rv e w n g

e ft t t ud en t po t c c t v t S ko n c k fo un d th t c t v t d d h v e

obe c t vewh ch th eyh o pedth e r c o nf r on t t o n w o udc c omp h

A ct v t h e t te u u y e e con fr on t to n m e n to br ng u e

b e fo re t h e p ub c n d t o pr od t h em n t o p o t o n o n u e

u r d t c on t n e d n t em o me wh t n o g o u t o S ko n c k n t er

v e w o f t ud e nt c t v t R e p on de nt w er e k ed t o t p o b e t c t c

f o r the n tw rmo vemen t T h epubc demon t r t o n r e po n e e pe

c y e emto pe r tn t o th e q ue t o n o f n t r umen t o r n o nn t r ument

b eh v o r o f d em on t r t or P r t c p t n g n n n t w r d e mo n t r t on

be c ue o n e be e ve th t demon t r t o n r e e f f ec t ve t c t c c o ud

c r c eybe dudge dn o nn t r umen t D emo n t r t o rwh o hd do ne

p re c nc t wo rk u n n mo u y t ed p u b c d em on t r t on p o b e

t c t c 8 4 % o f demo n t r t o rw thpr e cn c t e xpe r enc en dc t e dpubc

d em on t r t o n f r t o r t he o n y t c t c T b e 2 h ow t h t d e mo n t r

t o n n d p re c n ct e x pe r en ce r e o c t e d w t h g re t e r re n ce b y

r e p on de nt u po n p ub c d em on t r t o n n n t w r t c t c A c e

mgh tbemdef o r th e n o nn t r umen t ty o f demon t r t o n f th ey

be e ve dth t th e r ew er en o po be t c t c f o r the n tw rmo vemen t

H o weve r n o ne o f th e c t v t t t e dth t n o thngc o udbe do n e

w h e 8 % o f th e n on c t v t y m p th e r t o ok u ch p o t o n

Of 3 2% o o f o ur r e po n den twh o f e t po t ve t o w r dth en tw r

m ov e me nt 3 1% o t e d mo re t h n o n e po b e t c t c n d d t o n to

pubcdemo n t r t o n o the r ugge t o n n cuded n f uenc e o the r

p e r on y e xp re o p n o n p u b c y n d b e c om e n f or me d T he e

c t v t e r e n ot n e ce r y m u t u y e x c u v e A p e r o n d em on t r t n g

mgh tbe t t emptngt o n f uen c e o th e r pe r o n yo r be e ve th th e

ex p re n g h o p n o n pu b c y

Tmepr o r ty mpor tn tD o demo n t r t o r f r t c o n cude th tdem

o n t r t o n r e e f fe c t ve t c t c be fo r e dur n go r f t er demo n t r tn g?

A u u y t he c e w t h u rv ey r ee r ch t m po b e to f rm y

e t b h t m e p r o r ty H o we v er t h e e d t w er e c o e ct ed w h e t h e f r t

w v e o f n t w r d e m on t r t o n t U C LA w e re n p ro gr e t r e o n

b e t o u me t h e n t h t t h e d em on t r t or e e c te d t h t c t c e t he r

be f or e o r dur n gthe pe r o do f demon t r t o n ndn o t f t e rw r d

Sk o n c k u g ge t t h t w he n o c p ro te t t e ch n qu e f r t w d e y

963




9/15


TABLE2

OSSBLETACTCS FORTHEANTWARMOVEMENTSUGGESTEDBY

ANTWARACTVSTSAND SYMPATHZERS

No n c t v t N on c t v t

D emo n t r t o r V e ry S omewh t

P o b e D e mo n t r to r w t h ou t F n n c P o t v e P o t v e

T c t c w th Pr e cn ct Pr e cn c tC on t r but o r t o w r dt o w r d

L tedExperenceExperenceOny MovementAovement

% % % % %

L t e d on y p ub c

d em on t r t o n 5 6 36 1 2 8 7

t ed p ub c d e mo n

tr t on f r t 2 87 5

t ed p ub c d e mo n

t r t o n e co nd 1 6 2 8 14 2 4 1 6

Expr e o pn o n

p ub c y 36 43 19 3 12

nfuenceother

p er on y 2 82 15 238 21

Be co me n f or me d 1 6 23

Other 10 11 14

N oth ng 2 7 8

Tot N 18 1 4 57 9 2 159

NO TE T o t pe rc ent o th er thn 1 0 0 be cue o fmo re thn o n e t c t c t e dby3 1% of r e

pondent

u e d t u u y b ee d v o en t n d n on n tr um en t b y r ge

e gmen t o f the gen e r po pu t o nAf t e r th e t echn q ueh be enwdey

u e d o v er p er o d o f t m e t b e c om e n t t u t on e d F o r ex m p e

b or t r ke o nc e o w d e y d e n ou nc ed r e n ow c o n d e re d n t r u

m e nt e g t m t e n d n o nv o e n t b e h v o r by m o t o f t he g e ne r

p o p u t o n W h e o me o c o og t n d g en er p u b c q u e t on ed t h e

n t r umen t tyo f emergen t t udentdemon t r t o n n th e 1 9 6 0 th e

u e m y n o t be r e d n t h e 1 97 0 D e m on t r t o n r e p ro b b y b e

c o m ng t n d rd p o t c t c t c n t he U n te d St t e t he y h ve

be enn o th er c o unt r e f o r decde

A p r ev o u y q u o te d W e n be rg n dW k e r v e w t u d en t c t v m

n o gou t o th eC o w r dnd O hn 1 9 60 typo o gyo f den q uentbe

h v o r n d y t t em pt n g to t r n po e t he e nt r e C o w rd n d

O hn typo ogyn t o th e c o n ce pt o f t uden tpo t c c r e e r f o r t

e x p n t o ry v u e W e nb e rg n dW k e r p ro b b y w ou d h v e c h e ve d

gr e t e r bene f t f r omtheC o w r d ndO hn typo o gyf th eyhd c o n

d e re d t he M e rt on 1 9 6 8 p p 1 8 5 24 8 c f c t o n o f d e v n t b e

h v o r f r omwh chC o w r d ndO hn de r vedth e r typo o gy T h eM er t on

c he me o n c u d ed t h e n n o v t v e m e n c t e go ry w h ch C o w r d

n d O h n d d n o t n c u de

964




10/15


O ur d t u g ge t t h t e r y n t w r d em on t r t o r w er e n n ov t o r

c o nc e r nngth emen bywh ch th eyw er e t t emptngt o n f uen c eU S

V e tnmpo c e Wepe cu t e th t th r o ugh th e rw o rk nD emocr t c

pr typr e cn c t demo n t r t o rw e r emo ngth e f r t t o c o ncude th t th e

o n ven t o n t e chn q ue o f pr ecn c tw o rkw n eff e c tu n chngngth e

V e tnm tut o nC o n e q uenty th e pre cn c tw or k er pe rc e ve dth t

e c o nven t on men w eren e e dedt o chnge th eV e tnm tut o n

t h t d e mo n t r t on

CONCLUSON

D em on t r t o r n t h e e r y p h e o f t he U C LA c m p u n t w r m ov e

men tw er emuchmor e k eyt o h ve w o rk ednD emo cr t cpr typr e cn c t

c t v t e t h n r e p o n de nt g en er y A u b t n t p or t on 2 3 % 0 o f

t he e n t re m p e h d p o t c p r t y p re c n ct e x pe r e nc e A d d t on y

d e mo n t r to r w e re m o re o p t m t c n t h e r p p r o f d em on t r t o n

f fe ct n g t he V e t n m t u t o n t h n t he r e t o f t he m p e

h e W e nb e rg n dW k e r e rt o n o f c k o f n k g e b e tw ee n t u

d en t c t v m n d n t on p o t c p r t e w t h r e u t nt e xp re v e

o r n o nn t r umen t t uden tpo t c beh vo r pr o bby n o t uppo rt e d

o n th en t e rpe r o n e ve H o weve r th e e dt mgh tn o t c on t t ut e n

de qut e t e t n c e the typo o gy n o t f orm edO fgr e t e rmpo r tn c e

t h nwh e the r th e dt uppor t th e pr e ent typo o gy th e dde df c ty

wh ch th e typo o gyf f o r df o r r e por tn gth e dt wh chw ere pr e en t ed

S tu d e o f u n v e r t y t u d en t c t v m g n o c o og c r e e v nc e w he n

d v n ce d w t h n t he c o nt e xt o f w hy n d v d u p r t c p t e n o c

mo vement T h eWenbe r gndW k er typo o gymk e c o nt r but o n

b e c u e u e r e r e d w h ch u cc n c t y p er t n t o w h y n d v d u

p r t c p t e n o c m ov em e nt

REFERENCES

C o w r d R c h r d A n d L o yd E O h n 1 9 6 0 D e n qu en cy n d O pp or tu n t y A

T h eo r yo fD en q uen tGng NewYor k Fr e e Pr e

D e rb e r C h r e n d R c h rd F c k 1 96 7 A n E xp o r t o n of t h e V u e S y t em o f

R d c S tu d en t A ct v t n d T he r P r e n t P p e r r e d t t h e n n u m e et n g

o f t he A m er c n S o c o o g c A o c t o n t S n F r n c c o C f or n

D un p R e y 1 9 70 R d c n d C on e r v t v e St ud e nt A c t v t A C o mp r o n

o f F m y B c k gr ou n d P c f c S o c o o g c R ev e w 1 3 S umm er 1 71 8 1

F ck R ch r d 1 9 67 T h e Lbe r t e dGen e r t o nAnExpo r t o n o f th eR o o t o f

S tu d en t P ro te t J ou r n o f S o c u e 2 3 J u y 5 2 7 5

1 97 0 W h o P ro te t T he S oc B o f t he S tu d en t M ov em e nt n

Pr ot e t S t uden tAct v m nAmer c e dt e dbyJ u nFo t e r n dD urw o odLo n g

NewYork Morrow

K hn R o g er M n dW mJ B o w er 1 97 0 T h e S oc C on te xt o f R n k n d

F e S t uden tAc t vm AT e t o f Fo urHypoth e e S o c o o gyo f Educ t o n 4 3

Wn t er 3 8 5 5

965




11/15


K en t o n K e n ne th 1 9 6 7 T h e S ou r ce o f St u de nt D e nt J ou rn o f So c u e

2 3 J u y 1 08 3 7

K e rr C r k 1 9 6 5 S e e c t on Fr omth eU e o f th eU nver ty nT h eB e rk e ey

S tu d en t R ev o t e d t e d by S M L p e t n d S S W o n N e w Y or k D ou b e d y

1 9 6 8 Y o ungR d c No te o nC ommtt e dY outhNewYo rkH r c our t

B r c e&Wo r d

M ert o nR o ber tN 1 9 68 S o c T h eo r yndS o c S t ruc t ur eNewYo r k Fr ee Pr e

S co tt J o e p h W n d M oh m e d E A 1 96 9 M u t v e r t y U n v er t y S e

U n ve r tyQ u tyndS t udentPr o te t AnEmpr c S t udy Amer cn S o c o

o gc R evew 3 4 O c to ber 7 0 2 9

S k o n ckJ e r ome1 9 6 9 T h ePo t c o f Pr ot e t NewYo rk B n tn eB o ok

S me e rNe 1 9 62 T h e o r yo fC o e c t veB eh vo rNewYo rk Fr e e Pr e

19 70 T wo C r t c n S e r ch o f B A R e p on e t o C u rr e n d S ko

n c k A nn o f t he A m er c n A c d e m y of P o t c n d S oc S c e nc e 3 91

September46 55

T n n en b u m A r no d S 1 96 5 U n on n H n d b oo k of O rg n t o n e d t ed b y

J m e G M r ch C h c g o R n d Mc N y

T re nt J m e W n d J ud t h C r e 1 9 6 7 C o mm tm en t n d C o nf or m t y n t h e

A me r c n Co e g e J o ur n o f S oc u e 2 3 J u y 3 4 51

T ygr tC r enc e E n dNo rmn Ho t 1 9 7 1 AR e e r chNot e o n S t uden t Lef t t

P o t c A c t v m n d F m y S oc o e co no m c S t t u P c f c S o c o o g c R ev e w

J n u r y 1 21 2 8

W e n be rg n n d K en ne th W k er 1 9 69 S tu d en t P o t c n d P o t c S y t em

T o w r d T ypo ogy Amer cnJ o urn o f S o c o o gy7 5 J uy 7 7 9 6

THEAUTHORREPLES

T o b eg n t n ec e r y t o po n t o ut n m p o rt n t m n te rp re t t o n b y

T ygr tn dH o t o f o ur ppe r T h eyt t e th t o ur e f f or tw t o c o n t ruc t

t ypo ogyo f t uden t c t v mwh ch c o n de r e dth e t r uc tur nk be

t we en t ud e nt c t v m n d t he p o t c y t e m O ur c o nc e rn r t he r

w t o pr e en t typo ogyo f th em o r de te rmnn t o f th e f ormo f

n t t ut o n e dt uden tpo t c n dth e r o utc omef o r th e pre domnn t

n d p er t n g fo rm w t h n n t o n p o t c e du c t on y t em W e n

e rg n d W k er 19 69 p 83 t c n or g n A ct v m w eu e d

t he t e rm r e f er re d t o wh t w e c e d n o n n t t ut o n e d p o t c n d t

w o ur c on c er n t o ugge t th e r e t o nhp be twe enn t t ut o n e df o rm

o f t u d en t p o t c u c h t he n t o n t ud e nt u n o n n d n on n t t u

t o n e d f or m o f t ud en t po t c u ch t he d em on t r t on o r t n

T yg r t n d H o t p p er c on ce rn ed n p r t w t h qu e t o n ng w h t n

f c t u b d r y p e ct o f o ur p p e r t h e m o r p u rp o e o f wh c h w t o

c co unt f o r th e o cc urr enc e o fm o r f o rm o f tuden tpo t c o r gn t o n

T h e c o pe o f th e r ppe r f urth er r e t r c t e dt o o n e o f the f o ur empr c

e x m p e u p o n wh c h o ur t y po o gy w b e d t ud e nt p o t c n t h e

U n t ed S t t e T he r d t t ho ug h m t e d to o ne u n v er t y n d o ne p e r od

o f t m e p p e r t o re fu t e ou r c on te nt o n t he y t t e t o f t t e n k g e

b e tw ee n t u d en t p ro te t n d n t o n p o t c p r t e w h c h u g g e t

t h t t u d en t p r t c p t n g n c m p u p r ot e t c t v t e w ou d h v e e

966




12/15


e xp e r en ce w or k n g w th n t o n p o t c p r t y th n n o np r t c p n t

n f c t th e r dt h o w th t t uden tn vo vemen tn pr ecn c tw o rkw th

n t o n p o t c p r ty p o t v e y co rr e t ed w t h p rt c p t o n n n t

V e t n mw r d e mo n t r t on W h e t h e r n f er en ce f r om o u r mo de u t

f b e t e e nt h er e t o re e rt o u r co nc er n w t h th e p o t c c r e er

c e r y t t e dn o n e e c t o n o f o ur ppe r f r omwh ch th eyq uo t ed T hu

t he p ro fe o n t ud en t po t c n n E ng n d f n d n n t eg r t on

b et we en h w or d n d t h t of t he d u t p o t c n t h t d de r of

mo b t y n t h e Un t e d St t e t h d oe n ot o c cu r o t h t t u de nt c t v t

t e ndt o be c o n f c t o r en t edwh e th e en t e dr e r e t r e t t Wenbe rg

n dW k er 1 96 9 p 8 2 Andt o r e emph e o ur c o nc e r nw th expn

n g n t t u t o n e d f or m o f t ud e nt p o t c e t m e qu ot e f ro m p g e

p re c ed n g t he b ov e W he re p r t e r e r e t v e y d e ce nt r e d n d

o o eyo r gn edth e t r uc t ur c o n dt o n f o r po n o r e dmob tyw thn

u n ve r t e r e we k T h u p o t c c u b o r p rt y br n ch e r ec ru t n g

c e n te r r e k eyt o be ben t o r po o r yde ve o pe d Wenber g ndW k er

1 96 9 p 8 2 t c u p p e d N o w he re n t he r p p e r d o t he u th or r ef ut e

o ur c e nt r e rt o n t h t n t h e U n te d S t te t he re n ot k e y t o be

n k g e b et we en e t b h ed p o t c p r t e n d t u d en t p o t c b y m e n

of p on o r ed m o b t y f o r d u t p o t c c r e er T he u th or d o e rt

t h t w e h v e e e n t u de nt p o t c c t v t w ho b e o ng e d to t h e c m pu

Y ou ng D em oc r t w e m or e r d c o rg n t o n b ut n e th er h er e

n or n t he r q u e t o nn r e r e u t d o t he y f n d t h t t h o b e r v ed n k g e h

n yt h n g to d o w t h p r t o n f o r po t c c r e er n o u r te rm t h t

p r m r y c r ee r e e ct ed r ep re e nt t v e t o o c t t e o r n t on

e g t ur e H o we ve r t h e r d t u g ge t t h t t h e re r e g n f c n t n k g e

b e tw ee n t he n t o n p o t c p r t y n d t ud e nt p o t c c t v t o th er

t h n t h t o f r ec ru t m en t t o n d u t p o t c c r e er T h f n d n gm y

r ev e n o v er em p h n o u r p p er o n t he r e e v n ce o f t he p o t c c r e er

B utT ygr t n dH o t fn dng ndmo re mpo rtn t J e rome S ko n ck

T he P o t c o f P ro te t 1 96 9 c t e d b y T yg r t n d H o t n c r t c m o f

o urmode ugge t th en e edf o r r en t er pr et t o n o f o urmo de o f t uden t

p o t c n t he U n te d St t e n d of T yg r t n d Ho t n y o f th e r

dt S k o n ck pr e ent br e fh t o ryo f th eAmer cn tuden tmo vement

d ur n g t he 1 9 60 n p h e o n e o f t h h t or y t h e t u de nt m o ve m en t

e mb od e d c on ce rn d e nt n d p ro te t b ou t v r o u o c u e b ut t

gen er y c c ept e dthe e g tmcyo f th eAmer cn po t c c ommun tyn

g en er n d e pe c y o f th e un v er t y p 9 9 n p h e t wo o f th e

t uden tmo vement c o n de r ben umbe r o fyoungpe ope pr t cu r y

t h e c t v t c o r e e xpe r enc e d pr ogr e ve de t er o r t o n n th e r c c e ptn c e

o f n t o n n d u n ve r t y u th or t y p 1 0 0 O u r p p e r f oc u e d u po n

t h e e c o n dph e o f th emo vemen t h t o ry f t er th e de e gt mto n o f

n t o n ndunve r ty utho r tyhdbe c omewdepr e d mo ng tuden t

967




13/15


c t v t n o th e r wo rd w e t oo k o ur m g e o f no n n t t ut o n e d

t ud e nt p o t c p ec f c h t or c t g e n t h e d e ve o pm e nt o f t h t m ov e

ment n dt en de dt o gn o r e th e e r e r pe r o d nwh ch tuden t c t v t

w er e m or e k e y t o wo rk w t h n t h e m t o f t he e t b h ed n t t u t o n

ed p o t c y t em

y g r t n d H o t d t m y p r ov d e e v d en ce f o r th t r n t o n w t h n

th emo vement n th t th en vo vemen t o f t udentdemo n t r t or n po t c

pr typr e cn ctw o r k r ef e r t o th e gen er e e c t o n o f 1 9 64 dur n gwh ch tu

den t c t v t uppor t edLyndonJ o hn o nn o ppo t o n t o B r r yGo dw t e r

f o r pre den tM o t o f th e pre cn c tw or k er mo ngth e r demon t r t o r

w e re D e mo cr t t he y n d c t e T he p r ot e t g n t t h e w r t o wh c h

t h e r dt r e fe r t o ok p c en 1 9 66 wh en tuden t c t v t h dbe c ome

w r e th t J o hn o ndd n o tn t endt o t e rmn t e th ew r ndr e f e c t the

be gnnngo f th e de e gtmto n pr o c e t o wh ch S k o n ck r ef e r T h e

q ue nc e p ut o me wh t d f f e re nt g ht o n T yg r t n d H o t f n d n g t h n

t he y d o u g g e t n g t h t t he r d e mo n t r t or w ou d b e e k e y t o d o

pr ecn c tw o rkn th e f ut ur en dmgh tbemo r e k eyt o en gge n t c t c

n vo vngdr e c t n do c c o n yvo en t c on f ro n t t o nw thgo ver nmen t

u th or t y n t h e f ut u re n o th e r wo rd T yg r t n d H o t d t w h e

p p e r ng t o r ev e t ru c tu r n k g e b et we en t ud e nt p r ot e t n d

n t o n p o t c p r t e m y b e m o re c o rr ec t y n t er pr et e d r ev e n g

t he d o u t o n of t h t n k g e t he m o ve me n t p e d f ro m S ko n c k

p h e o n e t o p h e t w o T h n k g e w r ev v e d te m po r r y n t h e

uppor t o f ome tuden t c t v t f o r Eugen eM cC r thy cmp gnf o r th e

D em oc r t c p r e d e nt n om n t o n n 1 96 8 T y g r t n d H o t d o m p y

u c h n n t e rp r et t o n n t h e r f n p r g r p h h o w ev er

T ygr tn dH o t f o un do ur f ocuupo n go ver nmen t c o nt r o o ve r un ver

t y t ru c tu re n d f n n c n g m or e t f c t or y e xp n t o ry v r b e t h n

t h t o f t he p o t c c r e er n k g e b et we en t u de nt n d n t o n p o t c

H o weve r S k o n ck ur veyo f th e t uden tmovemen tugge t th empo r

t n c e of n ot he r v r b e t o w h c h we u d ed b u t wh c h w e d d n ot d c u

n t c on e q ue nc e f o r t he d e ve o p me n t of t u de nt c c on c o u n e n d

o r t he f o rm w h ch t u de nt p o t c o rg n t o n r e k e y t o t k e t he

u t on omyo funve r t e n th e r de gre e o f f r e edomfrompo t c n t er

e r enc e T h r o ugh th e r o ppo t o n t o th eV e tnmw r tuden tbe cme

w r e o f t h e ro e o f o m e u n v er t e n p r ov d n g b e n d p er o n ne

f or r e e r c h d re c t y p o n or ed n d f n n c ed b y t he m t r y e t b h me nt

T he u n v er t y c m e t o be e en b y o m e t u d en t r d c n n t t u t on

w h o e prmryfun c t o nw er e dr e ctyo ppo e dt o th en e ed n t er e t n d

v u e o f c t v t n d n t e e c tu t ud e nt S ko n c k 1 96 9 p 1 02 T h

hn ge n th e de fn t o n o f th e un ve r tyc me bo ut th r oughdr e c t c on

f r on t t o nw thunve r tynd go ve r nmen tuth or ty r e ve n gth eh e re t o

f o re r e t veyh dden nkbe tw e en unve r ty ndgo ver nmen tT h pr o

968




14/15


vde d b f o r the S D S po n o r e dmo vemen t t o w r d tuden tyndc

m S k o n ck po n t o ut t e rmbo r r ow edf r omth eEur open t uden t

m ov e me nt n d t t r d t o n o f or g n n g t u d en t o ng t r d e u n on t

n e 1 96 9 p 9 7 H e t t e t h t t h m ov e w d r e ct ed t o n e f fo rt

o n c re e t he c c on c o u ne o f t ud en t 1 96 9 p 9 7 T h u w h e

t h e t r uc tu r r e t o n h p n t h e Un t ed S t t e n ot t h t o f d r ec t g ov e rn

men t c on t ro o ve r un ve r ty t r uc t ure n dfnn cn g th e gr owng nk

be twe en go ve r nmen tn dunve r ty uch c omp c ty nw r r e e r ch

n duppo r t o f pro c edure f o r f c t tn gth e dr f t e dt o th e gr ow th o f

t uden t c c o n c o un e n dt o th e de ve o pmen t o f gr owngdemnd

f o r t udentpo w er T h h n o t e dt o th e de ve o pment o f t r on gn t o n

t ud e nt u n o n n d e ed t h e U S N t o n S tu d en t A o c t o n w d

co ver e dt o h ve be en f r on t f o r theCA but r th e r t o the gr e t e r c o nc e rn

m on g t u d en t c t v t f or c m p u f f r t o d e m nd f o r gr e t er t u d en t

p r t c p t o n n u n v er t y g o v er nm e nt n d t o th e u c c e f u c n d d c y o f

ome tudent r d c f o r t udentgo ve rnmen t o f f c e T ygr tn dH o t

n o te T h u w o udc o ncude th tw ew e r e e en t yc o r re c t bo ut th e

r e e vn c e o f t udent w r en e o f t r uc t ur nkge be twe en gove rnment

n dunve r tyf o r th e gr ow th o f t udent c c o n c o un e butw eddn o t

c on d e r t er n t v e f or m o f t h n k g e

T y g r t n d H o t c r t c e o ur d c u o n o f th e A me r c n c e o n t wo

g ro un d T he f r t h b ee n d c u e d b o v e r eg r d n g t he n k g e b et we en

t ud e nt p o t c n d n t o n p o t c p r t e T he e c on d t he f o o w n g

A w t h t he r d c u o n of t ru ct u r n k g e w e d g r ee w t h t he W e n

b er g n d W k er n y o f un v er t y t u de nt c t v m b e ng p r m r y

c on f c t o r e xp re v e b eh v o r n t he C o w r d n d O h n c on te xt

S tu d en t d em on t r t o n c n b e v e we d n o go u t o v o e n ce n t he c o n

c t den q uencyubcut ur e th eo r yMnpu t o n o f vo en c e be c ome

m e n o f c qu r n g t t u o r v u e d fo r t o wn k e n t h e u b c u tu re

W h e t t ru e t h t w e fo un d t he C o w r d O h n m o de u gg e t v e f or o u r

o wnmo dew th r e pe c t t o th e pr e en ce o r ben c e o f dut mo de f o r

c r m n c r e er n o g ou t o p o t c c r ee r b e e ve t t o b e m n te r

p r et t o n t o c on te nd t h t w e c h r c t er e d t u d en t c t v m e xp re v e

b e h v or o r t h t w e e rt ed t h t m n p u t o n o f v o e nc e b ec om e

m e n o f c qu r n g t t u o r v u e d fo r t o w n k e o n th e p rt o f t u

d e nt c t v t n f c t d o n ot f n d t h e u e o f t he t e rm e x pr e v e n y

w he re n o ur p p e r W e d d h ow ev e r u e t h e t er m e x t re mm n t h e

f o o w n g r ef er r ng t o n on n t t u t on e d p o t c n t h e Un t e d St t e

n h or t t h ey r e c u g ht n t he n e v t b e p u h t o w r d e xt re mm b e c u e

t h ey r e n ot c o n tr n e d b y t he m t o f t he p o t c y t e m d u e to t h e

ben c e o f nk t o po t c c r e e r n dth eh ghdegre e o f f r e edomth t th e

p o t c y t em o w t o t ud en t W e nb er g n d W k e r 19 69 p 9 1

Wh eth er o r n o t t c o rr e ct th t m o r c o n t r n tupo n th e t en dency

969




15/15


f or t ud en t p o t c t o m ov e t ow r d e x tr emm t he n k o f po t c

c r e e r t o t uden tpo t c th emo vement o f t uden tpo t c n th eU n t e d

S t t e t o w rd t c t c w h c h r e t he m e v e v o e n t o r wh c h r e k e y t o

n cur vo en ce f r omth epo c e o r o the r rmed gent o f th e gove r nment

e e m w e u b t n t t e d W e d d n o t e rt t h t u ch e xt re mm o r

v o e n ce t o b e m o re e x p c t m e re y e x pr e v e t ho ug h w e d d m p y

th t t m y b e e e ff ec t v e th n w o rk n g w t h n t he p o t c y t e m

n t h e f o o w n g p g e W he n t he y b ec om e n k e d t o n t o n c r e

u c h t he p r ob e m o f N e gr oe o r th e w r n V e t n m n d w or k w t h

t he r g e ne r t o n e d e r w t h n t he p o t c y t e m t h e p ro gr e o n

t ow r d e xt re mm h t e d n d t he r m p c t o n t h e po t c y t e m c n

b e c on d e r b e W e n be rg n dW k e r 1 96 9 p 9 1

W e r e p e rh p v u n er b e t o T y g r t n d H o t n te rp re t t o n b y t t n g

th t t t em p t ng t o t r n p o e C o w r d n d O h n e nt r e t yp o o gy n t o

t h e co nc ep t o f t u de nt p o t c c r e er f o r t e xp n t o ry v u e W e n

b er g n dW k er 1 9 69 p 8 2 b u t w e d d n o t fu y u c cu mb t o t h t e mp

t t o n T h er e r e o bvo u df f e ren c e be twe en den q uen tn d po t c

u bc u t ur e o f w h c h we w e re f u y w r e O u r n t en t w t o u t e t h e u g

ge t ve f un c t o n n o gybe tw e en th e pr e en ce o r ben c e o f dut po t

c o r cr m n r o e mo de n d mo de o f c c e t o th e e c re er n o f r

t h h e p t o c c o un t f or th e df f e r en t f o rm o f tuden tpo t c o r gn

t o n W he re T yg r t n d H o t e x pe nd c o n d e r b e p c e n d c u n g

S ko n c k f n d n g t h t d e mo n t r t or v e w o c p ro te t p r m r y n

t ru m en t c t v t y n t e d o f c o nf c t f o r t o wn k e n d u p p or t t h

w t h t he r o w n d t o ur n t e rp r et t o n n ot t o d d w t h t h e e f n d ng

Weddn o t e r t th t pr o te t o r c o n f r on t t o n po t c r en o t per c e ved

n t r um e nt o r g o o r e n te d b eh v o r b y t u d en t c t v t T o r e te r t e

e m p y r g u ed t h t n t he b e n ce o f c o e n k b et we en t ud e nt p o t c

n d n t t u t o n e d p o t c p r t e t he re w o u d b e g r e t e r te nd en cy

f or p o t c c on f c t t o m ov e t ow r d e x t re m t f or m b e c u e o f t he

b e n ce o f t he r e t r n t u po n c t v t p ro v d ed b y n t c p t or y o c

t o n fo r po t c c r ee r w t h n th e e t b h ed p o t c y t em

KENNETHWALKER

Unverty ofToronto

REFERENCES

S k o n ckJ e r ome1 9 6 9 T h ePo t c o f Pr ot e t NewYor kB n tn e

W e nb er g n n d K en ne th N W k e r 1 9 69 S tu d en t P o t c n d P o t c S y

t em T o w r d T ypo ogy Amer cnJ o urn o f S o c o o gy7 5 7 7 9 6

970

tygart, holt and walker, 1972

Documents