two-step migration in the european union · key facts - education: higher education enrollment:...
TRANSCRIPT
Karin A. C. Johnson
Two-Step Migration
in the
European Union: Increasing Mobility For
Education, Then Work
Overview Background
Research Question
Theoretical framework
Methods
Implications
Definitions:
Two-Step Migration
Youth who are mobile outside of their home country for
higher education then employment purposes.
Precarious Employment
Unemployment, underemployment, or insecure, non-perpetual employment
Background Since 1990, exponential growth in achieved higher
education degrees in E.U.
1990 to 2010, number of internationally mobile students has more than tripled
The E.U. is progressing toward facilitated movement of
students and workers across open international borders
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); World Bank; Sassen 1999; Münz 2007; Kahanec and Králiková 2012
Key Facts - Education:
Higher Education Enrollment:
1900 ~500,000 students
2000 ~100,000,000 students
International students:
1.3 million in 1990
2.1 million in 2000
4.1 million in 2010
1:4 (~270,000) internationally mobile students are European
From 2010 international students in Europe increased by 114%
UNESCO 2004; Schofer and Meyer 2005; Meyer 2009; European Migration Network 2012; Institute of International Education 2013; European Commission 2014
Key Facts - Employment:
1:4 int’l students stays for employment reasons
Potential source of highly skilled, educated employees
Int’l students may be more competitive in, associated with superior
labor market outcomes:
Highly sought after, valuable human capital
Youth
Advanced host-country language abilities, acculturation
Full credential recognition, domestically relevant training
Hawthorne 2010; OECD 2011
Mobility Trends:
Students seek int’l higher education and subsequent
employment in the global labor market
Youth are more mobile within the open borders of the E.U.
Increased individual and national competitiveness for
social and human capital
Flows of int’l high-skilled migration impact employment precariousness in the global labor market
Research Question Two specific issues that addressed are:
1) What is the rate of students seeking higher education
abroad?
2) What is the rate of employment precariousness in terms of
two-step migration?
Among two-step migration cohorts, what are these
groups’ rates of employment precariousness?
Neoclassical Economic Macro and Micro Immigration
theories:
Dual Labor Market (Duncan 1984)
Human Capital (Shultz 1961; Becker 1975)
National and individual educational and labor
motivations drive mobility
Two-step migration can be explained by both Dual Labor Market and Human Capital perspectives
Theoretical framework
Hypothesis The degree of employment precariousness will be
lower for the two-step migration cohort
As mobility for educational purposes increases, so will the rate of mobility for employment reasons
Results should demonstrate that Dual Labor Market and
Human Capital theories intersect to explain the two-step migration process (it is driven by both national and
individual educational and labor market characteristics)
Methods Outcomes:
Postgraduate work variables (to measure precariousness)
Employed
Country of employment
Relevance of employment to studies
Fit of employment to degree level
Factors:
English fluency
Home country unemployment rates
Higher educational spending (individual v. state)
Country of education
Gender, national origin
Databases
The OECD International Migration Database
UNESCO Institute for Statistics
World Value Survey (WVS)
Comparative education, migration, and labor data from 1990 to 2014 from the 28 E.U. member countries
Others:
Integrated Public Use Microdata Series International
Integrated Modelling of European Migration (IMEM)
European Commission Eurostat
Global Migration Group
Analysis Cross-sectional and/or longitudinal E.U. country migration
data and labor statistics
Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariable analysis
Apply methodological approaches:
Generalized linear models, multi-level modeling, cross
comparative statistical analysis, and two-level Structural
Equation Modeling.
Implications Russia
Jan. 2014, Russia became Erasmus’ 37th member country
Proximity, economic and political relationship with the E.U.
The E.U.
Role of mobility in shaping the European and global labor forces
Identifying factors in employment, unemployment
Global
How intl’ students fare in the global labor force
Economic impact employment precariousness at macro, micro levels
ES: 23.4%
Unemployment:
E.U. 28: 9.8%
E.U. area: 12%
Student Mobility
E.U.: ~270,000
EL: 25.8%
DE: 4.7% UK: 5.6%
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics# http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Pages/international-student-flow-viz.aspx
>UK: 5,872
>FR:5,037
>DE: 5,011
>UK: 11,759
>IT: 3,318
>DE: 2,749
This report was presented at the 5th LCSR International Workshop “Social and Cultural Changes in Cross-National Perspective: Subjective Well-being, Trust, Social capital and Values”, which will be
held within the XVI April International Academic Conference on Economic and Social Development.
April 8 - 10, 2015 – Higher School of Economics, Moscow.
www.lcsr.hse.ru/en/seminar2015
Настоящий доклад был представлен на V международном рабочем семинаре ЛССИ «Социальные и культурные изменения в сравнительной перспективе: ценности и модернизация», прошедшего в рамках XVI Апрельской международной научной
конференции НИУ ВШЭ «Модернизация экономики и общества».
8-10 апреля 2015 года – НИУ ВШЭ, Москва.
www.lcsr.hse.ru/seminar2015