TwoMillionYearsofArtinHumanEvolution

JamesHarrod,Ph.D.AdjunctInstructorinArtHistory,MaineCollegeofArt,Portland,Maine

Director,CenterforResearchontheOriginsofArtandReligionoriginsnet.org(pleistocenecoalition.com)

AH224PaleolithicArt,Spring2012

4MemeModel:2MYEvolutionofArt,Symbol&MythEra and Techné Four Meme Model (JamesHarrod)

Oldowan EO ~2.6 to 2.0 Ma ‘Classic’ ~2.0 to 1.4 Ma Developed ~1.7 to 1.2 Ma

‘Rudimentary Symbolic’ = 2.0-3.5 yrs // human = great ape cognition (A. Russon 2004) = Australopithecus (similar cognitive level by triangulation to common great ape ancestor) First ‘art object’: ‘animacy in stone’; ‘animated spirit that inhabits the body’

Conceptual-Symbolic Modeling = Homo habilis/rudolfensis (out-of-Africa) First Metaphor = ‘core-seed-sustenance-essence in interpersonal interaction’; ‘rhomboids of the mind’ First Ethos = carnivore axis First Joke:’ hit the baboon head’ anvil (drill cupules)

Acheulian (sensu lato) EA ~1.7 to 1.0 Ma MA ~1.0 Ma to 500 ka LA ~650 to 200 ka FA ~300 to 150 ka

Complex Idea Modeling = Homo erectus/ergaster (out-of-Africa) Biface pairing of complementary shapes (contraria sunt complementa, Niels Bohr; coincidentia oppositorum, C. G. Jung; ‘co-poiesis’, Bracha Ettinger) Sheath, the Womb Source of Animacy (Life-Giver) & Vehicle, Cutting Spirit, Energy of Initiative (Death-Giver) colorants, marking traditions, mortuary practice, adornments, anthropomorphs & zoomorphs

Middle Paleolithic / Middle Stone Age EMP ~300 to 40 ka MMP ~150 to 60(100) ka LMP ~60 to 30/35 ka

Mythic I &II EMP =archaic Homo sapiens / MMP = Homo sapiens sapiens (out-of-Africa) Beings of the Dreaming, Creatrix of Life-Forms, stone arrangements, landscape art, image representation, mortuary practices with grave goods; geometric ‘signs’

I. ‘Gaia’ (M. Witzel) = Khoisan

II. ‘Gondwana’ (M. Witzel) = ‘Southern Route’ Africa to SE Asia & Australia

Upper Paleolithic / Later Stone Age EUP ~150 to 60 ka MUP ~40 to 20 ka LUP ~25 to 10 ka

Mythic III = Homo sapiens sapiens (out-of-SW-Central-Asia)

‘Eurasian’ (Y. Berezkin) ‘Laurasian’ (M. Witzel) = Shamanic

6 Worlds Shamanism; Soul Journey, Soul Retrieval; Mother-of-Animals, Master-of-Animals; Geometric Protolanguage, UP(E) array of 12 female and 12 male spiritual transformations (J. Harrod)

Templeton (2010, 2002): genetics = 3 waves out-of-Africa – 1.9 Ma; 650 ka; 130 ka; 1 out-of-Asia (recent)

UpperPaleolithic/LaterStoneAgePalaeoart

4thMemeoftheEvolutionofArt,Symbol&MythEra and Techné 4th Meme: Mythic III = Homo sapiens sapiens

Upper Paleolithic / Later Stone Age EUP ~60 to 150 ka MUP ~40 to 20 ka LUP ~25 to 10 ka

Mythic III: ‘Laurasian’ (M. Witzel) = ‘Shamanic’ mythologies

•  6 Worlds: Upper, Middle and Lower Worlds and central Axis Mundi (M. Eliade)

•  Soul Journey and Soul Retrieval; psychopomp

•  Mother-of-Animals, Master-of-Animals

•  Upper Paleolithic (European), UP(E), subset of geometric signs used under application of combinatory matrix to generate array of 6 female and 6 male spiritual transformation processes, their respective symbolization and mythologies (Harrod 2004 a,b online OriginsNet.org; Harrod 1997; Harrod 1987 Valcamonica Symposium paper)

EuropeanUpperPaleolithicAgePeriod From(yearsago) To(yearsago)

InitialUP(BohunicianandBachokirian) 50,000 40,000

Proto‐AurignacianCItephra/HEIV~39‐40kya

45,000 40,000

Aurignacian 40,000 28,000

Gravettian 28,000 22,000

Solutrean 22,000 17,000

Magdalenian 17,000 13,000

LateMagdalenianYoungerDryas12.8‐11.5kya;impact~12.9kya

13,000 10,000

MesolithicAge 10,000 5,000

NeolithicAge 9,000 5,000Chalcolithic/MegalithicAge

5,500 3,700

BronzeAge 5,000 3,000

IceAgeEurope(MarshackA.TheRootsofCivilizationfig.)

Meme#4UpperPaleolithic/LSA:Mythic III Shamanic,‘Laurasian’(M.Witzel)

6‐WorldsShamanism(SoulJourney,SoulRetrieval),Mother‐of‐Animals,Master‐of‐AnimalsEarthdiveremergence;UP(E)arraysoffemaleandmalespiritualtransformations

Upper(MilkyWayStar)WorldLife‐GiverDeath‐Giver

2UpperWorlds(skyworld&celestial,starworld)

(GreatSpirit,tutelaryspirit)

creatorbeingsspiritsofthedeaddreamintobeingreturn‐to‐homelandscape,alldormant,incubatinglifeformspre‐emergenceinterconnected‘negativecapability’usingsacredpower(inversepower)

2MiddleWorlds(thisworld&parallel,ghostworld)

waterholequicksand(generativity)(vortex,abyss)

2LowerWorlds(worldbeneathearth&waterworld)

(spiritanimals)

EURASIAN—SOLUTREAN~22‐16kya

TYPICALSYMBOLICARTANDRITUALTRANSFORMATIONSITES

MacrolanguageFamily:(J*‐mtDNA)Pre‐Semitic‐Egyptian?&(H‐mtDNA)Pre‐Basque?

Leroi‐Gourhan,IdealArrangementofaPaleolithicSanctuaryIllustration:PaulBahn,afterLeroi‐Gourhan;BahnPG.1997.JourneyThroughtheIceAge:fig11.18;

compareLeroi‐GourhanA.1967,TreasuresofPrehistoricArt:ChartXV

EURASIAN—MAGDALENIAN~18‐11kya

TYPICALSYMBOLICARTANDRITUALTRANSFORMATIONSITES

MacrolanguageFamily:(U4‐mtDNA?)Kartvelian?&(H‐subclades)Basque?

Lascauxpigments(RuspoliM.1986.TheCaveofLascaux:TheFinalPhotographs,p.97)

Bison,Altamira,14.8kya

L:bison,Chauvet,32kyaR:twobison,LascauxNave,17kya

Bison,clay,LeTucd’Audobert

Horse,LePortel,12kya

L:horsewith‘wound’signs,Niaux,13.8‐12.9kya

Stag,quadrangularsign,13dots,Lascaux,AxialGallery,Southwall.17kya

L:Stag,Chimeneas,15.1‐13.9kyaR:3Doe,Covalanas

(print,DouglasMazonowicz)

FacingIbexwith‘quadrangularsign’,LascauxAxialGallery,RightWall.17kya

L:bison,horse,ibex,deer,‘darts’,Niaux,‘BlackSalon’,13.8‐12.9kyaR:bison(twistedprofile),horse,ibex,stag(antler),‘claviform’,dots.LePortel,12.2‐11.6kya

Lascaux, Axial Gallery, Right Wall Right and Left Sides Panel Composition of 4 Species: Horse, Aurochs, Ibex, Deer. Quaternion Symbolism.

(Photo: Leroi Gourhan, Treasures of Prehistoric Art, fig. 73)

Batonwithhorse,bison,deerandsalmoninspawn,Gourdan,France(Chollot-Varagnac M. 1980. Les Origines du Graphisme Symbolique 47.079)

Wolf,FontdeGaumepainting:Breuil

Bear,Santamamini

LascauxRotunda(online)

Lascaux, Rotunda, ‘Unicorn’, 17 kya (Gourhan L. Treasures of Preshitoric Art fig 72. )

‘Underwater Panther’, Anishinabe, Agawa Site, NE Lake Superior (photo: unknown)

Community(Public)ReligiousRitualDepictions

‘Stroke’or‘Y’‐sign+possibly‘Branch’‐signs’‘4treesand9humanoidfigureswithspearsorsticksovershoulder(orstruckthrough)

inprocessiontowardoversizebison;4setsmadewith4differentpointsasthoughatfourdifferenttimes’Engravedbone.LesEyzies,Dordogne,France,UpperMagdalenian

(MicroscopicanalysisandlinerenditionbyMarshack.MarshackA.1991.TheRootsofCivilization:fig94b)

RitualProcessDepiction–LesEyzies,France

‘Stroke’or‘Y’‐sign+possibly‘Branch’‐signs‘Bisonheadandspine,2detachedfrontlegs,7humanoidfigures,

forkandbranchsigns,blade‐likeshapesand2setsofenclosednotches’Engravedbone.Raymonden,Dordogne,France,UpperMagdalenian

(MicroscopicanalysisandlinerenditionbyMarshack.MarshackA.1991.TheRootsofCivilization:fig96b)

RitualProcessDepiction–Raymonden,France

X‐sign+implicit‘tri‐line’,undulating‘flow’lines‘1stallionand1smallhorse(colt?),1doedeer,3serpentineshapes,3swans,

3shamanisticchamois‐men,wearingchamoisrobeandmask,1foreachsetofimages,eachsuccessivelymoreschematizedprobablyindicatingsequenceofmaking’

Engravedbaton(unrolled).AbriMège,Dordogne,France,Magdalenian(MicroscopicanalysisandlinerenditionbyMarshack.MarshackA.1991.TheRootsofCivilization:fig138(afterBreuil))

RitualProcessDepiction–AbriMège,France

TranceProcessDepictions

‘Insect’Geometric,RedPanelsGallery,Chauvet,France,Aurignacian~32.5‐30kya(&27‐26kya)ClottesJand(transl.)BahnP.2003.ChauvetCave:Theartofearliesttimes:fig.III.74.

L:‘LightningMan’,Cro‐MagnonR:‘ManwithButtons’,Bruniquel

‘GeometricSigns’,ElCastillo,Spain.MiddleMagdalenianII‐IV(13,500‐14,000BP)AnthropomorphicFigureProgressivelyGeometrized=‘ShamanicTrance’

Interpretation:JamesHarrod;afterLeroi‐Gourhan.1967.TreasuresofPrehistoricArtfig61

RitualSpaces

Font de Gaume (Dordogne). Paired tectiforms. Leroi-Gourhan A. 1967. Treasures of Prehistoric Art:Examples of Paired Signs chart XXXIVc1

Hut#1PavedPathwayHut#2

(diam.2.5m) (diam.5.4x6.0m)

500engravedslateplaquettesscatteredalongwalkwayandalsoaroundandinsidethelargerhut,oftenfacedown,appearintentionallybroken.Manyareengravedseveraltimes,somere‐engravedafterbeingbroken.200humanfigures,almostallstylizedfemales;zoomorphs–mammoth,horse,andrarerhino,bovid,reindeer(?),fox,fish,seals.Hut#1:amorphousbowlshapedconglomeraterockwithcoloredpebbles.Hut#2:floorcoveredwithpulverizedhematiteandcoveredwithsmallstoneslabs.H=2hearths.3pitslinedwithfoxskinswithjawandfootbones.(3)=pitwiththreefemalestatuettescarved,oneeach,ivory,boneandantler.(0)=necklaceof~40woodenpearls+teethoffoxanddeer.(1)=1femalestatuette(Bosinski1970)

Upper Paleolithic (Europe): Ritual Art Space Female Spiritual Transformation #1: ‘Profile Type’

Gönnersdorf, Germany, Magdalenian, 14 to 18 kya cal. (Stevens 2009)

ElJuyo,Santander,Spain

Upper Paleolithic (Europe): Ritual Art Space – Creation of the Deer El Juyo, Santander, Spain, Magdalenian, 14 kya

ElJuyoLevel4FloorPlan.St1=Structure1;St2=Structure2;St3=Structure3;P=pit;M=stonesculpturehead(lion/leopard+beardedman)(FreemanLG,EchegarayJG.1981.ElJuyo:A14,000‐Year‐Old:SanctuaryfromNorthernSpain.HistoryofReligions21,1:1‐16:fig.1)

Upper Paleolithic (Europe): Ritual Art Space – Creation of the Deer El Juyo, Santander, Spain, Magdalenian, 14 kya

ElJuyoLevel4:L:doehead,engravedbone;C:stonesculpturehead(lion/leopard+beardedman);R:artistrendition(FreemanLG,EchegarayJG.1981.ElJuyo:A14,000‐Year‐Old:SanctuaryfromNorthernSpain.HistoryofReligions21,1:1‐16:fig.1)

Upper Paleolithic (Europe): Ritual Art Space – Creation of the Deer El Juyo, Santander, Spain, Magdalenian, 14 kya

ElJuyoLevel4Structure1andStructure2Schematic(topview)SchematicreconstructionJ.B.Harrod(afterFreemanLG,EchegarayJG.1981.ElJuyo:A14,000‐Year‐Old:SanctuaryfromNorthernSpain.HistoryofReligions21,1:1‐16)andFreemanLG,KleinRG,EchegarayJG.1983.AStoneAgeSanctuary.NaturalHistory8:46‐53;FreemanLG,EchegarayJG,KleinRG,CroweWT.1988.ThePaleolithicoftheUpperPleistoceneinWesternEurasia.In:HL.DibbleandA.Monte‐White(ed.)UpperPleistocenePrehistoryinWesternEurasia.Philadelphia:UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress.)

Upper Paleolithic (Europe): Ritual Art Space – Creation of the Deer El Juyo, Santander, Spain, Magdalenian, 14 kya

ElJuyoLevel4Structure1andStructure2Schematic(sideview)SchematicreconstructionJ.B.Harrod(afterFreemanLG,EchegarayJG.1981.ElJuyo:A14,000‐Year‐Old:SanctuaryfromNorthernSpain.HistoryofReligions21,1:1‐16)andFreemanLG,KleinRG,EchegarayJG.1983.AStoneAgeSanctuary.NaturalHistory8:46‐53;FreemanLG,EchegarayJG,KleinRG,CroweWT.1988.ThePaleolithicoftheUpperPleistoceneinWesternEurasia.In:HL.DibbleandA.Monte‐White(ed.)UpperPleistocenePrehistoryinWesternEurasia.Philadelphia:UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress.)

ElJuyo,Santander,Spain,Magdalenian,14kyaSchematicJ.B.Harrod(afterFreemanLG,EchegarayJG.1981.ElJuyo:A14,000‐Year‐Old:SanctuaryfromNorthernSpain.HistoryofReligions21,1:1‐16)andFreemanLG,KleinRG,EchegarayJG.1983.AStoneAgeSanctuary.NaturalHistory8:46‐53;FreemanLG,EchegarayJG,KleinRG,CroweWT.1988.ThePaleolithicoftheUpperPleistoceneinWesternEurasia.In:HL.DibbleandA.Monte‐White(ed.)UpperPleistocenePrehistoryinWesternEurasia.Philadelphia:UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress.)

FinnishDrum:WorldwithThreeLayers‘everyFinnishdrumrepresentsthreelayers;reddishcolorisfromaldertree’

Shaman’sdrumsymbolsinScandinavia.ww.thuleia.com/shamandrum.html(accessedMarch2010)

FinnishSegmentDrumwithWorldinThreeLayersShaman’sdrumsymbolsinScandinavia.ww.thuleia.com/shamandrum.html(accessedMarch2010)

BedfordBarrensandKejimkújikPetroglyphs,Mi’kmaq,pre‐1500ADLeft:‘eight‐pointedstar,iconforsun;knobbedcrosseselsewhereiconicforstar’cutwithstonetools;probablypre‐Contact.

Mylartracing:R.H.Whitehead1983.NovaScotiaMuseum,HalifaxRight:ByMaqtewékpaqtism,proposedMi’kmaqnationalflagdrawnfromKejimkújikpetroglyphatnation‐forming(2001)

but:)[and7stars=Pleiades;3concentriccircles=3levels