twenty first air operations

8/3/2019 Twenty First Air Operations

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The F-35 is less a fifth generation fighter than a first generation flying combat system.7

F-35 is far more than a replacement for aging aircraft inventories, because the effects that

the F-35 can deliver on the battlespace are flexible, synergistic and multi-dimensional(air, ground, maritime).8

This is due to two core developments new technologies associated with the aircraft and

the evolution of military doctrine by the nations acquiring the F-35. It has beencharacterized as 5

thGen by the impact of stealth and the advanced capabilities associated

with a multi functional sensor suite, which includes network, communications, sensors,

electronic warfare, and reconnaissance capacities.

The F-35s open architecture allows this flying combat system to become the focal

point of three core activities: air-to-air, air-to ground, and air-to-maritime roles andmissions. The F-35 will be defined by how its open architecture is customizedby

national militaries in meeting their perceived priority needs and mix of air, ground, andmaritime mission sets. Its combat capabilities will be defined in part by con-ops

customization.

One example of an opportunity for conops customization derives from the F-35s multi-modal/multi-mission capability, which includes the ability to deliver both kinetic andnon-kinetic (information and cyber warfare, electronic attack, ISR and C2 contributions

to ground forces, management of robotic ISR elements, processing of information tosupport shared decision-making between the air and the ground forces) effects, offering

decision makers many more potential options. The nature of conflict places increasingdemands on military planners to provide options for the delivery of non-kinetic effects

demands that the F-35 is well suited to handle.

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The F-35 is central to operationalizing the netted or connected battle managementenvironment. It can provide services (communications, intelligence, and electronic

support) to others in the battlespace in ways that are transparent to the pilot operating theF-35. Large platforms that are used to provide battle management can be augmented by a

reduced force mix of the F-35 and unmanned vehicles shaping a 21st

century approach to

air operations.Conops customization is why the F-35 STOVL version is of special interest. The USMC,the Royal Air Force, the Italian Navy, and others will use the STOVL variant differently

than todays non-vertical lift aircraft. As a result, ground-air integration and conops willbe performed differently than with that of the F-35 conventional take-off version. And

almost certainly weaponization and ISR requirements will be modified to work with theSTOVL-enabled con-ops.

9

An additional aspect in developing joint or coalition concepts of operations for the F-35will revolve around its interaction with other manned and unmanned assets. With regard

to manned assets, a key challenge will be to work an effective connectivity battle spacewith other manned aircraft, like the Typhoon or legacy U.S. aircraft. Here the

advantages of each platform in contributing to the air battle and to the type of flexiblemilitary force packages, which 21st century air capabilities contribute, will be the focus

of a joint concept of operations.

In addition to the core dynamic of working with a variety of manned aircraft across the

joint and coalition battlespace, the F-35 will be highly interactive with the evolution ofrobotic elements as well. UAVs are not well designed for self-defense. For early entry

UAVs to stay alive, they need to be part of a woolpack built around the protectivefunctions of the manned aircraft. As air dominance and air superiority operations

succeed, their significance can recede during a particular operation, which then allows therole of the unmanned aircraft can go up significantly and over the duration of the

operation supplant manned aircraft in an ISR and C2 role.But the man-machine and computational capabilities of the F-35 provide a significant

opportunity to evolve the robotic elements within airspace to provide for data storage,transmission, collection, weapon emplacement, loitering strike elements, all of which can

be directed by the manned aircraft as the centerpiece of a manned-robotic strike orsituational awareness wolfpack. Rather than focusing on robotic vehicles as self-

contained units with proprietary interfaces and ground stations, the F-35 can be useful ingenerating common linkages and solutions to combine into a core wolfpack capability.

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Unlike the authors of the RAND study, I am assuming that the U.S. is innovating as well

and is applying a 21st century approach to a concept of operations which will complicateChinese planning and effectiveness. The Chinese will attack U.S. air power with counterair assets, including fighters in number and in force, and with significant missile strike

assets. The Chinese will assume as do the RAND authors that the USAF will fight alone

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and following 20th

century air battle management and attack con-ops. This assumptionwill be an important contribution to the Chinese defeat in this scenario.

First, the USAF and the USN can operate as an integrated strike and defense approach.The 5th generation aircraft will be used as forward air assets to support co-coordinated

strike and defense operations. As the Chinese reach out to strike U.S. air assets, the

distributed operations of the air and naval forces will use unmanned, 5th generation airassets, legacy air assets, integration with Aegis systems, and reliance on USN strikemissiles to provide a comprehensive capability. Allies who can contribute weapons to the

fight whether land-based, sea-based or air-based can contribute. It is important toremember here that the 5

thgeneration forward air controllers can call for missile strikes

from virtually any asset US bombers, missiles from any US Naval asset (or allied assetfor that matter). By providing a significant and complicated set of vectors of attack and

defense, the Chinese strike assets will be exposed to counter-strikes as they seek to reachout to assets they think they can see in the forward area.

Second, the 5th

generation fighters will draw on lethal assets outside of the forward areato attack approaching Chinese forces. The distribution over the battlespace, including

operating simply as nodes in the strike determination network, will allow the 5thgeneration aircraft to guide strikes and to determine core targets for a counter-offensive.

Third, the vertical lift F-35Bs can be distributed throughout the battlespace on dispersedlaunch points to contribute to the diversity of vectors of attack and defense against the

Chinese. For the STOVL F-35, their ability to penetrate the battlespace in a stealth mode,land in a remote area and then wait to deploy against a primary target is an additional

capability, which this 5th

generation aircraft contributes to the new con-ops.

Fourth, allies will be available to contribute ISR and other nodes in the attack and defense

network, which can contribute to a further enhancement of the distributed network.Australian F-35s can participate in the fight or their Wedgetail and Global Hawk assets

deployed to provide further battle management capabilities.

Fifth, the introduction of UAVs, like the USNs new UCAS systems can provide

important strike assets which can be directed by the F-22s and F-35s functioning asforward air controllers.

Sixth, the movement away from AWACs to the use of the 5th

generation fighters as airbattle management assets will significantly reduce the ability of the Chinese to shut down

the force multiplier aspects of a air battle management directed force. Indeed, the RANDstudy provides an important warning for why the US needs 5th generation aircraft.

Simply continuing to rely on the AWACS provides an increasingly easy target for a forcelike China.


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In short, by confronting the Chinese with a distributed 21st

century concept of airoperations, the US and its allies can prevail. If the USAF operates alone and follows 20

th

century air concepts of operations and relies on the limitations of legacy aircraft, the USloses. Surely, the US if it followed such a strategy would lose. That is why it is

imperative to focus on a 21st century con-ops and to build, buy and deploy joint andcombined assets, which enables such a con-ops.

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! "?!

initial deployment. The first squadron(s) of aircraft will bring a C4ISR platform into theair combat domain and with it a major contributor to air-surface operations. But beyond

the core capability of the new fighter comes its ability to force multiple legacy assets.

How will the F-35 work with legacy air assets and in an air-to-surface environment? Thekey way to think about the F-35 as shaping a transition in capability is its ability toprocess data in the air, using its revolutionary man-machine capabilities, and then its

transfer of processed data into Link 16 message sets. Surface assets suffer from asignificant bandwidth problem: F-35 processors can assist by processing data and sending

appropriate results to the ground forces.

And organizing air combat operations is significant as well. The later generation aircraftsuch as Eurofighter and upgraded F-15s and F-16s can be optimally organized for

operations by F-35. The older aircraft can be organized more efficiently as well by F-35processing and stealth capacities.

And rolling out of capability as squadrons are added to the fleet will transform operations

as numbers of F-35s are augmented in the fleet. Each new squadron will allow the F-35to become a more significant player in shaping the operations of air and surface forces.

A way to think about the insertion of F-35s in the fleet is to conceptualize a sliding scaleof capability, which grows as F-35s supplant legacy. But the great thing about the F-35 is

that you do not have to wait for the legacy fleet to be completely replaced to getsignificant enhancements of overall fleet capabilities.


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! ";!

The F-35 has the further advantage of being a joint and coalition aircraft. This means

that the integration of a significant part of U.S. power projection forces USAF, USNand USMC is built-in to the acquisition of the aircraft. And as coalition partners

acquire the aircraft worldwide, working joint concepts of operations with those alliesallows the US to enable both allies and the US to operate in a 21 st century concept of

operations approach.

Indeed, integration of the USN and the USAF within an overall power projection force is

suggested by such an approach. As the USN deploys its first 21st

century carrier, it willcarry F-35s and hopefully UCAS on board. This will allow the USN to configure the

carrier as a significant contributor to joint con-ops. And the UCAS will precede any newbomber for the USAF and, as such, can contribute an important technological and

operational step towards defining how a new bomber can contribute to the jointbattlespace.

And the USN by becoming much more closely integrated with the USAF can make

intelligent decisions about the future of its surface fleet. The F-22 will play a key role asthe lead element of a USN or USAF strike force. But the RAND analysis underscores theneed for the US to have a significant increase in the number of bullets which it can

bring to the fight. The USN can provide these bullets in terms of missiles carried andlaunched from the surface fleet.

And, the further developed of the unmanned contributors to the joint fight should bedefined by their ability to work with the 5

thgeneration aircraft. Some simply need to

operate as decoys against threats like China whereby the Chinese fire against what theythink are deployed US strike assets only to discover that they are striking decoys and by

so striking open themselves to a powerful counter strike from distributed assets. Some

will operate as airborne routers operating in the battlespace to receive data from 5

th

generation fighters machine systems and then distribute that data to the relevant assets inthe proximate battlespace. Airborne routers and other assets would as well dump data to

ships for further processing and distribution in determining strike and defense positionswhich can then be provided to the shooters available to strike key targets.

In short, a 21st

century concept of air operations opens the way to an overall 21st

centuryconcept of power projection con-ops. And shaping such an approach is crucial to

defeating an adversary such as that sketched in the RAND report, or to the general abilityto link U.S. and allied capabilities into a collaborative force able to provide for a global

security enterprise.

!

!

twenty first air operations

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