Dynamic Performance Evaluation and
(PMU)
CTO, ERLPhase Power Technologies Ltd, Canada
Dinesh Rangana Gurusinghe (Student)
 Athula D. Rajapakse (Professor)
University of Manitoba, Canada
Outline
• Introduction
Magnitude – Phase Angle Error Relation in TVE
• PMU Test Setup
• Results and Discussion
 
extract phasors with respect to a time synchronized
reference signal
• PMU can be a stand-alone unit as well as a functional
unit within another physical unit such as a protective
relay or a power system disturbance recorder 
• PMUs when combined with communication
infrastructure enable online observation of the
dynamics of a power system spread over a large
geographical area
• Today, uti li ties have widely deployed PMUs to solve a
variety of power system protection, automation and
control problems
• Previous Synchrophasor Standard C37.118-2005 has
 – Phasor Measurement (estimation)
• Current Standard is d ivided into C37.118.1, .2 parts
 – Separated into Measurements and Communication part
 – C37.118.1 – Measurement
 – C37.118.2 – Communications
10th India Doble Power Forum Conference 60
 
 A general dynamic phasor can be represented as,
The frequency of the reference signal is 50 or 60 Hz and a
cosine function with zero phase offset
 As Xm(t) and  Δf(t) are functions of time, by replacing them
with suitable mathematical functions d ifferent dynamic test
cases can be produced
Concepts of Dynamic Phasor Measurement
The standard defines the TVE as a measure to assess the
accuracy of measurements of a PMU and defines as,
Total Vector Error (TVE) Evaluation
10th India Doble Power Forum Conference 61
 
C37.118.1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Magnitude Error (%)
   P     h    a    s    e    A    n    g     l   e    E    r   r   o    r     (    d    e    g     )
2.5 % 1.5 % 0.5 % 1.0 % 2.0 % 3.0 %
TVE
Variation
 
For 1% TVE,
Maximum magnitude error = ±0.01
Maximum angle error = ±0.5730
Maximum t iming error = ±31.8μs (50 Hz) and ±26.5 μs (60 Hz)
For 3% TVE,
Maximum magnitude error = ±0.03
Maximum angle error = ±1.7190
Maximum t iming error = ±95.5μs (50 Hz) and ±79.6 μs (60 Hz)
What is new in C37.118.1
• Introduction of Performance Classes for Steady State
and dynamic conditions
• Fast response
 –  M- class- with filtering
• Filtering applied for each PMU reporting rate (sample rate)
• Use where aliasing is a concern and more delay can be
accepted
applications
 
• Compliance with dynamic performance
as a measure (FE)
ROCOF error (RFE)
and Rate of change of frequency ?
 As per s tandard:
• Synchrophasor estimate is done with Magnitude and phase
angle e.g. X @ Ψ, where X = Magnitude, andΨ is the phase
angle
 
 
(PSCAD/EMTDC) software precisely produces
mathematical models
The Doble F6150 real-time playback device that supplies real voltage and current signals
at their appropriate levels
(69 V voltage and 5 A current inputs)
The PMU extract phasors using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and other interested
analogue measurements such as frequency,
ROCOF and power 
evaluated against the actual test si gnals
generated from the mathematical models, which were already used to produce
COMTRADE fil es
the entire range of interest and include a range of
operating conditions
The M class operating range is considered as it is the
full range operation of PMU
Test results illus trate performances of the highest
reporting rate of 60 frames per second (fps)
Dynamic compliances include,
 
50 or 60 Hz waveforms that are amplitude or/and phase
angle modulated with a sinusoidal waveform
The test s ignal is represented as,
Measurement Bandwidth
Measurement Bandwidth …
   t    I  n   p   u
   t    (   A    )
   (   A    )
   A   n   g
   )
 
Actual
Measured 
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 Time (s)
0
5
10
   t  o   r
   (   %    )
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
   E   r  r  o   r
   (   H   z
   (   H   z
Actual
Measured 
Time response of the input signal, magnitude, phase angle, frequency, TVE and FE without the
performance class filters (ka = 10 %, kx = 10 %, f 0 = 60 Hz and f m = 2.5 Hz)
TVE and FE rise immediately after the modulation due transient
effects. Therefore, it i s important to allow an adequate settling time
to
measurement
 
   t  o   r
   (   %    )
 
3.0 % TVE Limit
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
   E   r  r  o   r
   (   H   z
modulation frequency at 60
The input s ignal frequency is linearly ramped to test
performances during power system frequency changes
The test s ignal is represented as,
Ramp of System Frequency
 
Ramp of System Frequency …
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 Time (s)
Time response of the input signal, magnitude, phase angle, frequency, TVE and FE without the
performance class filters (Rf = 0.8 Hz/s)
 As per standard, It is impo rtant to exclude measu rements dur ing the
first two reporting in tervals before and after a change in the
frequency ramp. For example, period of 33 ms before and after a
transition should be discarded in the reporting rate of 60 fps
-8
-4
0
4
8
   t    I  n   p   u
   t    (   A    )
   (   A    )
   A   n   g
   )
 
   (   H   z
   t  o   r
   (   %    )
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 0
0.02
0.04
   E   r  r  o   r
   (   H   z
linear frequency ramp at 60
fps withou t the
   T    o    t   a
    (   %     )
 
1.0 % TVE Limit
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
   E   r  r  o   r
   (   H   z
 
Bandwidth and Linear Frequency Ramp
Influence quantity Range Condition Max
TVE (%)
w/o filter 0.89 0.06
P class 0.36 0.01
M class 0.84 0.01
method of comparing the PMU response to a sudden input
change
Phase angle step (pos iti ve and negative)
The test signal is represented as,
Step Response
 
Magni tude Step Response
Time response of the input signal, magnitude, phase angle, frequency, TVE and FE without the performance class filters (km = 10 % and ka = 0 %)
-8
-4
0
4
8
   t     (   A     )
    (   A     )
    l   e     (    d    e    g
    )
 
    (     H
   z     )
   T    o    t   a
    (   %     )
0.05
0.10
   e    n    c   y
    (   H   z
Phase Angle Step Response
Time response of the input signal, magnitude, phase angle, frequency, TVE and FE without the performance class filters (km = 0 % and ka = 10 %)
-8
-4
0
4
8
   t     (   A     )
    (   A     )
    l   e     (     d    e    g
    )
 
   e    n    c   y
   T    o    t   a
    (   %     )
0.5
1.0
1.5
   e    n    c   y
    (   H   z
Time (s)
 
kx = 0 %
ka = +10 %
The PMU dynamic performance tests specified in the
IEEE C37.118.1 -2011 standard are reviewed
Simple and repeatable PMU dynamic performance
evaluation method is proposed
and timing it is important to minimize all these error
components
requirements as it has been designed according to the
previous standard (C37.118 -2005).
confi rmed that the PMU will satisfy the latest dynamic
performances if the new performance class fil ters will
be implemented
 
 
THANK You! knarendra@erlphase.com