tutorial 10: performing what-if analyses

TUTORIAL 10: PERFORMING WHAT-IF

ANALYSES

Objectives Explore the principles of cost-volume-profit relationships Perform a basic what-if analysis Use Goal Seek to calculate a solution Create a one-variable data table Create a two-variable data table Create and apply different Excel scenarios Generate a scenario summary report Generate a scenario PivotTable report Explore the principles of price elasticity Run Solver to calculate optimal solutions Create and apply constraints to a Solver model Save and load a Solver model

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Visual Overview

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Data Tables and What-If Analysis

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Understanding Cost-Volume-ProfitRelationships

Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysisStudies the relationship between

expenses, sales volume, and profitability

Helps predict the effect of cutting overhead or raising prices on a company’s net income

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CVP (Break – Even Analysis Cont.

Used to determine at what point a product or activity becomes profitable In break even analysis, there are fixed costs that do

not change There are variable costs based on the number of

units sold These are the costs of raw materials and direct labor

Break-Even Analysis determines how to just pay for costs (net income of zero) The break-even point is that point where the total

net profit is 0

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Comparing Expenses and Revenue

Types of expensesVariable expenses change in

proportion to the amount of business a company does

Fixed expense must be paid regardless of sales volume

Total Expenses = Fixed expenses + variable expenses

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Determining the Break-Even Point

Break-even point: revenue equals expenses

A CVP chart shows the relationship between expenses and revenue

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Ways to Perform What-If Analysis in Excel

Goal Seek Automates trial-and-error process

One-variable data tables Works by changing the value of one input

variable Two-variable data tables

Works by changing the value two input variables

The Scenario manager Input variables are changed using two or more

scenarios

Performing a What-If Analysis with Goal Seek

What-if analysis lets you explore the impact of changing different values in a worksheet

Goal Seek automates trial-and-error process Allows you to specify a value for a calculated

item Excel returns input value needed to reach the

goal Goal Seek dialog box – determining break-even point

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Performing a What-If Analysis with Goal Seek

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One-variable Data Tables (Introduction)

Use to calculate different expected outcomes by changing the value of a single variable

Note that we could do this by hand using mixed formula references

When creating data tables, the structure of the data must be in a specific form

Working with Data Tables Display results from several what-if

analyses One-variable data table

Specify one input cell and any number of result cells

Useful in business to explore how changing a single input cell can impact several result cells

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One-variable Data Tables (Creating 1)

Set up the worksheet for a data table


Select the columnar grid for the data table

Formula to copy

Inputvalues


Select the input variable to be modified (interest rate) Select Column input cell because the data are

columnar

One-variable Data Tables (Result)

Charting a One-Variable Data Table

Gives a better picture of relationship between sales volume, revenue, and total expenses

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Creating a Two-Variable Data Table

Conceptually, they work like one-variable data tables Two inputs are changed instead of one input The resulting output is a grid

Analyzes a variety of combinations simultaneously

Uses two input cells, but displays only a single result value

Must identify the row input cell and the column input cell

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Two-variable Data Tables (Creating 1)

Set up the worksheet for a data table


Select the two-dimensional grid for the data table


Select the two input variables to be modified

Two-variable Data Tables (Result)

Creating a Two-Variable Data Table

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Charting a Two-Variable Data Table

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Visual Overview Scenario Manager

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What-If Scenarios

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The Scenario Manager (Introduction)

Use the Scenario Manager to vary one or more input value

Each unique combination of input values is called a scenario Input cells are called changing cells There can be many scenarios Scenarios usually vary from best possible case to

worst possible case Scenario input must be well-structured

The Scenario Manager (Cont)

Using the Scenario Manager can be confusing as you don’t see the input values to the scenarios

Create scenarios to perform a what-if analysis with more than two input cells

Define names for all input and result cells that you intend to use in the analysis Use named ranges for the input values to simplify the

creation of scenarios Defined names automatically appear in reports

generated by the Scenario Manager Using defined names makes it easier to work with

scenarios and understand the scenario reports

Using the Scenario Manager

Use the Scenario Manager to define scenariosEach scenario includes a scenario name,

input cells, and values for each input cellNumber of scenarios is limited only by

computer’s memory Input cells are referred to as changing cells

Contain values that are changed under the scenario

Can be located anywhere in the worksheet

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Edit Scenario dialog box

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Scenario Values dialog box

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View the effect of each scenario by selecting it in the Scenario Manager dialog box

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Editing a ScenarioEdit the assumptions to view other

possibilitiesWorksheet calculations are

automatically updated to reflect the new scenario

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Creating a Scenario Summary Report

Displays the values of the input cells and result cells under each scenario

Tabular layout makes it simpler to compare results of each scenario

Automatic formatting makes it useful for reports and meetings

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Scenario Summary Report

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Creating a Scenario PivotTable Report

Displays results from each scenario as a pivot field in a PivotTable

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Creating a Scenario PivotTable Report

Results for the table can be displayed in a PivotChart

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Visual Overview (Solver)

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Using Solver

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Finding an Optimal Solution Using Solver

Solver searches for the optimal solution to a problem involving several variables

Arrives at optimal solutions through an iterative procedure

Because it is an add-in, Solver might need to be activated

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Setting Up Solver to Find a Solution

Specify three Solver parameters Objective cell Variable (or changing) cells Constraints

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Setting Up Solver Constraints

Constraints confine the solution within a reasonable set of defined limits

Constraints supported by Solver<=, >=, and =integer or intbinary or bindif or AllDifferent

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Add Constraint dialog box

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Completed Solver Parameters dialog box

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Creating a Solver Answer Report

Solver can create three different reports Answer report (the most useful) Sensitivity report Limits report

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Sections of a Solver Answer Report

Titles Information about the objective cell:

location, cell label, and cell’s original value and final values

Information about the changing cells (variable cells): location, column and row label, original value, and final value of each cell

Information about the constraints: not binding and binding, and slack

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Creating a Solver Answer Report

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Choosing a What-If Analysis Tool

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Data tables • To perform several what-if analyses involving one or two input cells and to display analysis in a tabular format

• Easily displayed as charts

Create a scenario

• For what-if analyses involving more than two input cells• Scenario summary tables and scenario PivotTables can be

used to obtain a quick snapshot of several possible outcomes

• Scenarios can be merged and shared among several workbooks

Solver • To maximize or minimize a value (provide a single solution or “best outcome”)

• To set a calculated cell to a specific value

Goal Seek • If you don’t need to specify any constraints on your solution

Saving and Loading Solver Models

Save parameters in cells in the worksheet Reload the parameters from the worksheet

cells without having to reformulate the problem

Create dozens of models that you can load and apply to your analysis as new data is entered

Load/Save Model dialog box

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Saving and Loading Solver Models

Saved Solver model

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tutorial 10: performing what-if analyses

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