tumorsofthecentralnervoussystem3a978-94... · in clinical diagnosis, treatment assessment, and...
TRANSCRIPT
Tumors of the Central Nervous System
Tumors of the Central Nervous SystemVolume 2
For other titles published in this series, go towww.springer.com/series/8812
Tumors of the Central NervousSystemVolume 2
Tumors of the CentralNervous System
Gliomas: Glioblastoma (Part 2)
Edited by
M.A. HayatDistinguished ProfessorDepartment of Biological Sciences,Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
123
EditorM.A. HayatDepartment of Biological SciencesKean UniversityUnion, NJ, [email protected]
ISBN 978-94-007-0617-0 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0618-7DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0618-7Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011923069
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose ofbeing entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
“Although touched by technology, surgical pathology always hasbeen, and remains, an art. Surgical pathologists, like all artists, depictin their artwork (surgical pathology reports) their interactions withnature: emotions, observations, and knowledge are all integrated.The resulting artwork is a poor record of complex phenomena.”
Richard J. Reed MD
Preface
The primary objective of this series, Tumors of the Central Nervous System, is topresent the readers with the most up-to-date information on the initiation, progres-sion, recurrence, metastasis, and treatment of the CNS tumors. As in volume 1,volume 2 has discussed in detail biomarkers and diagnosis of gliomas, especiallyglioblastoma. The role of a large number of biomarkers in the diagnosis of glioblas-toma is included. Advantages and limitations of the use of biomarkers for diagnosisare presented. The role of TP53 gene mutation in the initiation and progression ofglioblastoma is presented as well as germline mutations of this gene. Role of onco-genes and tumor suppressor genes is also discussed. Also, is discussed the role ofspecific genes in the resistance to drug therapy.
The importance of the use of imaging modalities (e.g., PET, CT, MRI, and SPECT)in clinical diagnosis, treatment assessment, and recurrence determination is pointedout. It is well established that early diagnosis is the key to cancer “cure”. Prognosisis highly dependent on the stage of the disease. Thus, a simple and reliable screeningmethod would be of tremendous advantage. Imaging techniques in clinical practiceare used for the staging of tumors, detection of tumor recurrence, monitoring of effi-cacy of therapy, and differentiation between malignant and benign tissues. In thisvolume, use of PET in diagnosing glioma and in assessment of biological target vol-ume in high-grade glioma patients is explained. Also is discussed the use of MRI inglioma surgery.
Present and future therapeutic drugs for malignant gliomas are described. The effi-cacy of several drugs, such as cyclosporine, interferon, heparin, and cannabinoidsin treating glioblastoma is explained. Effectiveness of therapies, such as resection,radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, against high-grade gliomas is detailed.Therapy for recurrent high-grade glioma with bevacizumab and irinotecan is pre-sented. Use of dendritic cell therapy and adenoviral vectors for glioblastoma isdiscussed. Brainstem gliomas are also described, so is tumor-associated epilepsy.
This work consists of 37 chapters that were contributed by 101 authors represent-ing 16 countries. The high quality of each manuscript made my work as the editoran easy one. Strictly uniform style of manuscript writing has been accomplished.The results are presented in the form of both black-and-white and color images anddiagrams.
I am indebted to the contributors for their promptness in accepting my suggestions,and appreciate their dedication and hard work in sharing their knowledge and exper-tise with the readers. Each chapter provides unique individual, practical knowledgebased on the expertise of a large number of researches and physicians. A vast medical
vii
viii Preface
field such as tumors of the CNS can be discussed adequately only by a large numberof experts. It is my hope that this volume will be published expediously.
I am thankful to Dr. Dawood Farahi, Dr. Kristie Reilly, and Mr. Philip Connellyfor recognizing the importance of scholarship in an institution of higher education,and providing resources for completing this project.
Union, New Jersey M.A. HayatSeptember 2010
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1M.A. Hayat
Part I Biomarkers and Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Gliomagenesis: Advantages and Limitations of Biomarkers . . . . . 11Michel Wager, Lucie Karayan-Tapon, and Christian-Jacques Larsen
3 Molecular Subtypes of Gliomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Lonneke A.M. Gravendeel and Pim J. French
4 Glioblastoma: Germline Mutation of TP53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Haruhiko Sugimura, Hidetaka Yamada, Shinji Kageyama,Yasuhiro Yamamura, Naoki Yokota, Hiroki Mori,Moriya Iwaizumi, Kazuya Shinmura, Kiyotaka Kurachi, ToshioNakamura, Masaru Tsuboi, Masato Maekawa, and Tomoaki Kahyo
5 Familial Gliomas: Role of TP53 Gene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Soufiane El Hallani and Ilham Ratbi
6 The Role of IDH1 and IDH2 Mutations in Malignant Gliomas . . . . 47Yukihiko Sonoda, Ichiyo Shibahara, Ryuta Saito,Toshihiro Kumabe, and Teiji Tominaga
7 Malignant Glioma: Isocitrate Dehydrogenases 1 and 2 Mutations . . 53Zachary J. Reitman and Hai Yan
8 Metabolic Differences in Different Regions of Glioma Samples . . . . 63Francisca M. Santandreu, Jordi Oliver, and Pilar Roca
9 Glioblastoma Patients: Role of Methylated MGMT . . . . . . . . . . 73Giulio Metro and Alessandra Fabi
10 Brain Tumor Angiogenesis and Glioma Grading:Role of Tumor Blood Volume and Permeability EstimatesUsing Perfusion CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Rajan Jain
ix
x Contents
11 Vasculogenic Mimicry in Glioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Zhong-Ping Chen and Yin-Sheng Chen
12 Newly Diagnosed Glioma: Diagnosis Using PositronEmission Tomography with Methionine and Fluorothymidine . . . . 103Nobuyuki Kawai, Yoshihiro Nishiyama, and Takashi Tamiya
13 Role of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Differentiationof Glioblastomas from Solitary Brain Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . 113Sumei Wang, Harish Poptani, Elias R. Melhem, and Sungheon Kim
14 131I-TM-601 SPECT imaging of Human Glioma . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Adam N. Mamelak and David Hockaday
15 Assessment of Biological Target Volume Using PositronEmission Tomography in High-Grade Glioma Patients . . . . . . . . 131Habib Zaidi and Srinivasan Senthamizhchelvan
16 Skin Metastases of Glioblastoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Rebecca Senetta and Paola Cassoni
Part II Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
17 Diffuse Low-Grade Gliomas: What Does “CompleteResection” Mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Johan Pallud
18 Quantitative Approach of the Natural Course of DiffuseLow-Grade Gliomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Johan Pallud and Emmanuel Mandonnet
19 Impact of Extent of Resection on Outcomes in Patientswith High-Grade Gliomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Debraj Mukherjee and Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
20 Glioma Surgery: Intraoperative Low Field MagneticResonance Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Christian Senft
21 Low-Grade Gliomas: Intraoperative Electrical Stimulations . . . . . 189Hugues Duffau
22 Malignant Gliomas: Present and Future Therapeutic Drugs . . . . . 207Linda Coate and Warren Mason
23 Recurrent Malignant Glioma Patients: Treatmentwith Conformal Radiotherapy and Systemic Therapy . . . . . . . . . 215Abhirami Hallock and Lauren VanderSpek
24 Glioblastoma: Boron Neutron Capture Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Tetsuya Yamamoto, Kei Nakai, and Hiroaki Kumada
25 Glioblastoma: Anti-tumor Action of Cyclosporin Aand Functionally Related Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Bozena Kaminska, Magdalena Tyburczy,Konrad Gabrusiewicz, and Malgorzata Sielska
Contents xi
26 Glioblastoma Patients: Chemotherapy with Cisplatin,Temozolomide and Thalidomide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Fable Zustovich and Giuseppe Lombardi
27 Glioblastoma: Role of Galectin-1 in Chemoresistance . . . . . . . . . 261Florence Lefranc and Robert Kiss
28 Glioma-Initiating Cells: Interferon Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Atsushi Natsume, Masasuke Ohno, Kanako Yuki,Kazuya Motomura, and Toshihiko Wakabayashi
29 Glioblastoma: Anti-tumor Action of Natural and SyntheticCannabinoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Aleksandra Ellert-Miklaszewska, Iwona Ciechomska,and Bozena Kaminska
30 Patients with Recurrent High-Grade Glioma: Therapywith Combination of Bevacizumab and Irinotecan . . . . . . . . . . 289Benedikte Hasselbalch, Ulrik Lassen, and Hans Skovgaard Poulsen
31 Monitoring Gliomas In Vivo Using Diffusion-WeightedMRI During Gene Therapy-Induced Apoptosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Timo Liimatainen, Olli Gröhn, and Kimmo Lehtimäki
32 High-Grade Gliomas: Dendritic Cell Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313Hilko Ardon, Steven De Vleeschouwer, Frank Van Calenbergh,and Stefaan W. Van Gool
33 Glioblastoma Multiforme: Use of Adenoviral Vectors . . . . . . . . . 335Thomas Wirth, Haritha Samaranayake, and Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
34 Fischer/F98 Glioma Model: Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349David Fortin
35 Cellular and Molecular Characterization of Anti-VEGFand IL-6 Therapy in Experimental Glioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Sophie Javerzat and Martin Hagedorn
36 Adult Brainstem Gliomas: Diagnosis and Treatment . . . . . . . . . 371Florence Laigle-Donadey and Jean-Yves Delattre
37 The Use of Low Molecular Weight Heparin in the Treatmentand Prevention of Thromboembolic Disease in Glioma Patients . . . 379Bo H. Chao and H. Ian Robins
Part III Prognosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
38 Brainstem Gliomas: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Marco Antonio Lima
39 Tumor-Associated Epilepsy in Patients with Glioma . . . . . . . . . 397Anja Smits and Anette Storstein
40 Brain Tumors Arising in the Setting of Chronic Epilepsy . . . . . . . 407Richard A. Prayson
xii Contents
41 Low-Grade Gliomas: Role of Relative Cerebral BloodVolume in Malignant Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417Neil Upadhyay and Adam D. Waldman
42 Angiocentric Glioma-Induced Seizures: Lesionectomy . . . . . . . . 425Dave F. Clarke and Timothy M. George
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Contents of Volume 1
1 Introduction
2 Molecular Classification of Gliomas
3 Glioblastoma: Endosialin Marker for Pericytes
4 Glioma Grading Using Cerebral Blood Volume Heterogeneity
5 The Role of Ectonucleotidases in Glioma Cell Proliferation
6 Gliomas: Role of Monoamine Oxidase B in Diagnosis
7 Glioma: Role of Integrin in Pathogenesis and Therapy
8 Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Intracranial Gliomas
9 Infiltration Zone in Glioma: Proton Magnetic ResonanceSpectroscopic Imaging
10 Malignant Gliomas: Role of E2F1 Transcription Factor
11 The Role of Glucose Transporter-1 (GLUT-1) in Malignant Gliomas
12 Malignant Gliomas: Role of Platelet-Derived Growth FactorReceptor A (PDGFRA)
13 Molecular Methods for Detection of Tumor Markers in Glioblastomas
14 Role of MGMT in Glioblastomas
15 Glioblastomas: Role of CXCL12 Chemokine
16 Cell Death Signaling in Glioblastoma Multiforme: Role ofthe Bcl2L12 Oncoprotein
17 Glioblastoma Multiforme: Role of Polycomb Group Proteins
18 Glioblastoma Multiforme: Role of Cell Cycle-Related KinaseProtein (Method)
19 Markers of Stem Cells in Gliomas
20 Efficient Derivation and Propagation of GlioblastomaStem-Like Cells Under Serum-Free Conditions Using theCambridge Protocol
xiii
xiv Contents of Volume 1
21 Glioma Cell Lines: Role of Cancer Stem Cells
22 Glioblastoma Cancer Stem Cells: Response to EpidermalGrowth Factor Receptor Kinase Inhibitors
23 Low- and High-Grade Gliomas: Extensive Surgical Resection
24 Brainstem Gangliogliomas: Total Resection and CloseFollow-Up
25 Glioblastoma: Temozolomide-Based Chemotherapy
26 Drug-Resistant Glioma: Treatment with Imatinib Mesylateand Chlorimipramine
27 Glioblastoma Multiforme: Molecular Basis of Resistance to Erlotinib
28 Enhanced Glioma Chemosensitivity
29 Malignant Glioma Patients: Anti-Vascular EndothelialGrowth Factor Monoclonal Antibody, Bevacizumab
30 Aggravating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by CombinedApplication of Bortezomib and Celecoxib as a NovelTherapeutic Strategy for Glioblastoma
31 Targeted Therapy for Malignant Gliomas
32 Glioblastomas: HER1/EGFR-Targeted Therapeutics
33 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition as aTherapeutic Strategy for Glioblastoma Multiforme
34 Role of Acyl-CoA Synthetases in Glioma Cell Survival andIts Therapeutic Implication
35 Malignant Glioma Patients: Combined Treatment withRadiation and Fotemustine
36 Malignant Glioma Immunotherapy: A Peptide Vaccine fromBench to Bedside
37 Malignant Glioma: Chemovirotherapy
38 Intracranial Glioma: Delivery of an Oncolytic Adenovirus
39 Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging (MRSI)in the Treatment Planning of Gliomas
40 Malignant Glioma Cells: Role of Trail-Induced Apoptosis
41 Long-Term Survivors of Glioblastoma
42 Glioblastoma Patients: p15 Methylation as a Prognostic Factor
Contributors
Hilko Ardon Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of ExperimentalImmunology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,[email protected]
Paola Cassoni Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology,University of Turin, Turin, Italy, [email protected]
Bo H. Chao Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School ofMedicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA, [email protected]
Yin-Sheng Chen Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-senUniversity, Guangzhou, China, [email protected]
Zhong-Ping Chen Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-senUniversity, Guangzhou, China, [email protected]
Iwona Ciechomska Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute ofExperimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]
Dave F. Clarke Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Dell Children’sMedical Center, Austin, TX, USA, [email protected]
Linda Coate Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital,Toronto, ON, Canada, [email protected]
Steven De Vleeschouwer Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory ofExperimental Immunology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,[email protected]
Jean-Yves Delattre Service de Neurologie Mazarin, Hôpital de laPitié-Salpêtrière – APHP, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France,[email protected]
Hugues Duffau Department of Neurosurgery and INSERM U1051, Institute forNeurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier University Medical Center, Hôpital Guide Chauliac, CHU Montpellier 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France,[email protected]
Soufiane El Hallani Cancer Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department,British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3,[email protected]
xv
xvi Contributors
Aleksandra Ellert-Miklaszewska Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Instituteof Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]
Alessandra Fabi Division of Medical Oncology, Regina Elena National CancerCenter Institute, Rome, Italy, [email protected]
David Fortin Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, SherbrookeUniversity, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, [email protected]
Pim J. French Department of Neurology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, ErasmusMedical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, [email protected]
Konrad Gabrusiewicz Laboratory of Transcription Regulation, Department ofCell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland,[email protected]
Timothy M. George Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, DellChildren’s Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA, [email protected]
Lonneke A.M. Gravendeel Department of Neurology, Josephine NefkensInstitute, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,[email protected]
Olli Gröhn Department of Neurobiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio,Finland, [email protected]
Martin Hagedorn INSERM U1029, Université Bordeaux 1, Talence, Cedex,France, [email protected]
Abhirami Hallock Department of Radiation Oncology, London Regional CancerProgram, University of Western Ontario, E. London, ON, Canada,[email protected]
Benedikte Hasselbalch Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Center, Sec6321, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,[email protected]
M.A. Hayat Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, Union, NJ,USA, [email protected]
David Hockaday Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, LosAngeles, CA, USA
Moriya Iwaizumi Department of Investigative Pathology I, HamamatsuUniversity School of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan,[email protected]
Rajan Jain Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology andDepartment of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA,[email protected]
Sophie Javerzat INSERM U1029, Université Bordeaux 1, Talence, Cedex,France, [email protected]
Shinji Kageyama Department of Investigative Pathology I, HamamatsuUniversity School of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan,[email protected]
Contributors xvii
Tomoaki Kahyo Department of Investigative Pathology I, Hamamatsu UniversitySchool of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan, [email protected]
Bozena Kaminska Laboratory of Transcription Regulation, Department of CellBiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland,[email protected]
Lucie Karayan-Tapon Department of Molecular Biology, Poitiers UniversityHospital, University of Poitiers Medical School, Poitiers, France,[email protected]
Nobuyuki Kawai Department of Neurological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine,Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan, [email protected]
Sungheon Kim Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging,New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,[email protected]
Robert Kiss Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Librede Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium, [email protected]
Toshihiro Kumabe Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University GraduateSchool of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi, Japan,[email protected]
Hiroaki Kumada Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba,Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan, [email protected]
Kiyotaka Kurachi Department of Investigative Pathology I, HamamatsuUniversity School of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan,[email protected]
Florence Laigle-Donadey Service de Neurologie Mazarin, Hôpital de laPitié-Salpêtrière – APHP, Paris Cedex 13, France,[email protected]
Christian-Jacques Larsen Poitiers University Hospital, University of PoitiersMedical School, Poitiers, France, [email protected]
Ulrik Lassen Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Center, Sec 6321,Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,[email protected]
Florence Lefranc Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, UniversitéLibre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium, [email protected]
Kimmo Lehtimäki Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, [email protected]
Timo Liimatainen Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, [email protected]
Marco Antonio Lima Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional deCâncer-INCa, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, [email protected]
Giuseppe Lombardi Oncologia Medica 1, I.O.V. – IRCCS, Ospedale Busonera,Padova, Italy, [email protected]
xviii Contributors
Masato Maekawa Department of Investigative Pathology I, HamamatsuUniversity School of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan,[email protected]
Adam N. Mamelak Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center,Los Angeles, CA, USA, [email protected]
Emmanuel Mandonnet Laboratoire Kastler Brossel de l’ens, Paris Cedex 5,France, [email protected]
Warren Mason Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital,Toronto, ON, Canada, [email protected]
Elias R. Melhem Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospitalof the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,[email protected]
Giulio Metro Division of Medical Oncology, Regina Elena National CancerCenter Institute, Rome, Italy, [email protected]
Hiroki Mori Department of Investigative Pathology I, Hamamatsu UniversitySchool of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan, [email protected]
Kazuya Motomura Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School ofMedicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,[email protected]
Debraj Mukherjee Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai MedicalCenter, Los Angeles, California 90048, [email protected]
Kei Nakai Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Universityof Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan, [email protected]
Toshio Nakamura Department of Investigative Pathology I, HamamatsuUniversity School of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan,[email protected]
Atsushi Natsume Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School ofMedicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,[email protected]
Yoshihiro Nishiyama Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, KagawaUniversity, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan, [email protected]
Masasuke Ohno Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School ofMedicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,[email protected]
Jordi Oliver Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain,[email protected]
Johan Pallud Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris Cedex 14,France, [email protected]
Harish Poptani Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospitalof the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,[email protected]
Contributors xix
Hans Skovgaard Poulsen Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Center,Sec 6321, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,[email protected]
Richard A. Prayson Section of Neuropathology, Department of AnatomicPathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA, [email protected]
Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns HopkinsSchool of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, [email protected]
Ilham Ratbi Department of Medical Genetics, Human Genomic Center, Facultyof Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohamed V Souissi, National Institute ofHealth, Rabat, Marocco, [email protected]
Zachary J. Reitman The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, The PrestonRobert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,USA; The Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,USA, [email protected]
H. Ian Robins Department of Medicine, Human Oncology, and Neurology,University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA,[email protected]
Pilar Roca Department de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut. Ed.Guillem Colom, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera Valldemossa Km 7.5,Palma de Mallorca, 07122, Balearic Islands, Spain, [email protected]
Ryuta Saito Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate Schoolof Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi, Japan, [email protected]
Haritha Samaranayake Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine,A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland,[email protected]
Francisca M. Santandreu Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca,Spain, [email protected]
Rebecca Senetta Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology,University of Turin, Turin, Italy, [email protected]
Christian Senft Department of Neurosurgery, Johann WolfgangGoethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany, [email protected]
Srinivasan Senthamizhchelvan Division of Nuclear Medicine, The RussellH. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns HopkinsUniversity School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, [email protected]
Ichiyo Shibahara Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University GraduateSchool of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi, Japan, [email protected]
Kazuya Shinmura Department of Investigative Pathology I, HamamatsuUniversity School of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan,[email protected]
Malgorzata Sielska Laboratory of Transcription Regulation, Department of CellBiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland,[email protected]
xx Contributors
Anja Smits Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, University HospitalUppsala, Uppsala, Sweden, [email protected]
Yukihiko Sonoda Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University GraduateSchool of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi, Japan,[email protected]
Anette Storstein Department of Neuroscience, Haukeland University Hospital,N5021 Bergen, Norway, [email protected]
Haruhiko Sugimura Department of Investigative Pathology I, HamamatsuUniversity School of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan,[email protected]
Takashi Tamiya Department of Neurological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine,Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan, [email protected]
Teiji Tominaga Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate Schoolof Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi, Japan, [email protected]
Masaru Tsuboi Department of Investigative Pathology I, Hamamatsu UniversitySchool of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan, [email protected]
Magdalena Tyburczy Laboratory of Transcription Regulation, Department ofCell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland,[email protected]
Neil Upadhyay Institute of Clinical Science, Imperial College London, CharingCross Hospital, W68RF, London, UK, [email protected]
Frank Van Calenbergh Department of Neurosurgery, Catholic UniversityLeuven, Leuven, Belgium, [email protected]
Lauren VanderSpek Department of Radiation Oncology, London RegionalCancer Program, University of Western Ontario, E. London, ON, Canada,[email protected]
Stefaan W. Van Gool Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory of ExperimentalImmunology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,[email protected]
Michel Wager Poitiers University Hospital, University of Poitiers MedicalSchool, Poitiers, France, [email protected]
Toshihiko Wakabayashi Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Schoolof Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,[email protected]
Adam D. Waldman Institute of Clinical Science, Imperial College London,Charing Cross Hospital, W68RF, London, UK, [email protected]
Sumei Wang Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital ofthe University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,[email protected]
Thomas Wirth Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I.Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland, [email protected]
Contributors xxi
Hidetaka Yamada Department of Investigative Pathology I, HamamatsuUniversity School of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan,[email protected]
Tetsuya Yamamoto Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan,[email protected]
Yasuhiro Yamamura Department of Investigative Pathology I, HamamatsuUniversity School of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan,[email protected]
Hai Yan The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, The Preston RobertTisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA;The Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,[email protected]
Seppo Ylä-Herttuala Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine,A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland,[email protected]
Naoki Yokota Department of Investigative Pathology I, Hamamatsu UniversitySchool of Medicine, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, Japan, [email protected]
Kanako Yuki Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School ofMedicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,[email protected]
Habib Zaidi Division of Nuclear Medicine, Geneva University Hospital,Geneva 4, Switzerland, [email protected]
Fable Zustovich Oncologia Medica 1, I.O.V. – IRCCS, Ospedale Busonera,Padova, Italy, [email protected]