tuition and scholarship postgraduate...

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... -4 &&JF- 970740--3 From DNA To Protein: Transformations And Their Possible Role In Linkage Learning Hillol Kargupta*and Brian Stafford ,-- Computational Science Methods Group X Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory P.O. Box 1663, MS F645 Los Alamos, NM, 87545 Los Alamos National Laboratory Technical Report LA UR-96-XXXX Abstract This paper first extends the traditional perspective of linkage using the basic concepts developed in the SEARCH framework (Kargupta, 1995; Kargupta & Goldberg, 1996) and identifies the fundamental objec- tives of linkage learning. It then explores the computa- tional role of gene-expression (DNA+RNA+Protein transformations) in evolutionary linkage learning, us- ing group representation theory. It offers strong evi- dence to support the hypothesis that the transforma- tions in gene-expression define a group of symmetry transformations that leaves the fitness invariant; how- ever, they change the eigen functions leading to iden- tifying independent subspaces of the search space (a major objective of linkage learning) using irreducible representations of such transformations. 1 Introduction Intra-cellular expression of genetic information in a living organism plays a critical role in the emergence of different forms of life. Different regions of DNA- the career of genetic information-are transcribed in different cells of an organism for producing messen- ger RNA (mRNA). Messenger RNA sequences are in turn translated to produce proteins, which are respon- sible for almost every activity of a living being. The transformation of the information coded in DNA to the proteins is often called gene expression. Little at- tention has been paid to understand the quantitative role of this intra-cellular flow of genetic information in evolutionary search. Almost all state of the art evolutionary algorithms acknowledge very little com- *The author can be reached by email to [email protected] putational importance of gene expression. In this paper we first offer a perspective of link- age learning as identifying delineable relations (Kar- gupta & Goldberg, 1996) (relations that are inher- ently appropriate for constructing an ordering among its classes, defined over the search space) in subspaces of the search space. In other words, the task of linkage learning is decomposed in (1) decomposing the search space into different independent subspaces and (2) de- tecting appropriate relations defined within the sub- spaces. Next we relate these steps of linkage learning with the series of transformations introduced by the gene expression process and develop a possible per- spective of linkage learning in natural evolution using group representation theory. Section 2 briefly reviews previous work on linkage learning. Section 3 develops the general perspective of linkage using basic concepts of the SEARCH frame- work. Section 4 first briefly describes the basic steps of gene expression. After reviewing the concepts of group representation theory, the transformations in gene ex- pression are related to the issues of linkage learning. 2 Previous Work Genetic linkage if often viewed in both genetic algo- rithm (GA) literature (Goldberg, Korb, & Deb, 1989; Harik & Goldberg, 1996; Holland, 1975) and evolu- tionary biology (Alberts, Bray, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, & Watson, 1994) as the non-linear epistatic relations among different variables (often called genes in the bi- ological context). The scope of linkage learning is of- ten described as identifying the cluster of epistatically related genes. Although the major bulk of the GA literature failed to pay attention to the issue of link- age learning, a significant amount of effort has been 1 ~StRlSUTION OF THiS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED

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SCIENCE

MUSIC

ART

MEDIA

COMPUTING

BUSINESS

TOURISM & HOSPITALITY

ENGINEERING

HUMANITIES

MARITIME

www.cit.ie

CORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

IRELAND

The allure of staying in the historic city of Cork which boasts of a liberal multi-cultural atmosphere along with the genuinely student centric and friendly support offered by everyone at CIT furtherenhances the charm of studying here!

Vaibhav Savant, India

Laura Rebouças, Brazil

Working in industry has been an amazing learning experience on what to expect

in my future career.”

I enjoyed studying at CIT in the “Architecture Factory” because the design of the school and knowledge of the professors allowed me to advance myself and my studies knowing that I had the support of the College behind me.

Joel Foster, Canada

Research in CIT is performed in many different disciplines and by groups of varying size and character. The largest areas of research activities are focused on three thematic research areas:• ICT• Lifesciences and Wellbeing• Photonics

Faculty of Business & Humanities

• MSc in Marketing Practice • MSc in International Business

Faculty of Engineering & Science

• Post Graduate Diploma in Construction Project Management

• Master of Architecture • MEng in Chemical and Biopharmaceutical

Engineering • MEng in Mechanical Engineering• MEng Civil Engineering (Environmental and

Energy) • MSc in Construction Project Management • MSc in Computational Biology • MSc in Cloud Computing (Online) • MSc in Information Security • MSc in Information Design & Development

(Online) • MSc in Software Development

CIT Cork School of Music

• MA in Music Performance • MA in Music Composition • MA in Music Conducting • MA in Music and Technology • MSc in Music and Technology

CIT Crawford College of Art & Design

• Professional Master of Education (Art and Design) • MA in Art Therapy • MA in Art & Design Education• MA in Teaching Visual Arts for Primary &

Early Years Education • MA in Art & Process • MA in Public Relations with New Media • MA in Journalism with New Media • MA in E-learning Design and Development

For International Students, CIT Offers…

• 3 year degrees • 4 year honours degrees • Taught Masters • Masters by Research • PhD

A WIDE RANGE OF PROGRAMMES

INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION

RESEARCH AREAS

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES

TUITION AND SCHOLARSHIP

INDUSTRY ENGAGEMENT

A WIDE RANGE OF DISCIPLINES

• Science • Computing • Engineering • Business • Humanities • Maritime • Music • Art • Media

• All courses recognised internationally • Broad range of international relationships

with educational institutions

The influence of industry is apparent at every level of CIT’s educational system as it impacts upon course design, student internships, research funding, and start-up company engagement. Research is fundamental to CIT’s taught programmes and to engagement with industry.

For queries regarding the admission of international students, please contact:

Email: [email protected] Tel: +353 21 4335452 Web: www.cit.ie/international

• Ordinary Bachelor Degree (Level 7) €10250

• Honours Bachelor Degree (All except Engineering) Level 8 €11250

• Honours Bachelor Degree (Engineering) Level 8 €12250

• Taught Master (All except Engineering) Level 9 €11250

• Taught Master (Engineering) Level 9 €12250

• Masters by Research (All except Engineering) Level 9 €11250

• Masters by Research (Engineering) Level 9 €12250

• PhD (Level 10) €11250

CIT has a range of Scholarship opportunities available. Please email for more details.

Cork Institute of Technology…Cork Institute of Technology (CIT) is delighted to accept applications from international students. The Institute has an outstanding record in relation to student achievement, industry engagement and the development of successful new businesses. International students are very welcome to visit and to take full advantage of the CIT educational experience.

Who we are…CIT is recognised and respected as a progressive educational institution of international standing. CIT was designated ‘Sunday Times Institute of the Year 2016’ which was the Institute’s third time winning this prestigious award.

CIT has a total enrolment in excess of 14,000 full-time and part-time students across its principal campuses: Bishopstown Campus, Crawford College of Art & Design, Cork School of Music, and the National Maritime College of Ireland. It offers a comprehensive range of programmes in engineering, science, computing, business, humanities, art, music, and maritime studies.

Applied nature of programmes…Due to the applied nature of CIT’s courses and research programmes, the Institute makes a key contribution to servicing the needs of many multinational companies in the life sciences, information technology, and agri-food sectors. These include top pharmaceutical companies such as Pfizer, Eli Lilly and Johnson & Johnson. Cork is also home to a strong IT industry which includes EMC, IBM, VMware, Apple, and Canadian company Esentire, amongst others.

Innovation…CIT operates a vibrant innovation centre, the Rubicon Centre, for high potential start-up businesses and these provide a stream of opportunities for graduates and researchers.The Rubicon has recently been expanded and currently houses over 50 start-up companies. CIT is a world-class centre of creativity, entrepreneurship, and industry-focused research and innovation.

International linkages… CIT has developed many links with universities and educational institutions across the world. It is home to approximately 1,000 international students and researchers.

For sports lovers… There are extensive playing fields and sports facilities available. These include outdoor pitches, a championship standard athletics track, tennis courts and a synthetic all-weather pitch. Indoor sports and training are accommodated in a large and well-equipped sports hall and gym, centrally located on campus.

Undergraduate programmes:

Faculty of Business & Humanities CIT Cork School of Music

Faculty of Engineering & Science

CIT Crawford College of Art & Design

National Maritime College of Ireland

Honours Bachelors Degree (Level 8) Honours Bachelors Degree (Level 8)

Honours Bachelors Degree (Level 8) Ordinary Bachelors Degree (Level 7)

Honours Bachelors Degree (Level 8)

Ordinary Bachelors Degree (Level 7)

Ordinary Bachelors Degree (Level 7)

Higher Certificate (Level 6)

• CR 150 BBus (Honours) in Information Systems

• CR 400 BBus (Honours) in Accounting • CR 420 BBus (Honours) in Marketing • CR 425 BBus (Honours) in International

Business with Language • CR 660 BBus (Honours) in Tourism

• CR 010 BSc in Agriculture • CR 011 BSc in Horticulture • CR 021 Business Studies Degree Award

options: BBus in Accounting or BBus in Business and Management or BBus in Marketing

• CR 022 Business Administration Degree Award options: BBus in Business Administration or BBus in Business and Management or BBus in Marketing

• CR 023 BBus in Accounting • CR 031 BA in Social Care • CR 032 BBus in Recreation & Leisure

Management • CR 035 BA in Community Development • CR 041 BBus in Tourism • CR 042 BBus in Hospitality Management • CR 620 BA in Early Years Education • CR 640 BBus in Culinary Arts • CR 650 BBus in Bar Management

• CR 655 Higher Certificate in Arts in Culinary Studies

• CR 657 Higher Certificate in Arts in Hospitality Studies

• CR 105 BEng (Honours) in Chemical and Biopharmaceutical Engineering

• CR 108 BEng (Honours) in Mechanical Engineering

• CR 109 BEng (Honours) in Structural Engineering

• CR 500 Engineering (Honours) (Common Entry)

• CR 510 BEng (Honours) in Sustainable Energy Engineering

• CR 520 BEng (Honours) in Biomedical Engineering

• CR 560 BSc (Honours) in Architectural Technology

• CR 565 BSc (Honours) in Interior Architecture • CR 570 BSc (Honours) in Quantity Surveying • CR 572 BSc (Honours) in Construction

Management • CR 580 BEng (Honours) in Electrical

Engineering • CR 590 BEng (Honours) in Electronic

Engineering • CK 606 BSc (Honours) in Architecture • CR 106 BSc (Honours) in Software

Development • CR 116 BSc (Honours) in Software

Development and Computer Networking • CR 305 Physical Sciences (Honours) (Common

Entry) • CR 310 BSc (Honours) in IT Management • CR 312 BSc (Honours) in Web Development • CR 320 BSc (Honours) in Biomedical Science • CR 325 BSc (Honours) in Pharmaceutical

Biotechnology • CR 330 BSc (Honours) in Herbal Science • CR 333 BSc (Honours) in Nutrition & Health

Science • CR 335 BSc (Honours) in Biological

Sciences (Common Entry)• CR 340 BSc (Honours) in Analytical

Chemistry with Quality Assurance • CR 360 BSc (Honours) in

Instrument Engineering • CR 365 BSc (Honours) in

Environmental Science & Sustainable Technology

• CR 121 Bachelor of Music (Honours) • CR 125 BA (Honours) in Popular Music: Electric

Bass Guitar • CR 126 BA (Honours) in Popular Music: Drums • CR 127 BA (Honours) in Popular Music: Electric

Guitar • CR 128 BA (Honours) in Popular Music: Keyboards • CR 129 BA (Honours) in Popular Music: Voice • CR 700 BA (Honours) in Theatre & Drama Studies

NOTE: Course CR 125, CR 126, CR 127, CR 128, and CR 129 will qualify with a BA (Honours) in Popular Music

• CR 210 BA (Honours) in Contemporary Applied Art (Ceramics, Glass, Textiles)

• CR 220 BA (Honours) in Fine Art • CR 112 BA (Honours) in Multimedia • CR 600 BA (Honours) in Visual Communications

• CR 094 BSc in Nautical Science • CR 095 BEng in Marine Engineering • CR 805 BEng in Marine Electrotechnology

• CR 046 BSc in Automotive Technology & Management

• CR 051 BEng in Civil Engineering • CR 052 Construction Degree Award options:

BSc in Construction Management or BSc in Quantity Surveying

• CR 053 BSc in Interior Architecture • CR 055 BEng in Environmental Engineering • CR 061 BEng in Electronic Engineering • CR 062 BEng in Electrical Engineering • CR 071 BEng in Mechanical Engineering • CR 072 BEng in Building Services Engineering • CR 075 BEng in Biomedical Engineering • CR 077 BSc in Craft Technology (Wood) with

Business • CR 078 BSc in Craft Technology - Mechanical

Services • CR 090 BSc in Architectural Technology • CR 001 BSc in Applied Physics &

Instrumentation• CR 006 Applied Biosciences Degree Award

options: BSc in Food & Health Science or BSc in Applied Biosciences and Biotechnology

• CR 007 BSc in Analytical & Pharmaceutical Chemistry

• CR 016 BSc in Computing • CR 300 Physical Sciences (Common Entry) • CR 888 BSc in Information Technology Support

Undergraduate Entry• Applicants must have achieved suitable grades

in their Secondary Education Examination (UEC / A Levels / STPM / Foundation Course)

in order to satisfy the specific academic entry requirements for the selected programme of

study.

• Students who have partially completed a university degree may be considered for advanced entry into a similar CIT

undergraduate programme.

Postgraduate Entry• Applicants for Postgraduate study must hold a

Bachelor Degree with a minimum overall GPA of 3.0/4.0.

English Language Requirements• IELTS 6.0 - with no individual section lower than

5.5 • TOEFL 80 - with minimum scores as follows: L - 17;

R - 18; S - 20; W - 17