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TUGAS TERSTRUKTUR ILMU HAMA TANAMAN
OLEH :Nama : TadzkirohNIM : 115040213111047Kelas : DDosen Pengasuh : Dr.Ir.TOTO HIMAWAN, SU.
JURUSAN HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHANPROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGIFAKULTAS PERTANIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYAMALANG2014
1. Build a life table for an aphid population (aphids reproduce parthenogenetically). Estimate lx, dx, mx, Ro, T, and r.
Age, days (x)Number of survivals (ax)Mean number of offsprings per parent (mx) Average number alive from age interval (lx)Jumlah individu yg mati (dx)lx.mxx.lx.mx
010000 10.100
19000 0.90.0800
28200 0.820.0700
37500 0.750.0700
46800 0.680.0600
56200 0.620.0700
65501 0.550.055503300
75002 0.50.0510007000
84505 0.450.05225018000
940010 0.40.05400036000
1035012 0.350.05420042000
1130010 0.30.05300033000
122508 0.250.05200024000
132006 0.20.1120015600
141003 0.10.53004200
15501 0.050.550750
1600 0000
18550183850
Ro= 18550
T= 183850/18550= 9,911
r= ln18550/9,911= 1,078
2. Partial life-table. The European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer, cocoons were collected at the beginning of August and dissected. Results of dissection of new (current year) cocoons are the following: Healthy sawfly eonymph144
Eaten by predators125
Exit hole of parasitoid Drino inconspicua15
Exit hole of parasitoid Pleolophus basizonus78
Larvae of parasitoid Exenterus abruptorius210
Exit hole or larvae of gregarious parasitoid Dahlbominus fuscipennis23
Fungus disease205
Total800
Life-cycle information: Excellent images of parasitoids are available from the PHERODIP homepage. Parasitoids D.inconspicua, P.basizonus and D.fuscipennis have several generations per year, whereas E.abruptorius has only 1 generation. D.inconspicua (Tachinidae) is an endoparasite and attacks larvae (4-5 instar). It emerges from the host immediately after host cocooning. It develops very fast and wins the competition with any other parasitoids. E.abruptorius is an ectoparasite, attacks host eonymphs a day prior to cocooning. Parasitoid larvae emerges inside the cocoon, eats the host and overwinters as larvae inside host cocoon. If the host was previously parasitized by D.inconspicua, then E.abruptorius dies. P.basizonus and D.fuscipennis attack host cocoons. They are ectoparasites. If another parasite (E.abruptorius) is already present in the cocoon, it will be eaten first. D. fuscipennis wins the competition with P.basizonus. Estimate mortality caused by each natural enemy, convert it into k-value. Check that the sum of all k-values is equal to the total k-value for sawfly cocoons. Write results in the table, putting mortality processes in the order of their operation.
Mortality processNumber of killed eggsMortalitySurvival (S)k-value
Eaten by predators1250.156250.843750.169
Exit hole of parasitoid Drino inconspicua150.018750.981250.019
Exit hole of parasitoid Pleolophus basizonus780.09750.90250.102
Larvae of parasitoid Exenterus abruptorius2100.26250.73750.304
Exit hole or larvae of gregarious parasitoid Dahlbominus fuscipennis230.028750.971250.029
Fungus disease2050.256250.743750.296
Total6560.820.181.715
k = -ln(s)
CARA PERHITUNGAN PENDUGAAN KEHILANGAN HASILUntuk memperoleh taksiran kehilangan hasil untuk suatu petak atau hamparan/sawah atau suatu daerah kita harus mempunyai data seperti:1. Luas serangan LSR (dalam ha)2. Intensitas serangan ISR (dalam % rumpun/tanaman terserang)aISR = --------------------- x 100% a+ b
a:jumlah rumpun/batang terserangb:jumlah rumpun/batang tak terserang3. Hubungan antara intensitas serangan dengan hasil tanaman yang diperoleh dari pengalaman petani atau dari hasil penelitian.Suatu contoh:Kita mengetahui dugaan hasil tanaman atau produksi tanaman dalam kondisi intensitas serangan (%) tertentu, katakan 55% intensitas serangan, produksi atau hasil tanaman adalah 14 ton/ha. Kita sebut Produksi Tanaman Terserang (PTT)4. Kita Mengetahui bahwa hasil tanaman yang tidak terserang hama atau produksi tanaman sehat (PTS) adalah 23 ton/ha.5. Harga dari produk/hasil tanaman pada tingkat petani katakan Rp 7500/kg atau Rp 7,5 juta/ton (HG)6. Kehilangan hasil (KH) dalam satuan berat (ton) = Luas serangan (LSR) x Produksi Tanaman Sehat (PTS) --- Luas serangan (LSR) x Produksi Tanaman Terserang (PTT)7. Nilai kehilangan hasil (NKH) dalam rupiah = Harga produk (HG) x KHSuatu contoh: Untuk hama padi di suatu kecamatan ternyata LSR 650 ha. PTT= 14 ton/ha. PTS = 23 ton/ha dan harga padi kering panen (HG) Rp 7500/kg.KH= (LSR x PTS) (LSR x PTT)= (650 x 23) (650 x 14)= 14950 9100 ton= 5850 ton atau 5850000 kgNKH= (HG X KH)= Rp 7500/kg x 5850000 kg= Rp 43875000000 BP = Biaya pengendalian dengan pestisida seluas 1 ha = Rp 130.000 jika pada 650 ha maka Rp 84500000 Nilai ambang pendapatan = biaya pengendalian / harga jual= 84,5 x 106 / 7,5 x 103= 11,27 x 103ALE= nilai ambang pendapatan / nilai kehilangan hasil= 11,27 x 103 / 43875 x 106= 25,7 x 10-6
(rumus ALE didapat dari jurnal berjudul AMBANG KENDALI HAMA Spodoptera exigua (LEPIDOPTERA : NOCTUIDAE) PADA BAWANG MERAH DI DATARAN TINGGI)
ASSIGMENT 1
1. Population numbers of cockroaches double every month (30 d). What is their intrinsic rate of increase (per day)? N1 = 2 N0 = 30N1 = N0 . R2= 30 . RR= 2/30 = 0.0672. What is the intrinsic rate of increase in a human population if every family has 3 children at parent's age of 30 (there are no singles, no divorces, sex ratio 1:1)? What would be the numbers of human population after 100 years if initial numbers are 4 billion? N (t+1)= Nt x R3= 10 x RR= 3/10 = 0.3 Setiap keluarga30 = 3100 = xX = 100 x 3/ 30X = 10Pada 4 miliyar keluarga berarti 4.000.000.000 x 10 = 40.000.000.000 populasi3. A new lake was created after building a dam. The number of fish censused after 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 years since that time was 1000, 2000, 3500, 5000 and 6000. Estimate parameters of the logistic model using non-linear regression. Plot the data and the model on one graph.
TimeN(t)
21000
42000
63500
85000
106000
4. Use Excel to simulate population dynamics with the discrete-time logistic model (Ricker's model) for 60 generations. Use K=100; r = 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.9, 2.2; N0 = 10.
N(t+1) = N(t)*exp(r*(1-N(t)/K))
K = 100, r = 0.1
Tine, tN(t)
010
110.94174
211.9609
313.06168
414.24806
515.52377
616.89215
718.35601
819.91754
921.57819
1023.33852
1125.19805
1227.1552
1329.20714
1431.34975
1533.57751
1635.88355
1738.25963
1840.69624
1943.18268
2045.70724
2148.25742
2250.82011
2353.38192
2455.9294
2558.44936
2660.92913
2763.3568
2865.72145
2968.01335
3070.22403
3172.34646
3274.37502
3376.30551
3478.13512
3579.86235
3681.48689
3783.00952
3884.43194
3985.75666
4086.98686
4188.12623
4289.17886
4390.14912
4491.04156
4591.86081
4692.61153
4793.29832
4893.92568
4994.49795
5095.01932
5195.49376
5295.92505
5396.31673
5496.67215
5596.9944
5697.28636
5797.55072
5897.78994
5998.0063
6098.20189
K = 100, r = 0.5
Tine, tN(t)
010
115.68312
223.90696
334.97504
448.41257
562.65833
675.52056
785.35356
891.83875
995.66386
1097.76057
1198.86136
1299.4258
1399.71166
1499.85552
1599.92768
1699.96382
1799.98191
1899.99095
1999.99548
2099.99774
2199.99887
2299.99943
2399.99972
2499.99986
2599.99993
2699.99996
2799.99998
2899.99999
29100
30100
31100
32100
33100
34100
35100
36100
37100
38100
39100
40100
41100
42100
43100
44100
45100
46100
47100
48100
49100
50100
51100
52100
53100
54100
55100
56100
57100
58100
59100
60100
K = 100, r = 1.0Tine, tN(t)
010
124.59603
252.28057
384.25257
498.6219
599.99042
6100
7100
8100
9100
10100
11100
12100
13100
14100
15100
16100
17100
18100
19100
20100
21100
22100
23100
24100
25100
26100
27100
28100
29100
30100
31100
32100
33100
34100
35100
36100
37100
38100
39100
40100
41100
42100
43100
44100
45100
46100
47100
48100
49100
50100
51100
52100
53100
54100
55100
56100
57100
58100
59100
60100
K = 100, r = 1.5
Tine, tN(t)
010
138.57426
296.92827
3101.4988
499.24235
5100.3766
699.81115
7100.0943
899.95282
9100.0236
1099.98821
11100.0059
1299.99705
13100.0015
1499.99926
15100.0004
1699.99982
17100.0001
1899.99995
19100
2099.99999
21100
22100
23100
24100
25100
26100
27100
28100
29100
30100
31100
32100
33100
34100
35100
36100
37100
38100
39100
40100
41100
42100
43100
44100
45100
46100
47100
48100
49100
50100
51100
52100
53100
54100
55100
56100
57100
58100
59100
60100
K = 100, r = 1.9
Tine, tN(t)
010
155.28961
2129.2932
374.10717
4121.2041
581.01204
6116.2065
785.40845
8112.6949
988.54232
10110.0766
1190.89646
12108.0602
1392.71635
14106.4776
1594.14731
16105.2209
1795.2843
18104.2158
1996.1937
20103.4081
2196.92419
22102.7573
2397.5126
24102.2317
2597.98742
26101.8069
2798.37105
28101.4632
2998.68125
30101.1851
3198.93221
32100.9598
3399.13532
34100.7775
3599.29975
36100.6297
3799.43288
38100.5101
3999.54068
40100.4132
4199.62798
42100.3347
4399.69868
44100.2711
4599.75594
46100.2196
4799.80232
48100.1779
4999.83988
50100.1441
5199.87031
52100.1167
5399.89495
54100.0945
5599.91491
56100.0766
5799.93108
58100.062
5999.94417
60100.0502
K = 100, r = 2.2
Tine, tN(t)
010
172.42743
2132.8448
364.49552
4140.8498
557.33997
6146.5723
752.61118
8149.2291
950.5237
10150.0429
1149.89784
12150.2387
1349.7482
14150.2821
1549.7151
16150.2915
1749.70792
18150.2935
1949.70637
20150.2939
2149.70603
22150.294
2349.70596
24150.2941
2549.70595
26150.2941
2749.70594
28150.2941
2949.70594
30150.2941
3149.70594
32150.2941
3349.70594
34150.2941
3549.70594
36150.2941
3749.70594
38150.2941
3949.70594
40150.2941
4149.70594
42150.2941
4349.70594
44150.2941
4549.70594
46150.2941
4749.70594
48150.2941
4949.70594
50150.2941
5149.70594
52150.2941
5349.70594
54150.2941
5549.70594
56150.2941
5749.70594
58150.2941
5949.70594
60150.2941