TUG USE OFFSHORE, IN BAYS AND RIVERS

The Towmaster's Manual

by Captain George H Livingstone MNI and Captain Grant H Livingstone MNI

First published 2006 by The Nautical Institute 202 Lambeth Road, London, SE1 7LQ, England

Telephone: +44 (0)207 928 1351 Fax: +44 (0)207 401 2817

Publications e-mail: pubs@nautinst.org Worldwide web site: http://www.nautinst.org

Copyright 0 The Nautical Institute 2006

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except for the quotation of brief passages in reviews.

Although great care has been taken with the writing and production of this volume, neither The Nautical Institute nor the authors can accept any responsibility for errors, omissions or their consequences.

This book has been prepared to address the subject of tug use offshore, in bays and rivers. This should not, however, be taken to mean that this document deals comprehensively with all of the concerns which will need to be addressed or even, where a particular matter is addressed, that this document sets out the only definitive view for all situations.

The opinions expressed are those of the authors only and are not necessarily to be taken as the policies or views of any organisation with which they have any connection.

Typesetting by J A Hepworth 1 Ropers ~ b u r t , Lavenham, Suffolk, CO10 9PU, England

www.hepworth-computer-services.co.uk

Graphic design (diagrams) by Sergio Lizarraga Associate Professor of Design, California State University, Fullerton

Phone: (7 14) 278-5964 Email: slizarraga@fullerton.edu

Printed in England by Modern Colour Solutions, Unit 2, Bullsbridge Industrial Estate, Hayes Road,

Southall, Middlesex, UB2 5NB

Cover picture courtesy of Moran Towing

ISBN 1 870077 74 1

CONTENTS

Foreword by Rear Admiral D. G. Ramsey MNI USN (Ret'd)

............................................................................. Director of Marine Safety International vii ...

Introduction 1 by Mr. C.J. Parker BSc OBE FNI ... Secretary,The Nautical Institute, 1973-2003 ................................................................. v111

Introduction 2 by the authors .................................................................................................................. ix

Chapter Page

.................................................................... .......................................... 1 Boat handling .:. l The future of training; job requirements; "walking" the tug; undocking a twin screw tug; dochng a twin screw tug; float docks; going alongside a moving tug or ship; maneuvering the tug near barges and docks.

2 Towing equipment ......................................................................................................... 9 Towing winches; chain gear; catenary; maintenance of wire and gear; hydraulic tow pins; chafing boards towing arches.

................................................................................................................ 3 Ocean towing 17 Tow wire catenary; double wire towing; weather; trafficNTS separation schemes; weather routing; winter towing; towindturning in extreme weather; recovery of a barge at sea; retrieval gear; dynamic movement at sea; watertight integrity and stability; offshore moorings.

4 Towing and maneuvering barges in harbors, bays and rivers .................................... 39 General comments; towing ocean barge in harbors and rivers; controlling the barge on a short wire; making up to the barge; streaming tow; pushing the barge; docking; moving from alongside; undocking; fair tide departure; shifting at a finger dock; giving over to harbor tug; docking/undocking 'on the wire'; anchoring in a harbor or river; transiting narrow bridges; bar crossings.

....................................................................................................... 5 Towing close astern 7 l Canadian, North American and European approaches.

6 Multiple barge towing .................................................................................................. 85 Single drum winch with under-rider'; setting up tow; getting underwayldeparture; outbound bar crossings; arrivallbreaking tow; breaking tandem tows; double drum towing.

7 Special tows and disabled ships ..................................................................... : ........... 94 Towing disabled ships; examples of special tows.

8 Flat towing I dead ship movement ............................................................................. 100 Conventional tugs and flat tows; proper line usage; power tug placement; assist tug placement; shifting with various tug types.

9 Pivot point .................................................................................................................. 109

10 Watch standing priorities when towing ..................................................................... 1 13 Radar; ARPA, ECDIS and AIS; fathometer; collision avoidance practices; moving in restricted visibility.

11 Command .................................................................................................................. 120 Situational awareness; multi-tasking; spatial orientationljudgement; consistency; crew management; aptitude; ego; critical thinking; mentally aggressiveloperationally careful; patience; blunt self-assessment; control; positive attitudelconfidence; competency; imagination; masterlpilot relationship; the role of the Designated Examiner.

12 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 125

TUG USE OFFSHORE, IN BAYS AND RIVERS i

Appendices Page

A USCG certification requirements - the new towing license ........................................ 127

B Training syllabus for Mates ofTowingVessels .................................................................. 130

C Training syllabus for Masters ofTowingVessels ............................................................... 133

D Dynamic movement at sea (extract from the US Navy Towing Manual) ............................ 139

E Report of the USCG Bridge Allision Study ...................................................................... 144 l F Assessor's Manual for conducting mariner assessments .................................................... 15 1

L'

Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 159

Index ................................................................................................................................... 16 1 I European Tug designations ................................................................................................. 170

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A book such as this cannot be written without us absorbing the knowledge, wisdom and expertise of those who have worked in the offshore towage industry. This sector continues to evolve and there are many individuals we would like to thank for their active participation in this project. There are also many colleagues and shipmates who have coloured our understanding of best practice and so we would like to acknowledge our respect for the conscientious hardworking tug boat professionals around the world past and present

From the towing companies we have had the most thoughtful support and advice. We would like to thank the following for the help they have given us. From Sause Brothers OceanTowing , Mr Dale Sause, Mr Dick Laur, Mr Mark Babcock, Mrs Julie Woodman and Captains Charlie May, Rusty Green, Odd Engeseth, Lynn Wenker, Butch Shanklin, and Gary Rickey

From Fosse Maritime we had assistance from Mr Mike Scalley and Captains Larry Johnson Doug Pearson and Jim Fox. The support of Crowley Maritime was very much appreciated from, Mr Mark Miller, Mr John Ara and Captains Igor Loch, James Macualey, Howard Clark, Jim Penny, Bruce Fox and CaptainToliver.

From Moran Towing we had the support of Mr Bruce Richard; from Penn ~ a r i t i m e Mr Jim Sweeney and Mr Charlie Rose; from K-SeaTransportation ,Mr Bob Matson, and Mr Richard Pittner and from Conoco Phillips Mrs Linda (Jacobson) Viens From Seaspan, Captain Don Larson and Captain Don Westrnoreland. From Smit Marine Canada Captain Don Rose.

Individuals who have added their expertise include Mr Luke Harden from The National Maritime Centre, Mr Martin Kappert, American Maritime Cases and Captain Dan Washburn, Captain Al Anderso, Captain Steve Woods (Columbia river Pilot), Mr David Sears, Attorneys Mr John Meadows and Mr John Lenker, also Captain Peter Dunderdale who wrote Towing in Ice Covered Waters and Captain Henk Hensen author ofTug Use in Port who kindly reviewed our work

Special mention of those who have helped in the production of the book include Captain Malcolm MC Duggal and Mr George Lang fromThe Simulator Centre Warsash UK, Captain Brad Dunn of Chevron Shipping and his wife Tamara. Captain Jeff Hill of Sause Brothers kindly read our manuscripts and lead us forward. Special thanks to Sergio Lizarraga who designed most of the excellent diagrams and illustrations and Tony Hepworth who compiled the overall layout and index. Finally we are grateful to Rear Admiral David Ramsey for writing the foreword.

ii THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE C&

I

INDEX

abating weather ..................................................... 22 abrasions ............................................................... 14

........................................ absorbing dynamic loads 11 academy graduates .................................................. 2 accumulated ice ..................................................... 24 active vessel traffic management ............................ 150

...................................... additional bridge lighting 148 additional fendering systems ............................... 1. 48

..................................................... Admiralty briefs 33 ............................................. advanced towing skill 73

adverse cross winds .............................................. 112 after

barge .................................................................. 9 1 ................................................... deck tank vents 34

aids to navigation .................................................. 148 AIMS .............................................................. 95

.............................................. air actuated dog clutch 9 air draft ................................................................ 10 1 AIS ..................................................................... 43 Alameda ............................................................. 60 Alaska .................................................................. 30 Alex L . Parks ..................................................... 1 13 Almon Johnson ........................................................ 9 American

Bureau of Shipping .............................................. 10 Maritime Cases ................................................... 60

.............................................. Waterways Operators 1 Amoco Cadiz .................................................... 9 4 95

....................................................... anchored barge 57 anchoring ............................................................... 56

....................... an ocean barge in a harbor or river 55 . . . antlclpauon .......................................................... 120

of the unexpected .............................................. 10 1 Antonio Ferraz ............................................ 36, 37, 69 appropriate speed ................................................... 25 approved simulator course .................................... 146 aptitude ............................................................... 121 Archimedes Principle ......................................... 3 3, 35 Arkansas River ..................................................... 144 ARPA ........................................................... 113, 116 arrival / breaking tow .............................................. 9 l assist tug .............................. 39, 48, 49, 58, 88, 99, 101

placement on flat tows ....................................... 103 Astoria .............................................................. 60, 68

pilot station ......................................................... 6 1 Atlantic ..... : ........................................................... 23 automatic tension control ......................................... 9 AWO ................................................................... 144

Board of Directors ........................................ 149 .................. Responsible Carrier Program (RCP) 149

azimuthing drives ..................................................................... 4 stern drive (ASD) tugs ....................................... 104

backing ................................................................. 74 against the bow of a barge ................................... 74 spring line ........................................................... 88 the tug ............................................................... 44

back up hold down ................................................ 27

............................. ballasted. bulbous bowedVLCC 95 ballast tanks ......................................................... 33 bar

channel ............................................................. 65 ............................................... conditions 63. 64. 90

....................................................... crossings 62. 65 barge

control ............................................................... 45 empty ..................................................................... 49 flat tow .............................................................. l00

............................................................ fully loaded 49 handling ....................................................... 125

....................................... handling characteristics 49 partially load ...................................... :. 49 skegs ...................................................................... 49 stern notch .................................................... 5 5 8 l,

barometer .............................................................. 21 barometric

pressure ............................................................. 23 pressure gradients ............................................... 20

bar ports ............................................................. 62, 64 report ............................................................ 63, 68

Barrow Point ......................................................... 98 Baton Rouge ........................................................ 149 Bayou Canot ........................................................ 146

............................................................ beam-ends 34 beam sea ............................................................. 65

................................................. beam to length ratio 5 beam width .......................................................... 114

............................................................. Bering Sea 97 Bering Strait .......................................................... 98 Betty Moran ............................................... 36, 37, 69

.................................................. Big Bayou Canot 148 bitt .................................................................... 98

............................. blind and shadow sector echoes 114 .......................................................... blind sector 114

Blunt self assessment ............................................ 121 . .......... .................................. boadship handling .,. : 54

................................ boadship handling techniques 67 ................................................. boat handling 1, 2, 39

.................................................. boat handling skills 3 ......................................... boat handling techniques 1

bolt on boards ....................................................... 16 ............................................ bottom characteristics 91

bottom clear of obstructions .................................. 56 ......................................... bottom obstructions 56, 91

bow drive tractor tugs ........................................... 105 bow line ................................................................ 102

............................................. box shaped push boats 7 breakers ................................................................ 23 breaking strength ................................................... 11 breaking tandem tows ............................................ 91 breast line ............................................................ 101 bridge allisions ................................ 57, 144, 145, 146

causal factors ....................................................... 144 non-linear dynamics of the causes ...................... 145 predominant causal factor ................................... 145

Bridge Allision Work Group .................................. 144 bridge protection measures ................................... 145 bridle leg ......................................................... 29, 41

TUG USE OFFSHORE. IN BAYS AND RIVERS . 161

bridles .............................................................. 11. 40 ................................................... British Columbia 74

British Towboat Association .................................. 132 broach ......................................................... 102. 110

........................................................... Bugby Hole 43 bullnose ......................................................... 95. 105 Bureau ofTransportation Statistics ......................... 33 Burness. Corlett and Partners Ltd .......................... 32

cable bridles .......................................................... 98 cable lubricant . ::. ................................................... 12 cable tension monitors ............................................. 9 California .............................................................. 23 Canada's West Coast .............................................. 71 Canadian harbor style ............................................ 25

........................................................... Cape Arago 87 Cape Flattery ........................................................ 64 Cape Henry .......................................................... 36 Cape Mendocino .............................................. 23, 66

.................................................................. capsize 34 capstan ................................................................. 10

................................................. Captain Anderson 97 Captain Bob Purdy ................................................ 86

.............................................. Captain Don Larson 73 Captain Dunderdale .............................................. 24 Captain Graham J . Botterill .................................. 125 Captain Peter E . Dunderdale ............................ 24, 25 Captain Philip J.C. Smith ..................................... I22

.......................................................... cardinal sins 74 cascading liability ................................................. 125 casualties ............................................................ .l48 catch a lost barge ................................................... 3 1 catenary depth ...................................................... 142 catenary formula ................................................... 17 center cleat ............................................................ 47

................................................ center of buoyancy 34 center of gravity ..................................................... 34 certificate schemes ................................................... 1 chafing ............................................................ .50, 99 chafing-resistant attachment points ........................ 1 1 chafing board ........................................................ 15

........................................................... chafing gear 94 chain bridle legs .................................................... 25 chain bridles .......................................................... 56 chain pendant ...................................................... 139 chain pennant 10 ....................................................... chain pigtail ............................................ 9, 14, 29, 46

......................................................... chain pigtails 97 chain surge gear .......................................... 14, 28, 40 chain surge gears ................................................... 9 1

....................................................... channel buoys 39 chart overlay technology ....................................... 113 Chehalis River ....................................................... 64 Chesapeake Bay .................................................... 37 chine 107 ................................................................... Chinese style ........................................................ 1136 cinch up ............................................................... 102 circular type chafing board .... .,. ............................... 16 civil penalty .......................................................... 149 clamping ............................................................... 30 classification society stamp ..................................... 10 classifying allisions ................................................ 144

................................................... classroom training 4 Clatsop Community College .................................... 2 clearance of ice ...................................................... 25

Clifton ..................................................... ............. 43 clipper bow ................................ .......................... 103 close astern towing experience .................. ............. 71 clutches .................................................. ................. 4 clutter .................................................... .............. 113 Coast Guard ........................................................ 144 Coast Guard-AWO Safety Partnership .......... 145. 149 Coast Guard-industry information sharing ............ 145 Coast Guard casualty reports ....................... ......... 144 Coast Guard Research and Development Center ... 145 coasting .................................................... .............. 6 Coast Pilot .......................................... .................. 66 Code of Federal Regulations .................................. 69 code of safety practices ......................................... 149 cognitive behavior patterns ....................... ............. 121 cognitive models ................................................... 145 cold air ................................................... .............. 23 collision at sea between a tugbarge and ship ........... 36 collision of ocean tug with barge ............................ 42 collision or allision situation 112 ..................................

...................................................... Columbia City 53 ......................... Columbia River 42. 43. 53. 60. 62. 63

Columbia River bar ........................................... 64. 65 comfort level 122 ........................................................ Commencement Bay ............................................. 58

. . commucatlon errors loo ........................................... communications 40 .................................................... company guidelines ............................................... 40 compasses ............................................................ 149 competence 125 .......................................................... competency .......................................................... 122 complex system of interaction ............................... 145 computer based technologies ................................... 1 concepts ................................................................ 40 confidence 125 ............................................................ consistency ........................................................... 120 constant ebb conditions ......................................... 64 continuous hard rubber fender ............................... 44 continuous professional development ....................... 1 control ................................................... 39. 121. 125 controlling barge movement ................................... 49 controlling the barge on a short wire ...................... 41 conventional assist tugs ......................................... 107

..................................................... conventional tug 53 Conventional tugs and flat tows ............................. 101 Coos Bay ........................................ 58. 63. 65, 67, 87

......................................................... Coos Bay bar 65 Coos Head ............................................................ 65 corkscrewing ......................................................... 98 corrosion pitting .................................................... 14

.............................................. cost-benefit analysis 145 ............................................................. cotter keys 11

couple ............................................. 35. 103. 104. 1 12 coupling force ....................................................... 15

............................................. crab angle 1 0 1 110. 112 crabbing motion .................................................... 49 creeping mediocrity .............................................. 122

................................................................ crewboats 4 Crew Endurance Management Systems (CEMS) ... 145 crew management ................................................ 120 crew performance ................................................. 120

.................................................... critical thinking 12 1 ........................................................ cross currents 58

................................................................ cross set 59 ............................................................ cross winds 58

Crowley ................................................................ 97

162 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

Crowley Invader class ............................................ 63 Crowley Marine Services ....................................... 94 Crowley Maritime ........................... 13. 18. 30. 97. 98 current .................................................................. 6 current in line with the dock .................................. 48 curves of stability ................................................... 34 cushion effect .......................................................... 7 cyclic loads ........................................................... 139 cycloidal drive ......................................................... 4 cycloidal tractor tug ........................................ 49. 52

damage stability ..................................................... 34 daylight bar crossings ........................................ 63 day shapes ............................................................. 39 de-tuning ............................................................. 102 dead ship .............................................. 1 0 0 103. 104 dead ship moves ................................................... 102 dead ship transits .................................................. 106 deadweight of the tow ............................................ 28 decision makers .................................................... 146 decision making error ........................................... 145 decision making in the wheelhouse ........................ 145 decision making process ........................................ 145

................ decision to cross Columbia River Bar 68. 70 deep sterns ........................................................... 105 depth of water ....................................................... 9 1 depth sounders ..................................................... 148 Designated Examiner ........................................... 146 deteriorating weather ............................................. 21 deterioration ......................................................... 12 D fender ............................................................... 44 diligence .............................................................. 122 directional instability ............................................ 112 directional stability ............................................... 100 disabled ships ....................................................... 94 discretion of the tugmaster ..................................... 20 displacement volume ................ .'. ........................... 33 dockingllanding an ocean barge 'on the tow wire' .... 54 docking an empty barge -wind on the dock .......... 49 docking a twin screw tug in a current or wind ........... 6 docking into a current ........................................... 48 docking with currendwind off the dock ................... 47 docking with windcurrent on the dock ................... 48 dogged down ......................................................... 34 donut .................................................................... 16 double drum tandem towing .................................. 9 1 double drum winch ............................................... 9 1 double head line ................................................... 5 1 double horizontal towing drum ................................ 9 double nuts ........................................................... 11 DPGS .................................................................. 115 Dr . Aaron T . Beck ................................................. 12 l Dr . J . Rahola ......................................................... 35 draft limitations .................................................... l 0 l dredged channel .................................................... 64 dredged channels ................................................... 4 1 drift direction ........................................................ 95 drifting ship ........................................................... 9 8 drift rate ................................................................ 95 D socket ............................................................... 30 Dudley B . Bonsal .................................................. 36 Dutch Bar ............................................................. 16 dynamic cyclic loads ............................................. 139

..................................... dynamic movement at sea 139 dynamic stability ................................................ 34

dynamic stability characteristics ............................. 36 dynamic tension ................................................... 142

early line up ......................................................... 57 ebb currents ......................................................... 64 ECDIS ................................................................ 115 echo averaging ...................................................... 114

....................................................... echo intensity 114 echo stretch ........................ .'. ................................ 114 effectiveness ......................................................... 120 ego ................................................................... 12 l Emergency Phase ................................................. 150

............................................ emergency towline 30, 94 .................................................... emotional denial 27

................................................ emotional response 27 empty tandem ....................................................... 91

....................................................... end-for-ended 70 Ensenada harbor ................................................... 98 environmental circumstances ................................ 107

...................................... environmental damage 28. 29 ....................................... environmental protection 149

equalizing device ................................................... 11 equipmendsystem problems ................................... 70

.................................................. equipment failure 27 Erika ................................................................... 125

............................................ European harbor style 25 examples of narrow span bridge transits .................. 58 experience ...................................................... 34. 125

.......................................... experienced personnel 148 ..................................................... extra surge gear 25

...................................... extreme low temperatures 24 .................................................... extreme weather 27

Exxon/Mobil ........................................................ 97 ExxonValdez ................................................. 122. 125

fail-safe system ..................................................... 10 failing to report .................................................... 148 fair tide departure with loaded barge ...................... 51 false echoes .......................................................... 114 false targets .......................................................... 113. Faroes ..................................................... ............. 23 Fathometer as a navigation aid tool ....................... 117 fathometers .......................................................... 149 fetches up ............................................................ 141 finesse control ....................................................... 10 finger dock ............................................................ 52 Fishing Boats of the World ................................ 32. 35 Flagler ............................................................... 69 flat towing ............................................................ l00 flat tow movement ................................................ l00 flat tow theory ...................................................... l01 flat transom .......................................................... 104 flexibility .............................................................. 120 float docks ............................................................... 6 floating docks ......................................................... 7 floating electronic bearing line (FEBL) .................. 115 flounder plate ........................................................ l l force ................................................................. 42 forces affecting the mariner .................................... 62 forecasting tools .................................................... 23 Foss Maritime ...................................................... 19 Fourfathom Bank ............................................ 67 Fred B . Dalzell. Jr .............................................. 69

TUG USE OFFSHORE. IN BAYS AND RIVERS 163

freeboard .............................................................. 35 .......................................................... freeing ports 34

free surface effect .................................................. 34 ........................................................ freezing spray 24

Fremont Maritime ................................................... 2 Fruitvale Bridge .................................................... 59 fulcrum-like forces ................................................ 109 future liability ....................................................... 125

ice build-up ...................................................... 24. 26 ................................................. ice detection ......... 24

.......................................................... ice floes ....... 25 ............................................................. ice milling 25

ICS ........................................... ......................... 95 ................................. illuminate an anchored barge 56

imagination .......................................................... 122 ......................................................... IMO 1 ~ 9 5 , 125

.......................................... Implementation Phase 150 ............................................... improper radar use 113

Gain ................................................................... l 13 gain ................................................................... l 14 getting undenvay from anchor with tug alongside

........................... barge or with barge on the wire 56 ............................................ giant rubber snubbers 94

.................................................................. girding 25 giving the ocean barge over to the harbor tug .......... 52

.............................................. Golden Gate Bridge 67 Glossary of tug types ............................................ 170

......................................................... GPS 1. 39. 115 Grays Harbor ........................................................ 63 GraysqHarbor bar .................................................. 64 Greater New Orleans Barge Fleeting Association ... 149 gut feelings ........................................................... 120 gyro error ............................................................. l 15

habit ................................................................... 120 handle barges astern without assists ........................ 73 handling characteristics ......................................... 109 hands on training .................................................... 2 harbor operations ................................................. 40

.............................................................. harbor tugs 4 Hawaii .................................................................. 86 Hawaiian Islands ............................................. 9 l 92 hazardous bridges ................................................. 146 heading marker .................................................... l 15 head line .............................................................. l 0 l heave-in and payout functions .................................. 9 heaving line ........................................................... 48 Heylebos Waterway ................................................ 53

............................................................. hold down 15 honesty ................................................................ 125 Honolulu .............................................................. 86 hook deployment .................................................. 30 Houston Marine Training ........................................ 2 hove to .................................................................. 15 human element .................................................... 146 Humboldt Bay ........................................... 40. 63. 67 . . Humboldt Bay approach range ............................... 66 Humboldt Bay bar ................................................. 66

............................................................ Hunts Mill 43 hydraulic hold-down pins ....................................... 16 hydraulic ho1.d down ........................................ 14 hydraulic pins ........................................................ 14 hydraulic towing pin ........................ 14. 19. 41. 44. 9 1 hydrodynamic drag ................................................ l39 hydrodynamic forces .............................................. 62 Hydrostatic Stability C w e .................................... 35 Hylebos Waterway drawbridge ................................ 58

icebergs ................................................................. 24 ....................................... ice breaking escort vessel 25

icebreaking vessels ................................................. 23

...................................................... in-line indirect 106 Incident Command System (ICS) model ............... 150

......................................... increased liabilities ...... 122 .............................. incremental rudder movements 41

................... independent weather routing decisions 23 indirect starboard port 107 . 0. ...................................... individual skill ...................................................... 12 1

........................................................ individual skills 4 information technology ............................................ 1 inherent risk ......................................................... 125 inland radar observer courses ................................ 147

.............. ........................................... Inland Rules : 37 inspection and safety standards .............................. 11 instinct ................................................................. 120

............................ Institute ofTechnology, Helsinki 35 integrated multiple tugboat use ............................. 100

.................................................................. Intercon 9 interference ........................................................... 23 interference waves ................................................. 23 interpretation of visual information ....................... 12 1 Invader ................................................................ l 9

.................................................................. Ireland 23 ISM ...................................................................... 1 ISU .................................................................... 95 IWRC .................................................................. 13

J J . Griffin ................................................................ 37 jack-knifing ........................................................... 44 jet stream .............................................................. 23 Jim Crow Point .................................................... 60

K

Kalvik ................................................................... 97 Kennewick ... : ...................................................... 64 Ihow Your Own Ship ............................................. 34 Icort nozzled ...................................................... 4. 25

L

................................................ La Farge Trader 42. 43 . .

lag and slip ............................................................ 24 landing a light tug alongside ................................... 55 landing on the wire ................................................ 54 . e

............................................ large disabled tankers Y b ............................. lateral clearance between vessels 61

latest information ................................................. 122 .......................................................... layer of wire 65

layers .................................................................... 63 .- ,. layers of wire out .................................................. "9

laying alongside ..................................................... 56 ................................................................... LCF 112

lead barge ........................................................ 87, 92 learning curve ....................................................... 73

................................................... learning outcomes 1 lee shore 63 ................................................................

164 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

leeward route ........................................................ 24 leeway ......................................................... 5 8 98 length of the pendant wire ..................................... 87 length to beam ratio ........................................ l 112 leverage .................................................. 42. 106. 109 leverage arm ......................................................... 5 1 lever arm ........................................ 1 l 102. 109 lined up for the transit ........................................... 59 line lead ............................................................... 102 loaded petroleum barges ........................................ 63 local knowledge .................................................... 122 Long Beach .................................................... 88. 117 Long Beach harbor ................................................ 89 longitudinal center of flotation (LCF) ................... 110 Longview .............................................................. 60 loose rudders ......................................................... 96 Los Angeles .......................................................... 67 loss of control ....................................................... 21 Loss of ship's power .............................................. 107 low-pressure system ............................................... 69 Lower Mississippi River ........................................ 149

made up alongside ................................................. 26 made up flat ......................................................... l00 made up on the hip ....................................... 100. 1 10 made up power ..................................................... l00 main gear .............................................................. 9 1 maintenance program ............................................ 33 main tow wire ....................................................... 87 make-up lines ........................................................ 99 make up alongside ............................................... 43 make up and positioning ........................................ 44 make up line ........................................................ 102 make up lines ........................................................ 87 making decisions during extreme conditions ........... 70 making up alongside .............................................. 87 making up to the barge with twin screw .................. 43 manage multiple tasks simultaneously ................... 120 manage risk ........................................................... 89 mandatory assist .................................................... 47 maneuverable stop ................................................ 103 maneuvering impact ............................................. l 12 maneuvering in confined waters ............................. 7 1 maneuvering the tug around barges and docks .......... 7 manned model training ........................................ 4 marginal conditions ........................................ 89 marginal transit ..................................................... 59 Marine Navigation Safety Association .................... 149 mariner's envelope ................................................ 120 marine safety ........................................................ 149 Marine Towing In Ice-Covered Waters ............... 24. 25 Maritime Administration (MAR-AD) .................... 147 Maritime Education and Training ......... .120. 122. 125 maritime education and training ............................... l Maritime Training and Assessment ........................... 2 Markey .................................................................. 9 Master ofTowingVessels license ............................ 148 Mate or Pilot ofTowingVessels ............................. 147 Mauvilla ............................................................... 146 maximum flood tide .............................................. 66 maximum leverage ................................................ l l 0 maximum righting moment .............................. 15. 35

............................................................... Memory 12 l mental aggression ................................................. 12 l mental control ...................................................... 121

Merchant Navy Training Board .................................. metacenter ............................................................ 35 metacentric height ............................................ 35, 36 Millington .......................................................... 65 Minding the Helm: Marine Navigation and Piloting 62 minimum bollard pull ........................................... 112 Mississippi River Crisis Action Plan ...................... 149 mitigating risk ....................................................... 73 model bow tug .................................................... 7 modularisation ........................................................ 1 Molly Hogan ......................................................... 30 Moloka'i ............................................................... 86 momentum .......................................................... l l l monitored conditions ........................................ 4 morale .................................................................. 45

........... moving a barge from alongside or on the hip 48 Moving in restricted visibility ................................ 118 Mr . David Sears ................................................... 113 Mr . Don Baillie .................................................... 120 Mr . H.E.Stee1 ........................................................ 32 Mr . John Meadows ............................................... 113 Mr . Justice Brown ................................................. 37 Mr . Justice Clifford ................................................ 37 Multi-tasking ....................................................... 120 multi-tasking ......................................................... 3 multiple echoes .................................................... 114 .multiple tugboats .................................................. l00 multitasking skills ................................................. l00

narrow bridge transits ....................................... 40. 57 National Quality Steering Committee (QSC) ........ 145 National Transportation Safety Board .................... 144 nautical academies ................................................... l nautical schools ....................................................... 1 navigation best practices ....................................... 145 negating hydrodynamic effect ........................ 105, 106 negative commands ........................................ 40 Netco ...................................................................... 9 Newfoundland ...................................................... 73 New Orleans ........................................................ 149 NewYork Harbor ................................................... 71 nicks .................................................................... 14 night bar crossings ................................................. 62 no-go .................................................................... 59

..................................................... Nobel Tec chart 43 noise/snow saturation ............................................ 113 North Bend railroadswing bridge ........................... 58 North Pacific ...................................................... 16 North Sea .......................................................... 26 notch .................................................................... 19 notification of hazardous conditions ...................... 148 \

Nova Scotia .......................................................... 73 NTSB .................................................................. 33

Oakland Estuary ................................................... . 59 oar effect .............................................................. 104 observation and training ....................................... 149 occluded ............................................................... 23 ocean towing captains ........................................ 1 ocean tug pushing ................................................... 8 OCIMF ............................................................. 95 offset rollers ........................................................... 9 off the corner ........................................................ 71

TUG USE OFFSHORE. IN BAYS AND RIVERS 165

Ohio valley ........................................................... 149 ................................................................... oil rigs 94

omni-directional type tug ...................................... 101 on the head .......................................................... 109 on the hip 48, ....................................................... 109

...................................................... open roadstead 99 operating in marginal conditions ............................ 89 Operator of Uninspected Towing Vessel (OUTV) ... 146 Oregon ................................................................. 23 Oregon State Pilot Board ....................................... 42 Orlan 97 Orville Hook .............................................. 29. 30. 70 outbound bar crossings with a tandem .................... 90 outsize waves ......................................................... 23 over-design ............................................................ 11

......................................................... over-steering 59 override the tug stem ............................................. 74 Overseas Alaska ................................................ 60. 61 overtaking situation resulting in a near miss ............ 62

Pacific ................................................................... 23 Pacific swells ......................................................... 62

................................................................. pack ice 24 paddle wheel design ............................................... 7 1 pad eyes ............................................................... 102 Panama Canal style .............................................. 104 panic 12 l ................................................................... parallel indexing ................................................... l 15 Parallel indexing with "head up" radar ................... I 15 partial clutter l 13 ....................................................... Pasco .................................................................... 64 Patience 12 l ...............................................................

.................................................................... Peggy 73 ....................................................... pendant drum 87

pendants (pennants) .............................................. 1 1 Pendant wire ......................................................... 86 pendant wire ......................................................... 9 l Peril at Sea 96 ............................................................ Peril at Sea and Salvage - A guide for Masters ...... 95 Persian Gulf war ................................................... l 17 petroleum barge .................................................... 18 petroleum transportation ......................................... l Phillips Ferndale ................................................... 50 physical and environmental distractions .................. 28 physical indicators ................................................. 22 physical limitations ............................................... l 0 l pick-up line ........................................................... 90

................................................ pick-up swede wire 18 pigtail ................................................... 25, 55, 56, 87

..................................................................... pilings 8 pilot's role ............................................................ 122 pilot boats ............................................................... 4 piloting responsibilities .......................................... 47

......................................................... piloting skills 39 pivotpoint .......... 15.49, 101, 105. 109. 110. 111. 112 plan of movement .................................................. 100

.............................................................. platforms 94 Point Conception .................................................. 50 Point Wells ............................................................ 50

..................................................... portable pumps 33 Portland ........................................................... 64, 70

............................................... Port of Long Beach 4-41 Ports and Waterways Safety Act ............................. 148 positive attitude/confidence ................................... 12 1 posting ................................................................. 145

Power make-up withVBD and ABD tractors ......... 105 .............................. power position ........................ 100

power position make-up ........................................ 101 power tug make ups .............................................. 104 Power tug placement on flat tows .......................... 102

..................................................... practical training 4 .............................. pre-voyage planning ................ 24

.................................... precise prediction ............. 120 Precision radar piloting or offset parallel indexing .. 115

.............................. predictable style ..................... 120 prepping for the tandem ............................... ......... 89

.................................................... Prestige ............ 125 preventative maintenance ....................................... 12 preventative maintenance programs ........................ 14 primal thinking mode ........................................... 121 prlmary maintenance 12 .............................................

....................................................... primary pigtail 18 .......................................................... primary wire 19

Prisoners of Hate .................................................. 12 1 professionalism ..................................................... 122 professional respect .............................................. 122

............................................. professional skill levels 3 professional standards and training ......................... 67 professional tugboat repertoire ............................... 71 projected storm paths ............................................ 23 propane (tiger) torches .......................................... 24 Proper line usage on flat tows ................................ 102 protection of the environment ............................... 125

................................. Province of British Columbia 73 prudent seamanship ..................................... 1 10, 1 14

.......................................................... Prudhoe Bay 97 ................................................ psychological effect 27

................................................ Puget Sound 2, 53, 58 pulling efficiency .................................................. 106 pulse length .................................................. 1 14, 115

......................................... pushing the ocean barge 47 ............................................................. push wires 62

qualities of a good tugmaster ................................. 12 1 Quality Action Teams ............................................ 149 quarter bins .......................................................... 45 quartering winds ..................................... <. ........... 97 quasi-steady tension ............................................. 141 quick fixes ............................................................ 145

racons .................................................................. 117 radar ................................................................... 113 radar equipped towing vessel ................................. 147 radar piloting ....................................................... 116 radar scale ............................................................ 115 raft of barges .......................................................... 8 rain clutter ........................................................... 113 Rain clutter (FTC) fast time constant control ........ 113 range boards ......................................................... 59 range lights ........................................................... 39 ranges ................................................................... 39 re-rigging the tow .................................................. 95 Reassessment of Marine Salvage Posture

of the United States ............................................ 94 Recovery Phase .................................................... 150 reserve buoyancy ........................................ 27. 33. 34 resilience ................................................... 122. 125 resistance curve .................................................... 140

166 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

restricted visibility ................................................ 113 Review of Marine Safety Issues Related to

UninspectedTowingVessels ............................... 146 righting angle ....................................................... 112 righting arm .......................................................... 35

.................. Risk-Based Decision Making (RBDM) 144 risk mitigation ............................................... 3 9 125 River Crisis Response Working Group ................... 149 River Industry Executive Task Force (NETF) ....... 149 rocky bottom ......................................................... 19 rotating cap ........................................................... 16 rough ebb conditions ............................................. 63 route familiarization ............................................. 145

................................................... rubber fendering 74 rudder maneuvers ................................................. 103 rule of thumb ....................................................... 140 running stopper ................................................. 88

sacrificial wire pennant .......................................... 25 safe bar transits ..................................................... 67 safe distance off .................................................... 115 safe navigation ...................................................... l 14 safety ..................................................... 45. 125. 146

crew ....................................................................... 28 safety factor .......................................................... l00

' safety factor approach ........................................... 142 safety line .............................................................. 46 safety lines ...................................................... 4 6 50 safety strategies .................................................... 145 sag ................................................................... 17 salvage assistance ................................................... 9 5 San Diego .............................................................. 88 San Francisco ............................................. 48. 59. 64 San Francisco bar ............................................. 65. 67 San Francisco Bay ............................................ 56. 63 San Leandro Bay ................................................... 59 San Pablo Bay .................................................. 48. 67 satellite weather pictures ......................................... 23 satellite weather reports ........................................ 20 Saudi Arabia ........................................................ l 17 Sause Brothers OceanTowing .......... 13. 19.29.30. 59 scan correlation method ........................................ 114 Scotland ................................................................ 23 sea clutter ............................................................ l 14 sea clutter (STC) .................................................. l 13 sea ice .................................................................. 24 Sea Span International .......................................... 73

........................................................... Seaventure 97 Seavictory ..................................................... 19. 97 Seavictory class .................................................... 63 seaworthiness ........................................................ 33 secondary pigtail .............................................. l 19 secondary wire ...................................................... 19 self-control ................................. : ......................... 12 l

...................................................... self-evaluation 12 l set ............................................................... 64. 65 set towards the dock ............................................. 55 Sewell's Point ...................................................... 36 shallow waters ...................................................... 96 sheer ............................................................. 97. 102 sheltered anchorage ............................................... 24

.................. shifting an empty barge at a finger dock 52 shifting inter-harbor ............................................... 47

......................................... Shifting with ASD tugs 104

......................................... Shifting with three tugs 104 ..................... Shifting with tractor tugs on towlines 106

........................................... Shifting with two tugs 104 ..................... Shifting withVBD and ABD tractors 105

.................................................... Shinto Maru 60. 61 ............................................................... ship's pilot 4

......................................................... ship flat tow l00 ........................................................ shiphandling 120

shoaling ........................................................... 66 shoals .................................................................... 64 shock loading ........................................................ 95

............................................. shore-side landmarks 39 .................................... shore-side management 67. 89

shore side management ........................................ 70 ................................................ shortening the wire 55

................................................. shortening tow 12. 40 ..................................................... shorten the tow 28

.................................................... shots 4 2 . 9 8 53. 95. ................................................. shots of chain gear 45

.................................................... side lobe echoes 114 silver bullets ......................................................... 145 simulator courses .................................................. 147 simulators ............................................................ 147

.................................................... simulator training 4 .......... single drum with under-rider (pendant wire) 86

single pointtline assist ........................................... 106 ................................................ single screw tug 44. 74

.................................................. single wire towing 73 sinking .................................................................. 33 Situational awareness ............................................ 120

.............................. situational awareness 39. 109. 125 Skagit .................................................................... 9

.................................................................... skegs 41 ............................................. skills and knowledge 122

skills for good boat handling ................................. 120 slack line .............................................................. 107

........................................................... sliding back 44 ................................................................. slip line 88

............................................ slowingibraking effect 40 ................................................................ slow roll 35

Smit ................................................................... 94 ........................................................... snap rolling 35 .......................................................... . snatch block 45

................................................ ............... sneaker 68 socket fast epoxy ................................................... 30 Sound Oil ............................................................. 53

.............................................. South Georgia Strait 50 Southwest Pass ..................................................... 149 Sovetskava ............................................................ 97 Sovetskava Gavan .................................................. 97

.................................. spatial orientationljudgment 120

................................... specialized tows through ice 23 special tows ........................................................... 94 speed guidelines ................................................... 107

......................................... spinning a loaded barge 45 .................................................................... spool 30

.................................................. spring line 5. 45. 101 square bowed push boat ........................................ 68

. ............................................... St Lawrence Island 98 ................... Stability andTrim for the Ships Officer 35

stability arm curve ............................................... 35 stability paradox ................................................. 35 standard commands ........................................ 40 statical (static) stability .......................................... 34

.................................................... stationary fronts 23 ............................................................. STCW 1. 125

TUG USE OFFSHORE. IN BAYS AND RIVERS 167

STCW certification ................................................. 2 STCW convention standards ................................... 2

............................................ steady tow resistance 139 Steamship Association of Louisiana ....................... 149 steerable tow ......................................................... 97 steering force ........................................................ l l 0 stem .................................................................... 74 stem the wind ........................................................ 28 stern bell ............................................................... 44 stern line ........................................................ 45. 101 stern windlass ...................................................... 14 stiff boat ................................................................ 35 stopper .................................................................. 19 stoppers ................................................................ 30

............................................ stopping and spinning 45 ............................................................. storm cells 23

Strait of Malacca .................................................. 117 streaming tow with barge alongside ........................ 46 stream the barge .................................................... 9 1 structured methodologies ...................................... 146 stud .................................................................... l l

........................................................ stud link chain 11 style of docking

European ............................................................... 55 Mediterranean ...................................................... ..55

...................................................... suction effect 7, 62 Suisun Bay ............................................................ 67 suitcase drum ...................................................... 14

............................................................ supply boats 4 ....................................................... surface defects 14

surfing .................................................................. 68 ....................................................... surge chain 53, 57

............................................................... surge gea 11 .................................. surge gear 14, 56, 86, 90, 95, 97 .............................................................. swamping 33

swell ............................................................... 21 swells .................................................................... 23

.............................................. swept path 92, 11 1, 112 Swift ................................................................... 19 synthetic towlines ................................................. 142 systems model ...................................................... 145

Tacoma ........................................................... 53 Tacoma Harbor ..................................................... 58 tandem on an under-rider ...................................... 90 tandems on under-riders ........................................ 86 tandem tow ......................................................... 89

.................................... tandem with double drums 86 tangible ................................................................ 125

............................................................ tender boat 35 ......................................... tensioniscope monitoring 9

terminal connection ............................................... 11 The Law ofTug. Tow and Pilotage ....... 40. 55. 67. 113 The Practice of Ocean Rescue ........................... 12. 98 Thimble Shoal Channel ......................................... 36

..................................................... Thomas Walton 34 thought processes ................................................. 12 l three-line power make up ...................................... 104

.... three-step licensing system ............................... : 146 three line make up ................................................ 105 Three Tree Point ................................................. 60 thrust away mode ................................................. 106 time vectors .......................................................... l 16

............................................... Todas Santos Island 99 .................................................................... toe in 44

toe out ................................................................. 44 tow brake pads ...................................................... 69

towing off the corner ......................................................... 73

towinglturning in extreme weather ......................... 27 towing a petroleum barge ....................................... 39

................................................ towing arch ........... 15 ........................................................ towing arches 16

Towing arches and towing pins ............................... 16 towing close astern ................................................ 71 towing configuration .............................................. 94 towingdisabled ships ............................................. 95 towing ew$ertise .................................................... 73 towing heart or triangle .......................................... 86 towing off a corner ................................................ 73 Towing Officer Assessment Record (TOAR) .......... 146 towing on a jerk line .............................................. 73

........................................................... towing pins 69 towing professionals ............................................... 73 Towing Safety Advisory Committee ....................... 147 towing shackle inspections and maintenance ........... 12 towing shackles ..................................................... 86 towing system safety factors .................................. 142

...................................................... towing tandem 85 towing the ocean barge in harbors and rivers .......... 40 towing triangle ................................................. 11, 89 towing triangle or towing heart ............................... 87 towing vessel equipment carriage requirements ...... 149 Towingvessel Operations Manual .......................... 13

............................................ towing with a soft line 73 tow is lost .............................................................. 28 tow length ............................................................. 69 towline

shortened ............................................................... 71 towline configurations ........................................... 143 towline designs ..................................................... 141 towline resistance ................................................. 139 towline scope ....................................................... 143 towline stress ........................................................ 139

...................................... towline tension 139, 140, 141 ........................................................... tow pin cap 69

.................................... tow pins 28, 40, 41, 42, 44, 63 ........................................................ tow planning 142 ............................................... tow resistance 139, 141

.................................... tow resistance components 139 tow set-up ............................................................. 99 tow streamed ......................................................... 39

.................... ....................................... tow winch 30 .................................................... tow winch brake 69

tow winch brakes ................................................... 45 ..................................................... tow wire 12, 1 6,17 .............................................................. track line 110

........................................... track recommendation 22 tractor tugs ............................................................. 4

.................................. Tractor tugs and flat towing 104 ........................... traffic and traffic separation lanes 22

............................. Traffic Control Centers (TCC) 150 ........................ Traffic Information Centers (TIC) 150

......................................................... trailing barge 87 trailing tractor tug ................................................ 106

............................. training ....... : 1, 112, 115, 125, 149 ................................................... and observation 147

operators .............................................................. 14.5 training costs ........................................................... 1

..................................... training for a career on tugs 2 training programs ................................................. 125 Training Resources, Ltd ........................................... 2

............................................. transfer and advance 100 transiting bridges .................................................. 3 transits

........................................................ with assist tug 58

168 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

transom ................................................. 74. 107. 11 1 .................. Transportation Safety Board of Canada 33

Trials. Ship Collision Cases. Technical .............................................. and Legal Aspects 113

............................................................ tripping 25. 42 ...................................... Truman-Hobbs Act 144. 145

................................................ tug-tow separation 142 tugboats

..................................... azimuthing and cycloidial 7 1 ...................................................... steam-powered 7 l

twin screw ............................................................. 71 tugger wires ........................................................... 30

................................... tugmasterlpilot relationship 122 .............................................. tug placement 100. 10 1

................................................. tug power estimate 94 tugs

........................................................... single screw 7 l ..................................................... tug tow winches 10

turbulence ............................................................. 23 ............................... turninglmaneuvering leverage 100

........................... Turning and slowing the flat tow 103 turning around ...................................................... 27

..... turning a tandem tow at sea in extreme weather : 28 ........................................................ turning force 107

........................................... turning moment 103. 104 twin-screw tugboats ........................................ 74 twin screwing ............................................. 44. 45. 48 twin screw parallel ................................................ 7 twin screws easv ..... ............................................... 46 twin screw tug ....................................................... 44 twin screw tugs ........................................................ 4

...................... U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 144. 149 ................................................. U.S. Coast Guard 149

U.S. Coast Guard-Americanwaterways Operators Safety Partnership ............................................. 144

................................ U . S . Navy Towing Manual 9 5, 9 6 ........................................................... under-rider 92

under-rider wire ................................................... 88 ........ undocking a conventional twin screw ocean tug 5

undocking a loaded barge in marginal weather conditions ........................................................... 50

undocking with a loaded barge in a fair current ....... 50 ............................................ unintentional striking 148

United States Navy Towing Manual ....................... 17 ........................................ Upper Pillar rock ranges 6 1

up the hawse .......................................................... 2 USCG Accident Investigation ................................ 33 USCG American Waterways Operators Bridge

Allisionwork Group .......................................... 144 USCG Bridge Allision Study ................................ 144

................................. US Navy Towing Manual .9. 139

........................................................ Vancouver 64. 73 ............................... variable range marker (VRM) 1 15

variables .............................................................. 44 VBD tractors ........................................................ 104 vessel stability ............................................. 24. 33. 34 VHF channel 16 .................................................. 67

.................................................. vibrate excessively 2 1 ............................................................. Vicksburg 149

vigilance ........................................................ 8. 122 vigilant seamanship ............................................... 45

....................................................... Virtual image l 14 .................................. voith bow drive (VBD) tugs 105

........................ ........................... voyage planning : 23 VTS .................................................................... 43

................................................ vulnerable bridges 145

............................................ walk a conventional tug 4 walking (sideways) motion ....................................... 5 walking maneuver .................................................... 5 walk the barge off ................................................. 50 walk the tug ............................................................ 7 WAMS Study Update for the Mobile River ............ 148

............................................................. wandering 41 warping line ................................................... ........ 7 wash ................................................................... 106 Washington ........................................................... 23 'Watch Phase ......................................................... 150 watchstander ......................................................... 22

................... watch standing priorities when towing 113 water-taxis ............................................................... 4 waterfall arrangement ........................................ 9 watertight integrity ..................................... 32. 34. 36 watertightness .................................................. 32. 36 Waterway Management Committee (WMC) .......... 150 waterway management intervention actions ........... 150 Wauna .................................................................. 43 wear in the grip .................................................... 11

................................................................. weather 20 ................................................... weather forecasts 69

weather routing ..................................................... 22 .............................................. Western Approaches 73

Western Rivers ..................................................... 148 .................................... Western Rivers route 147. 149

............................................................... Westport 43 .................................................. Westwood Rainier 42

....................................................... wheel washing 26 ................................................................ wild tow 41

............................................................ Willamette 64 ...................................................................... wind 6

............................................................ wind factor 60 .......................................... window of opportunity 70

................................................. wind speed impact 91 ............................................................ wind waves 21

............ winter. night bar crossing at Humboldt Bay 67 winter bar crossings .......................................... 62. 68

............................................................. winter surf 23 ........................................................ winter towing 23

......................................... winter towing operation 24 wire cantenary ...................................................... 139 wooden tugboat ................................................... 73

................................................... wooden tugboats 74 working of the engines ........................................... 52

............................................. working relationship 122 work without assists ............................................... 39

................................................ worst case scenario 28 wrap .................................................................... 19 wraps ......................................................... 44. 55. 87

.................................................. wraps of wire 4 1 8 9

............................................................. yawing 96.98 Yokohama fender .................................................. 8

.......................................... Young Brothers Towing 86

Z-drivelazimuthing drive .......................................... 4

TUG USE OFFSHORE. IN BAYS AND RIVERS 169