TUBERCULOSIS Introduction:What is tuberculosis?It is primarily a respiratory disease but can also affect other organs of the body.About 2 billion people are infected with tuberculosis worldwide. It is considered world deadliest disease and remained a maor !ublic health !roblem in the "hili!!ines# TB is common among malnourished individuals living crowded areas. However, all age groups are at risk. O$er %&' o( cases and deaths are in developing countries. In )%%*, TB was declared as +lobal emer+enc,b, the W-O because of the resurgence of TB in many part of the world. In the Philippines, TB ran.s /th in the leading cause morbidity !""!# and mortality !""!#.The country ran.s %th among the !! high burdened countries under the $H% watch list. There is a treatment for tuberculosis. $hen treated %0' o( !atients who have an active tuberculosis infection survive.There is common t,!e o( tuberculosis:&. Latent TB In(ection ' they have no symptoms and their chest ()*ay may be normal. The only manifestation of this encounter may be reaction to the tuberculin skin test T+T# of interferon)gamma release assay I,*A#.!. 1cti$e TB 2isease ' active TB is an illness in which the TB bacteria are rapidly multiplying and invading different organs of the body. -. 3iliar, TB ' is a rare form of active disease that occurs when TB bacteria find their way into the bloodstream. Causati$e 1+entsTuberculosis is an infection caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacterium is also called tubercle bacillus. 3,cobacterium tuberculosis and 3# 1(ricanum primarily from humans, and 3# Bo$is primarily from cattle. %ther mycobacteria occasionally produce disease clinically indistinguishable from tuberculosis. the etiologic agents can be identified only by culture of the organisms. At present year !"""#, there are 2* new stains o( the TB bacilli found in the /nited +tates. Therefore TB is no longer considered to be a disease of the past but of the present.Ris. 4actorsAnyone can get tuberculosis, but certain factors can increase your risk of the disease. These factors include0 Wea.ened immune s,stem Tra$elin+ or li$in+ in certain areas "o$ert, and substance abuse5 Lac. o( medical care5 Substance abuse5 Tobacco use Where ,ou wor. or li$e5 -ealth care wor.#5 Li$in+ or wor.in+ in a residential care (acilit,#5 Li$in+ in a re(u+ee cam! or shelter#3ode o( transmissionTuberculosis spreads from person to person through air as a person with active tuberculosis cough, snee2es, or e3pels air.Si+ns 6 S,m!toms 4ough of two weeks or more 5ever 4hest pain back pains not referable to anymusculo)skeletal disorders Hemoptysis or recurrent blood)streaked sputum +ignificant weight loss %ther signs and symptoms such as sweating, fatigue body malaise and shortness of breath +ome patient may have little or no symptoms with TB."atha+nomic Si+ns is the e3pectoration coughingup# ofbloodor of blood)stainedsputumfrom the bronchi,laryn3,trachea, orlungse.g., in tuberculosis or other respiratory infections or cardiovascular pathologies#.-emo!t,sis1natom, and "h,siolo+, Res!irator, s,stemA system of organs functioning in respiration and consisting esp. of the nose, nasal passage, nasopharyn3, laryn3, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.4unction o( the Res!irator, S,stemThe function of the human respiratory system is to transport air into the lungs and to facilitate the diffusion of %3ygen into thebloodstream. Its also receives waste 4arbon 6io3ide from the blood and e3hales it."arts o( the Lower Res!irator, TractTrachea:Also known as the windpipe this is the tube which carries air from the throat into the lungs. It ranges from !")!7mm in diameter and &")&8cm in length. The inner membrane of the trachea is covered in tiny hairs called cilia, which catch particles of dust which we can then remove through coughing..Bronchi:The trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi, one entering the left and one entering the right lung. The left bronchi is narrower, longer and more hori2ontal than the right. Irregular rings of cartilage surround the bronchi, whose walls also consist ofsmooth muscle. %nce inside the lung the bronchi split several ways, forming tertiary bronchi."arts o( the Lower Res!irator, TractBronchioles:Tertiary bronchi continue to divide and become bronchioles, very narrow tubes, less than & millimeter in diameter. There is no cartilage within the bronchioles and they lead to alveolar sacs."arts o( the Lower Res!irator, Tract2ia!hra+m:The diaphragm is a broad band of muscle which sits underneath the lungs, attaching to the lower ribs, sternum and lumbar spine and forming the base of the thoracic cavity."arts o( the Lower Res!irator, Tract1l$eoli:Individual hollow cavities contained within alveolar sacs or ducts#. Alveoli have very thin walls which permit thee8chan+e o( +ases%3ygen and 4arbon 6io3ide. They are surrounded by a network ofca!illaries, into which the inspired gases pass. There are appro3imately - million alveoli within an average adult lung."arts o( the Lower Res!irator, Tract"atho!,siolo+,Infected Person with TBe3posure to the person with TB9ay remain latent in life:stablishing primary infection9ay heal if strong immune system responseInhalation of bacteria *esulting in latent infectionbacteria multipliesBacteria reach the lungs*esulting in active TB+pread to the other organs 6eath4onsult the doctorTreatment of the disease4ured Infected Person with TBe3posure to the person with TB9ay remain latent in life:stablishing primary infection9ay heal if strong immune system responseInhalation of bacteria *esulting in latent infectionbacteria multipliesBacteria reach the lungs*esulting in active TB+pread to the other organs 6eath4onsult the doctorTreatment of the disease4ured Con(irmator, E8am Chest RadiologyIf a patient has no respiratory symptoms, a normal chest ()ray almost e3cludes pulmonary tuberculosis. 4hest ()rays are valuable for detecting pulmonary lesions of tuberculosis, however activity of disease cannot be ;udged with certainty CultureIdentifyingM. tuberculosisremains the definitive means for diagnosis of active tuberculosis. Although culture ofM.tuberculosisfrom a specimen is a sensitive test