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Absolute advantage Li th tuyt iAbsolute poverrty Ngho theo ngha tuyt iAbsorb Hp th, tip nhn (v) (e.g. To ~ a large amount of foreign aid: Timt khi lng ln vin tr nc ngoi).Absorptive capacity Kh nng tip nhn (n) (e.g. The ~ of the Governmens improved recently).Accede to Tham gia, tr thnh thnh vin (v) (e.g. To ~ an international ention: tham gia mt cng c quc t).Access Tip cn, c s dng (n) (e.g. ~ to advanced technology: c tip cin;access to clean water c s dng nc sch

Accessible D tip cn, c th tip cn (adj) (e.g. The rural village is acar).Accession S tham gia, tr thnh thnh vin (n) (e.g. ~ to AFTA, WTOchc thng mi th gii, Khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN).Account for Gii trnh, tm kim, hch ton (v) (e.g. To ~ the failure of thsit: Gii trnh v tht bi ca chuyn ving thm; To ~ the Americans missing in actwar in Viet Nam: Tm kim ngi M mt tch trong cuc chin tranh Vit Nam; To ~ sState budget: Hch ton .... vo ngn sch Nh nc).Accountability Trch nhim gii trnh (n) (i.e. the requirement that officialswer to stakeholders on the disposal of their powers and duties, act on criticisms made of them, and accept responsibility for failure, incompetence or deceit)Accountable Chu trch nhim gii trnh (adj) (e.g. The director is respon

e for managing the project and is ~ to the Government for the effective use of its financial resources).Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Hi chng suy gim min dch mc phi ngAction-oriented Mang tnh hnh ng, khc vi (adj)Actuarial risk Ri ro c bo himAd hoc c bit, tnh th (adj) (e.g. The UN ~ Committee on Disarmament: U ca Lin hp quc v gii tr qun b; An ~ solution: Mt gii php tnh th).ADB Ngn hng Pht trin chu c thnh lp nm 1966, ADB l mt ip pht trin kinh t v x hi chu v Thi Bnh DngAddict Ngi nghin (n)Addiction S nghin ngp (n) (e.g. drug ~, alcohol ~ ).Addictive Gy nghin (adj)addictive substances Cc cht gy nghin

Address Gii quyt, cp ti (v) (e.g. Environmental issues should be addressn detail in the national development strategy: Cc vn v mi trng cn c rin quc gia).Adjustment assistance Tr gip hay vin tr phc v iu chnh (n) (i.essistance provided to workers and industries hurt by imports of lower-priced foreign goods in order to allow them to adjust to a new occupation).Adjustment programme Chng trnh iu chnh (n) (i.e. a programme aimed at ricting short-term demand and improving productive efficiency in the longer terms).Adjustment with a human face iu chnh mang tnh nhn vn (i.e. UNICEFesponse to adjustment programmes launched by IMF during the 1980's. UNICEF heldthat such programmes were not only for economic growth but had to take into account implications on people, in particular the most vulnerable groups) Xem thm S

tructural adjustment.Administered prices Gi ch o, gi do Nh nc qun l (n) (i.e. pricest by the State).Adult Ngi ln (n)adult illiteracy rate T l m ch ngi lnadult literacy rate T l bit ch ngui lnAdvancement of women S tin b ca ph n (n) (e.g. The National Committeethe Advancement of Women: U ban quc gia v s tin b ca ph n).Advantage Li th, im mnh (n)Advantage position V th thun li (n)

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Advocacy S tuyn truyn vn ng (n) (e.g. ~ for sustainable devecies).Advocate Ngi ng h (n) (e.g. UNDP is a strong ~ of sustainable deveent principles).Advocate Tuyn truyn vn ng (v) (e.g. To ~ sustainable development cptsAfford C th chi tr, c th thanh ton (v) (e.g. Social services must bsonable prices so that the poor can ~ ).Affordability Kh nng chi tr, kh nng thanh ton (n) (e.g. the ~ of the pfor low-cost housing).Affordable C kh nng chi tr, c kh nng thanh ton (adj) (e.g. Social

st be set at ~ prices to the poor: Gi cc dch v x hi phi mc ngi ngho c AFTA Khu vc mu dch t do ASEANAge benefits Tr cp nhn thAge-specific enrolment ratio T l i hc c trung theo la tuiAge-specific fertility rate T sut sinh c trng theo la tuiAgenda 21 Chng trnh ngh s Th k 21 (n) (i.e. an action plan for susable development for the 21st century, adopted by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro).Aggregate Tnh gp, tnh tng s (adj)aggregate demand Tng cuaggregate expenditure Tng chiaggregate revenue Tng thuaggregate supply Tng cung

Agri-silviculture Canh tc cy g xen cy ngn ngy (n) (i.e. a formstry consisting of tree and crop components)Agricultural Thuc v nng nghip (n)Agricultural biodiversity a dng sinh hc nng nghip (n)Agricultural earnings Thu nhp t nng nghip. (n)agricultural exports Nng sn xut khuAgricultural extension Khuyn nng (n)agricultural output Sn lng nng nghipAgricultural pollution nhim nng nghip (n)agricultural productivity Nng sut nng nghipagricultural reform Ci cch nng nghipagricultural sector Ngnh nng nghipagricultural services Dch v khuyn nng

agricultural subsidies Tr gi nng nghipagricultural worker cn b khuyn nngagricultural worker Ngi lm cng tc khuyn nngAgriculture Nng nghip (n)Agro Thuc v nng nghip (adj) (c dng nh mt tip u ng)agro - ecosystem H sinh thi nng nghipagro - forestry Nng - lm kt hpagro - industry Nng - cng kt hpagro-biodiversity a dng sinh hc nng nghipAgro-silvicultural system H thng canh tc nng lm kt hpAid Vin tr (n) Aid and Assistance is used in this glossary to referfinancial flows which qualify as Official Aid or Official Development Assistance(Xem thm Official aid and Official Development Assistance)

Aid coordination iu phi vin tr (n) (i.e. the process by which aipient government plans external aid in support of national goals, priorities and strategies).Aid management Qun l vin tr (n) (i.e. the process by which a recipieovernment integrates external aid and internal resources in the implementation of its development programmes and activities).Aid mobilization Vn ng vin tr, huy ng vin tr (n)Aid modalities Cc phng thc vin trAIDS Hi chng suy gim min dch mc phi ngiAIDS prevention and control Phng chng v kim sot AIDS

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Air pollution nhim khng kh (n)air pollution control legislation Lut php kim sot nhim khng khair pollution control strategy Chin lc kim sot nhim khng khair pollution index Ch s nhim khng khAlienated B xa lnh (n)Allocate Phn b, phn phi (v)Allocation S phn b, phn phi (n) (e.g. The effective ~ of public resos: S phn b c hiu qu ngun lc cng cng).Alternative Khc, thay th (adj)alternative crop Cy trng thay thalternative energy Nng lng thay th

alternative farming Canh tc thay thalternative solution Gii php thay thalternative technology Cng ngh thay thAmbient standards Tiu chun mi trng xung quanhAmortization thanh ton dn (n) (e.g. The ~ of a loan)Amortization Tr dn (n)amortization schedule Lch tr (thanh ton) nAnnual progress report Bo co tin hng nmAnnual review Kim im hng nmAnonymous HIV testing Xt nghim HIV du tnAnti-narcotic activities Cc hot ng phng chng ma tu (n)APEC Din n Hp tc Kinh t Chu - Thi Bnh Dng c thnh lyn khch hp tc kinh t v thng mi, cng nh trao i cc vn v pht trin v

Appraisal S thm nh (n) (i.e. the process of checking the quality ofrogramme or project design prior to approval)Appraise Thm nh (v)Approach cch tip cn (n)Approach Phng thc (n)Appropriate technology Cng ngh thch hpApproval S ph duyt (n) (i.e. the process of signing a project or prmme document where donor funds are committed)Approve Ph duyt (v)Aquaculture Nui trng thy sn (n)Area-wide environmental quality management Qun l cht lng mi trng theo v(i.e. the process of analyzing the impact of industrial activity on environmental systems in a given geographic area, assessing their assimilative capacity to h

andle industrial pollutants and establising environmental action plans).Arrears N qu hn (n) (i.e. overdue payments of debt).Articulate Trnh by r rng (v)Articulation S trnh by r rng (n) (e.g. The ~ of national priorities).ASEAN Hip hi cc nc ng Nam c thnh lp nm 1967, thnh phn tin an ninh v gii quyt tranh chp trong khu vc, tng cng bun bn, pht triASEAN Free Trade Area Khu vc mu dch t do ASEANAsia - Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum Din n Hp tc Kinh t Chu - Thc thnh lp nm 1989, APEC l din n quc t nhm khuyn khch hp tc kinh t vninh khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng

Asian Development Bank Ngn hng Pht trin chu c thnh lp nm 1rin vi tn ch thc y s nghip pht trin kinh t v x hi chu v Thi BAssessable income Thu nhp chu thu (Also Taxable ~ )Asset valuation nh gi ti snAssimilative capacity Kh nng hp th, kh nng ng ha (n) (i.e. the abater body to purify itself of pollutants).Assistance S tr gip, vin tr (n)Association of Southeast Asian Nations Hip hi cc nc ng Nam cphn ca ASEAN hin c 10 nc ng Nam , vi tn ch xc tin an ninh v gii un bn, pht trin kinh t, u t gia cc nc thnh vin

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Assumption Gi nh (n) (i.e. a condition that is important to the sss of a project but which is beyond the control of the project and whose probability of being satisfied cannot be assured).Asymptomatic and symptomatic STDs Cc bnh STD c triu chng v khng c triAt the aggregate level mc tng hpAudit Kim ton (n) (i.e. an official examination of financial accounts ee if they are in order.)Audit sampling Ly mu kim ton, chn mu kim ton (n)Auditor Nhn vin kim ton (n)Auditor General Tng kim ton (n)AusAID C quan Pht trin Quc t t-xtry-lia

Australian Agency for International Development C quan Pht trin Quc t t-xtry-Awareness Nhn thc (n)awareness raising Nng cao nhn thcBackstopping Theo di v h tr (n) (i.e. activities to review, support advise on the smooth implementation of a project, e.g. Technical ~ by the Executing Agency: Theo di v h tr k thut ca C quan iu hnh d n).Backward linkage Mi lin kt ngcBackward-looking Hng v qu kh (adj) i lp vi Forward-looking hould not be ~, but forward-looking).Bad debt N kh ngBad debt n kh iBad money ng tin xu

Balance of payments Cn cn thanh ton (n) (i.e. a tabulation of the crand debit transactions of a country with other countries and international institutions).Balance of payments support H tr cn cn thanh ton (e.g. a forme aid that is provided by the IMF through the Central Bank to manage the problems of balance of payments deficits, insufficient foreign reserves and debt unsustainability. It usually carried conditionality in the form of a programme of policy reforms agreed by the recipient government with the IMF and World Bank).Balance of trade Cn cn thng mi (n)Balanced growth Tng trng cn iBankable C th c ngn hng ti tr (adj) (e.g. A ~ project proposal).Barrier Hng ro (n)

Barter economy Nn kinh t hng i hngBaseline data D liu c s (n) (i.e. data that describe the situation to beressed by a project and that serve as a starting point for measuring changes inits performance)Baseline data D liu gc (n) (i.e. data that describe the situation to beressed by a project and that serve as a starting point for measuring changes inits performance)baseline survey iu tra d liu c sbaseline survey iu tra d liu gcBasic social services Cc dch v x hi c bn (i.e. social servicedefined by the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhaghen in 1995, to consist of primary education, primary health care and nutrition, family planning services, clean water and low-cost sanitation).

Behavioral Thuc v hnh vi (adj)behavioral change Thay i hnh viBehaviour cch hnh x (n)Behaviour Hnh vi (n)below the poverty line Di mc ngho (e.g. 50% of the population are livi).Benchmark Mc chun, im chun (n) (i.e. an intermediate target to measprogress in a given period using a certain indicator).Beneficiary Ngi th hng (n)Benefit Li ch, tr cp (n)

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Best practice kinh nghim ttBest practice Tp qun tt (i.e. processes and techniquest that have pred outstanding results in a situation and that could be adatpted to another situation).Best practice Tp qun tt nht (n) (e.g. Our plan of action has benefitrom the ~ s of other partners).Better-off Kh gi hn, giu c hn (adj )better-off people Nhng ngi kh gi hnbetter-off regions Nhng vng kh gi hnBid gi thu (n)Bid u thu (n)

bid evaluation nh gi thubid price Gi b thubid selection chn thuBidder Ngi tham gia u thu (n)Bidding Vic u thu (n) (also Tendering)bidding conditions iu kin d thubidding documents H s d thubidding procedures Th tc u thubidding rules quy ch i thuBilateral Song phuung (adj)bilateral agreement Hip nh song phuungBilateral aid Vin tr song phuung (n) (i.e. official development assistancovided on a country-to-country basis).

Bilateral debt N song phngbilateral donor Nh ti tr song phuungBilateral trade agreement Hip nh thuung mi song phuung (n)Bio S sng, sinh hc (adj) (dng nhuu mt tip u ng)Bio-chemistry Mn ho sinhBio-energy Nng luung sinh hcBio-engineering K thut sinh hcBio-ethics o c trong cng ngh sinh hcBio-fuel Nhin liu sinh hcBio-gas Sinh khBio-mass Sinh khiBio-safety An ton trong cng ngh sinh hcbiodiversity S a dng sinh hc (n) (gm genetic diversity, species dive

v ecosystem diversity)Biodiversity awareness strategy Chin lc nng cao nhn thc v a dng sinh hcbiodiversity conservation Bo tn s a dng sinh hcbiodiversity resources Ngun ti nguyn a dng sinh hcBiotechnology Cng ngh sinh hc (n)Birth control Kim sot sinh (n)birth control measures Cc bin php kim sot sinh Birth rate T l sinh (n)Birth rate T sut sinh (n)Birth spacing Khong cch sinh (n) (i.e. time gap between birth deliver.Bottle-neck S ch tc, khu ch tc (n) (e.g. Bottle-necks in ODA im: Nhng ch tc trong vic thc hin vin tr pht trin chnh thc).

Bottom-up t c s ln (adj)Bottom-up T di ln (adj)Bottom-up approach Phng php hay cch tip cn t c s ln (as approach).bottom-up feedback mechanism C ch cung cp thng tin phn hi t c sBrain drain chy mu cht xm (n) (Tnh trng).Brain gain lm giu cht xm (n) (e.g. The immigration of skilled labis a brain drain of one country but a brain gain for another country).Brain gain Tng cng cht xm (n) (e.g. The immigration of skilled labis a brain drain of one country but a brain gain for another country).

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Brainstorming Xi vn , khu gi tng (n) (i.e. a creative form of disthe sole purpose of producing suggestions or ideas)brainstorming techniques K thut xi vn k thut khu gi Break-even point im ho vn (n)Breakthrough Bc t ph (n)Breast-fed c nui bng sa m (adj)Breast-feed Nui con bng sa m (v)Breast-feeding Vic nui con bng sa m (n)Bretton Woods Agreement Hip nh Bretton Woods l Hip nh tin t t nm 1944 ti Bretton Woods, Hoa K.

Bretton Woods Institutions Cc t chc Bretton Woods tc l Qu tNgn hng Th gii, c thnh lp theo Hip nh BrettonWoodsBrief Thng bo (v) trc khi bt u mt hot ng (e.g. The delegationbegan its project visit)Briefing Bui thng bo (n)Broad-based C c s rng rIBroad-based trn din rngbroad-based growth S tng trng t c trn din rngBroad-based growth Tng trng trn din rngbroad-based support S h tr rng rIBSS Cc dch v x hi c bn (i.e. social services that were defiorld Summit on Social Development in Copenhaghen in 1995, to consist of primaryeducation, primary health care and nutrition, family planning services, clean wa

ter and low-cost sanitation).Budget Ngn sch (n)budget deficit Thm ht ngn schbudget line Dng ngn schbudget revision iu chnh ngn schbudget surplus Thng d ngn schBudgetary Thuc v ngn sch (adj)budgetary control Kim sot ngn schbudgetary process Quy trnh ngn sch (xy dng v qun l)budgetary support H tr ngn schBuffer zone Khu m (n) (i.e. an area of land separating land uses whichare incompatible with each other and which should be of sufficient width to prevent any conflict between them)

Buffer zone Vng m (n) (i.e. an area of land separating land uses ware incompatible with each other and which should be of sufficient width to prevent any conflict between them)buffer zone management Qun l vng mBuild on Da trn c s (v) (e.g. The project has built upon the resultsrecent research initiatives: D n c xy dng da trn kt qu ca cc cng trnh Build upon pht huy (v) (e.g. The project has built upon the resultsrecent research initiatives: D n c xy dng da trn kt qu ca cc cng trnh Built and natural environment of the Ha Long World Heritage Area Mi trng nto v mi trng t nhin ca Khu Di sn Th gii Vnh H LongBuilt environment Mi trng do con ngi to raBuilt environment mi trng nhn toBuilt-in stabilizer C ch to n nh ni ti (n)

Business Kinh doanh (n)business activity Hot ng kinh doanhbusiness cycle Chu k kinh doanhbusiness environment Mi trng kinh doanhbusiness ethics o c kinh doanhbusiness model M hnh kinh doanhbusiness strategy Chin lc kinh doanh.Calorie n v nhit lng ca-lo (n)Canadian International Development Agency C quan Pht trin Quc t Ca-na-aCapacity Nng lc (n) (i.e. the skills, knowledge and resources ne

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to perform a function)Capacity 21 Nng lc th k 21 (n) (i.e. a programme of technical assise set up by the United Nations Development Programme in June 1993 in order to assist developing countries to realize the objectives of Agenda 21). Xem thm Agenda21.Capacity assessment nh gi nng lc (n)Capacity building Xy dng nng lc (n) differs from Capacity develot in that the latter builds on a pre-existing capacity basis. Hence, To build capacity (e.g. ~ of an institution).Capacity development Tng cng nng lc (n) (i.e. the process by which iiduals, institutions, communities develop their capacities to perform functions,

solve problems and set and reach objectives). Hence, To develop capacity (e.g.~ of an organization).Capital Vn, ngun vn (n)Capital assistance Vin tr v vn (n)Capital intensive Cn nhiu vn (adj)Capitalize on Pht huy (v) (e.g. To ~ emerging opportunities).Capitalize on tranh th (v) (e.g. To ~ emerging opportunities).Capitalize on tn dng (v) (e.g. To ~ emerging opportunities).Carbon tax Thu cc-bon (n) (i.e. a tax on the consumption of fossilcarbon-containing fuels in order to discourage consumption, reduce carbon dioxide emissions and provide funds to promote other measures for reducing the greenhouse effect).Carrying capacity Sc ti, kh nng ti (n) (i.e. the maximum number of

nisms that an ecosystem can support without damaging the ecosystem itself)carrying capacity of a tourism site Sc ti ca mt im du lchCase study Nghin cu trng hp in hnh (n) (i.e. an example of a researusually described by a representative case, unit of population , e.g. to conducta ~ on a subject matter: Tin hnh nghin cu trng hp in hnh v mt ti no Casual employment Vic lm tm thiCatalyst C tnh cht xc tc (adj)catalyst money Ngun vn mang tnh xc tccatalyst role Vai tr xc tcCausal relationship Mi quan h nhn qu (n)Cause and effect relationship Quan h nhn qu (n)Center of excellence cng ngh tin tin

Center of excellence Trung tm tri thcCentral planning K hoch ho tp trung (n)Centrally planned economy Kinh t k hoch ho tp trung (n)Change S thay i, i mi (n)Change agent Nhn t kch thch i mi (i.e. an individual who atteuence decesion-making in a direction that is conducive to change).change catalyst Nhn t kch thch i mi (i.e. an individual who atteuence decesion-making in a direction that is conducive to change).change management Qun l tin trnh i mi (i.e. ways to implemtor change within an organization)change process Tin trnh i miChecklist Danh mc i chiu (n) (cc cu hi, vn , e.g. The ~ foral: Danh mc cc cu hi i chiu khi thm nh d n; The ~ for briefing a visi

cn thng bo cho on khch n thm).Child Tr em (n)child abuse Lm dng tr emchild care Chm sc tr emChild care center Trung tm nui dy tr em (n)Child labour Lao ng tr em (n)Child labourers Tr em phi lao ng (n)Child malnutrition Suy dinh dng tr em (n)Child mortality T vong tr emChild prostitute Tr em hnh ngh mi dm (n)

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Child prostitution Mi dm tr em (n)child rearing Nui dng tr emChild welfare Phc li cho tr em (n) (e.g. a ~ policy, programme).Child-bearing age Tui sinh con (n) also Reproductive ageChild-blind Khng quan tm n tr em (adj) (e.g. A ~ social policy, proChild-friendly H tr cho tr emChildren in specially difficult circumstances Tr em c hon cnh c bitChoice of technology S la chn cng nghChronic diseases Bnh mn tnhCIDA C quan Pht trin Quc t Ca-na-a

Civil servants Cng chc (n)Civil service Ngnh cng v (n)Civil society X hi dn s (n) (i.e. the realm of individuals and groups - nized or unorganized - who interact in the social, political and economic domains and who are regulated by formal and informal rules and laws).Civil society organizations Cc t chc x hi dn s (n)Clean energy sources Cc ngun nng lng sch (n) (i.e. natural gas, ssustainable biomass and mini-hydro power).Clean production technology Cng ngh sn xut sch (n) (i.e. use of environally friendly processes in production activities)cleaner production technology Cng ngh sn xut sch hnclear accountability mechanism Mt c ch r rng v trch nhim gii trnhClient-oriented nh hng phc v khch hng (adj) (e.g. a ~ mentality: Thi

Climate change S bin i kh hu (n)Cloning Nhn dng v tnh (n)Closed economy Nn kinh t ng (also Inward-looking ~ )Closed forest Rng dyClosed forest rng knCluster evaluation nh gi cm d n (n) (c lin quan vi nhau v nCo-financing Cng gp vn (n) l thut ng dng chung cho cc phng thc Coastal mangrove forest Rng ngp mn ven bin (n)Coastal pollution nhim ven bincoastal protected area Khu vc bo tn trn ven binCoastal wetland Vng t ngp mn ven binCoastal wetland t ngp mn ven bin (n) (Vng)

Coastal zone management Qun l di ven b (n)Codification of knowledge in ch ho tri thcCodified knowledge Tri thc c im ch hoCommand economy Nn kinh t theo mnh lnhCommercial Thuc v thng mi (adj)commercial interest rate Li sut thng micommercial lending Cho vay theo iu kin thng micommercial loan Khon vay thng miCommercialization S thng mi ho (n) (e.g. ~ of public services: v cng cng).Commercialize Thng mi ho (v)Commission on Sustainable development Hi ng v Pht trin Bn vng cQ v Mi trng v Pht trin nm 1992 ti Rio de Janeiro.

Commit Cam kt, quyt tm (v) (e.g. ~ oneself to doing something: Cam kt g ).Commitment S cam kt (n) (i.e. arrangement for financial assistance ochnical cooperation incorporated into a signed agreement specifycing terms and conditions). For example: ODA ~s to Viet Nam in 2001 reached US$ 1.6 billion: Camkt ODA cho Vit Nam trong nm 2001 ln n 1,6 t USD.Commodity Hng ha (n)commodity assistance Vin tr bng hng ho (i.e. financial assistance pded by a donor to a recipient country in the form of commodities or goods)

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commodity loan Khon tin vay bng hng hoCommon but differentiated responsibilities Trch nhim chung nhng c phn bit(n) (i.e. Principle No. 7 of the 1992 Rio Declaration which says 'States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restorethe health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem. However, in view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States shall have commonbut different responsibilities'.Communicable diseases Cc cn bnh ly lan (n)Community Cng ng (n)Community development Pht trin cng ng (n) (i.e. the organization of alpects of community living, in particular new settlement projects and the improve

ment of existing facilities).Community education Gio dc thc cng ng (n) (i.e. an enabling prch children and adults acquire a sense of identification with their community).Community forestry Lm nghip cng ng (n) (i.e. a form of social foreswhere tree planting is undertaken by a community on common or communal lands).community health care Y t cng ngCommunity participation S tham gia ca cng ng (n) (i.e. the participatmunity in its own development).Community participation role Vai tr hot ng cng ng (n) (ca ph n oles.Community-based Da vo cng ng (adj)

Community-based cp cng ng (adj)Community-based development approaches Cc phng thc pht trin da vo cng ngCommunity-based drug detoxification Cai nghin ti cng ngCommunity-based drug treatment Cai nghin ti cng ng (n) (da vo).Community-based forest management Qun l rng da vo cng ng (n) (i.efor achieving people-centered development where the focus of decision-making with regard to the sustainable use of forest resources in the area lies with the communities of that area).Community-based organizations Cc t chc cng ng (n)Comparative advantage Li th so snhCompete Cnh tranh (v) (e.g. to ~ with each other for the increasinglyscarce development resources).Competing Cnh tranh nhau, ganh ua nhau (adj) (e.g. ~ claims on the li

mited national resources: Nhng i hi tranh ginh ngun lc hn hp ca quc gia).Competition ganh ua (n)Competition S cnh tranh (n)Competitive C kh nng cnh tranh (adj)Competitive mang tnh cnh tranh (adj)competitive bidding u thu cnh tranhcompetitive market Th trng cnh tranhcompetitive price Gi c cnh tranhCompetitiveness C kh nng cnh tranh (n) (e.g. The ~ of the national economy:h tranh ca nn kinh t quc dn).Competitiveness sc cnh tranh (n) (e.g. The ~ of the national economy: Sc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t quc dn).Completion kt thc (n)

Completion S hon thnh (n)compliance audit kim ton v tun th quy chComprehensive Ton din (adj)comprehensive approach Cch tip cn ton dinComprehensive Development Strategy or CDF Chin lc pht trin ton din (n)(i.e. a mechanism developed by the World Bank for coordinating WB assistance andgovernment spending in support of a comprehensive strategy covering all aspectsof development in a recipient country).Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy Chin lc ton din v xo (i.e. a strategic policy paper that was requested by the World Bank and prepared

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by the Government of Viet Nam to replace the previous Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper - or PRSP).Concept Khi nim (n)Concept tng (n)Concept paper Bn phc tho (n) (v mt tng hoc ti).Conceptual Thuc v khi nim (adj)Conceptual approach Phng php tip cn mang tnh khi qut (n)conceptual framework Khung khi qutconceptual framework phng php lunConceptualization Xy dng khi nim (n)Conceptualization xy dng tng (n)

conceptualize a project Xy dng tng d nConcessional Mang tnh u i (adj)Concessional loan khon vay (n)concessional loan Khon vay u i (i.e. credit extended in terhat are more favourable to the borrower than market rates)Concessionality level Mc u i (n) (i.e. a measure of the 'softness' ofredit reflecting the benefit to the borrower compared to a loan at the market rate).Concessionary Mang tnh u i (adj)concessionary loan Khon vay u i (i.e. credit extended in terhat are more favourable to the borrower than market rates).Condition iu kin (n)Conditionality C iu kin (n) (i.e. policy measure(s) that a government ag

to implement as a requirement to receive aid)Conditionality iu kin rng buc (n) (i.e. policy measure(s) that a govert agrees to implement as a requirement to receive aid).Confidential HIV testing Xt nghim HIV c gi knConflict mu thun (n)Conflict Xung t (n)conflict of interest Xung t li chConflict resolution Gii quyt xung t (n)Conflicting Xung t vi nhau, mu thun vi nhau (adj) (e.g. ~ interests, i: Nhng li ch, nhng tng tri ngc nhau).Consensus S nht tr (n)Consensus s ng thun (n)Consensus building Xy dng s nht tr (n) (e.g. A ~ activity, initiati

Mt hot ng, mt sng kin nhm xy dng s ng thun)Consensus building Xy dng s ng thun (n) (e.g. A ~ activity, initiatiMt hot ng, mt sng kin nhm xy dng s ng thun).Conservation Bo tn (n)conservation area Khu bo tnconservation site Khu bo tnconservation zone Khu bo tnConstituency Nhng ngi hu thun (n) (i.e. a group of people with the samterests that one can turn to for support); C tri (i.e. a body of voters in a district having its own elected representative).Constrain Hn ch (v) (e.g. The poor policy and legal environments have constrained the sustainability of the technical approaches used)Constrain rng buc (v) (e.g. The poor policy and legal environments

e constrained the sustainability of the technical approaches used)Constraint Hn ch (n)Constraint kh khn (n)Consultancy Hot ng t vn (n) (e.g. a consultancy assignment: ChuyConsultant Chuyn gia t vnconsultant mission on chuyn gia t vnConsultative Group Meeting Hi ngh Nhm T vn (n) (i.e. a periodic meebetween the Government of a developing country and its major aid partners for dialoguing on national issuses/priorities and mobilizing additional external assi

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stance. This is an aid mobilization mechanism which is chaired by the World Bank).Consulting Thuc v t vn (adj)consulting business Ngh t vnconsulting firm Cng ty t vnconsulting industry Ngnh t vn (cng nghip).Consumer Ngi tiu dng (n)consumer demand Nhu cu tiu dngconsumer price Gi tiu dngConsumer price index Ch s gi tiu dng (n)consumer subsidy Tr gi tiu dng

Contaminate Lm nhim bn (v)Contaminated site Ni b nhim bn (n)Contamination Lm nhim bn (n)Contingency Tnh hung bt trc (n)contingency fund Qu d phngcontingency plan K hoch d phngContinuous programming Phng php xy dng d n mang tnh lin tc (n) (i.ethat involves the programming by objectives through earmarking of limited resources for selected development objectives of the country programme for which projects have not yet been identified).Contraceptive Dng c trnh thai (n)contraceptive measures Cc bin php trnh thaiContraceptive prevalence rate T l s dng cc bin php trnh thai (n) (i.e

tage of married women of childbearing age, 15-49 years old, who are using, or whose husbands are using, any form of contraception).Contract Bn hp ng (n)Contract Lm hp ng (v) (e.g. to ~ somebody to do something: Hp nic g).Contract extension Gian hn hp ngContract extension trin hn hp ngcontract out Khon cho ngi ngoIContracting out Khon cho ngi ngoi (n) (i.e. an arrangement whereby a depart or agency enters into a commercial contract with an external supplier that provides services)Contractual Thuc v hp ng (adj)contractual obligations Cc ngha v theo hp ng

contractual provisions Cc iu khon hp ngcontractual terms Cc iu kin hp ngContribution Khon ng gp (n)Control bin php kim sot (n)Control S kim sot (n)Convention Cng c (n)Convention for the Pretection of Ozone Layer Cng c v bo v tng -dnConvention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural HeritageCng c v bo v di sn vn ho v thin nhin th giiConvention on Biodiversity Conservation Cng c v bo tn a dng sinh hcgh ca LHQ v Mi trng v Pht trin nm 1992 ti Rio de Janeiro.Convention on Biological Diversity Cng c v bo v s a dng sinh hcConvention on Climate change Cng c v bin i kh hu c k kt

rin nm 1992 ti Rio de Janeiro)Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Cng c v thng mi quc nguy c tit chngConvention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against WomenCng c v xo b mi hnh thc phn bit i x vi ph n.Convention on the Law of the Sea Cng c v Lut binConvention on the Rights of the Child Cng c v Quyn Tr emCoping strategy Chin lc, bin php khc phc kh khn (n) (i.e. plans,sed by the poor and/or the vulnerable to deal with difficult situations such asunemployment, sickness, food shortage).

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Core resources Ngun vn thng xuyn (i.e. voluntary contributions by donovernments to UN development Agencies, as opposed to Non-core resources).Corporate Thuc v cng ty (adj) (e.g. A ~ law: Lut cng ty).Corporate Tng qut (adj) (e.g. A ~ plan: Mt k hoch tng qut)Corporate income Thu nhp cng tyCorrupt Tham nhng (adj) (e.g. A ~ official: Mt quan chc tham nhng).Corruption S tham nhng (n) (i.e. defined broadly as the abuse of public office for private gains)corruption - free Khng c tham nhng (adj) (e.g. A ~ society: Mt x h

m nhng).Cost Chi ph (n)Cost recovery Ly thu b chi, thu hi chi ph (n)cost recovery basis Trn c s ly thu b chiCost sharing ng ti tr (n) (i.e. financial contributions which are madeanother donor to a development project of UNDP and which are entrusted to UNDP to manage in accordance with UNDP's own financial rules/regulations). Xem thm Co-financing.Cost-benefit analysis Phn tch chi ph-li ch (n) (i.e a method to detbenefits and costs of a project through which to detect the alternation with the highest benefit-cost ratio).Cost-effective hiu qu kinh t (adj)Cost-effective Hiu qu tnh theo chi ph (adj)

Cost-effectiveness analysis Phn tch chi ph - hiu qu (n) (i.e. an apph adopted when the benefits from a project cannot be readily measured on monetary terms, yet it has political or corporate benefits).Cost-push inflation Lm pht do sc y ca chi ph (n) (i.e. inflation whiccreated and sustained by increases in production costs, independently of the state of demand).cost-sharing ng ti trCounterpart Bn i tc (n)Counterpart bn ng nhim (n) The Vietnamese Foreign Minister and UScounterpart agency C quan i tccounterpart capacity Nng lc ca c quan i tcCounterpart contribution ng gp ca c quan i tc (bng tin m

Counterpart funding Vn i ng (n) (i.e. the contribution in local currto project costs by a country receiving development aid).Counterpart personnel Nhn vin i tc (n) (i.e. local staff of a countaid who have the same role as, and complement the work, of technical assistanceexperts).Country programme Chng trnh quc gia (n) (e.g. UNDP's ~ for Viet Nam the period 1992-1996).CPRGS Chin lc ton din v xo ngho i v tng trng (i.e. a strahat was requested by the World Bank and prepared by the Government of Viet Nam to replace the previous Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper - or PRSP).Credit Tn dng (n)Creditworthiness Kh nng thanh ton n (n)

Creditworthy C kh nng thanh ton n (adj) (e.g. a ~ country, company)Critical mass Khi lng cn thit (n) to nn tc ng mong mun. (e.g.~ of assistance in order to make a meaningful impact on poverty reduction efforts in the province).Crop diversification a dng ho cy trngCrop rotation Lun canh (n) (i.e. an agricultural method in which two ore crops are rotated from year to year to reduce nutrient depletion of the soil and reliance on pesticides)Cropping canh tc (n)Cropping Trng trt (n)

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cropping intensity Cng canh tccropping pattern C cu cy trngcropping season Ma v trng trtcropping sequence Trnh t gieo trngcropping system H thng trng trtCross check Kim tra cho (n)Cross fertilization s trao i kinh nghim (n) (ngha bng)Cross fertilization Th tinh cho (n)Cross-border smuggling Bun lu qua bin giiCross-cutting Mang tnh a ngnh (adj)Cross-cutting xuyn sut (adj)

Cross-cutting approach Phng php tip cn mang tnh a ngnhCross-cutting issue vn xuyn sutCross-sectoral Mang tnh a ngnh (adj)Cross-sectoral approach Phng php tip cn mang tnh a ngnhCrowd out chn ln (v) (e.g. Too much foreign expertise in a projecn ~ local initiative)Crowd out Ln (v) (e.g. Too much foreign expertise in a project can ~ local initiative)tCrowding out s chn ln (n)Crowding out S ln t (n)Crude fertility rate T sut sinh thCrude birth rate T sut sinh thCrude death rate T l t vong th

Cultural Thuc v vn ho (adj)Cultural conservation Bo tn vn hocultural diversity S a dng v vn hocultural environment: Mi trng vn hoCultural exchange Trao i vn hoCultural heritage Di sn vn ho. (n)Cultural identity Bn sc vn ho (n) (e.g. national Bn sc vn Cultural integration Hi nhp v vn ho. (n)Cultural products Sn phm vn hocultural property Ti sn vn hoCultural shock C sc v vn ho (n) (do tip xc vi mt nn vn minh rCultural tourism Du lch vn ho

cultural values Cc gi tr vn hoCulture Vn ho (n)culture in development Vn ho trong pht trin (hot ng)Culture of Peace Nn Vn ho Ho bnh (n) (do UNESCO pht ng trn to).Cumulative Tch lu (adj)cumulative effect Tc ngtch lucumulative impact hiu qu tch luCut across Lin quan n nhiu ngnh (v) (e.g. Issues that ~ GovernmeNhng vn lin quan n nhiu c quan Chnh ph)Cut across Lin quan n nhiu t chc (v) (e.g. Issues that ~ GovernmeNhng vn lin quan n nhiu c quan Chnh ph).Cutting edge Mi nhn, tn tin nht (n)

cutting edge technology Cng ngh mi nhnDAC U ban vin tr pht trin thuc T chc Hp tc v Pht trin quan ch yu qua OECD gii quyt cc vn hp tc vi cc nc ang pht trin vhot ng h tr s nghip pht trin bn vng.DAC List of Aid Recipients Danh sch cc nc nhn vin tr ca U ban Vin trbao gm Phn I (Part I) v Phn II (Part II). Phn I gm cc nc ang pht trin cUSD tr xung (gi c nh nm 1995) v c nhn Vin tr Pht trin Chnh thc. Phtr Chnh thc, Trung u, ng u, cc Nc Cng ho thuc Lin X c v mt s nlopment Assistance Committee. (n)Daily calorie intake per capita Khu phn ca-lo tiu th hng ngy theo u ngi

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Daily calorie supply per capita Khu phn ca-lo cung cp hng ngy theo u ngiDANIDA C quan Pht trin Quc t an MchDanish International Development Agency C quan Pht trin Quc t an MchData D liu (n)Data s liu (n)data analysis Phn tch d liudata bank Ngn hng d liudata collection Thu thp d liudata processing X l d liudata retrieval Truy cp d liudata storage Lu tr d liu

data transmission Truyn d liudatabase C s d liuDeath rate T l t vong (n)Debrief Bo co kt qu (v) khi kt thc mt hot ng (e.g. The delegation debrer at the end of its visit)Debriefing Bui bo co kt qu (n)Debt N (n)Debt cancellation Xo n (n)Debt crisis Cuc khng hong n (n) (i.e. widespread inability in the 19among developing countries to service loans, resulting in strains in domestic development due to rising oil prices, higher real interest rates, reduced lendingand declining exports ).Debt forgiveness Xo n (n)

Debt management Qun l n. (n)Debt refinancing Ti tr bng vay n (n) (i.e. a form of debt relief hich a new loan is arranged to enable the debtor country to meet service payments on an earlier loan).Debt relief Gim n (n) (i.e. a form of programme aid that is provided by the IMF to write off part of the debt owned by a recipient government. Debt relief maybe in the form of Debt cancellation, Debt refinancing, or Debt rescheduling).Debt renegotiation Thng lng li v vic tr n (n) (i.e. negotiation inange the terms of existing loans, usually by extending repayment nominal interest rates).Debt repayment Tr n (n)Debt rescheduling Hon tr n, o n (n)

Debt restructuring C cu li n (n) (i.e. any action officially agreed ben the creditor and the debtor that alters the terms previously established forthe repayment, including forgiveness or rescheduling)Debt service Tng n phi tr (n) (i.e. the sum of principal payments interest payments on total external debt)Debt service obligations Ngha v tr n (n)Debt service ratio T xut n phi tr (n) (i.e. the ratio of debt servpayments to earnings from exports of goods).Debt servicing vic thanh ton n (n)Debt servicing Vic tr n (n)Debt structure C cu n (n)Debt swap Tro n (n)Debt-for-nature swaps Chuyn hon n phc v bo tn thin nhin (n) (i.e

ment whereby a debt is resettled well below face value with the debtor country,on the understanding that the funds received to settle the debt will be investedin the country concerned on conservation projects).Debtor Con n (n)debtor country Nc vay nDecentralization phn cp qun l (n) (i.e. a general term that reto the restructuring of authority so that it is shared between governing institutions at central, regional and local levels. Decentralization involved two keyelements, namely devolution phn quyn and delegation y quyn).Decentralization S phi tp trung ho (n) (i.e. a general term that re

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to the restructuring of authority so that it is shared between governing institutions at central, regional and local levels. Decentralization involved two keyelements, namely devolution phn quyn and delegation y quyn)Decentralize Phi tp trung ho (v) (e.g. To ~ the decision-making procePhn cp qu trnh ra quyt nh)Decentralize phn cp qun l (v) (e.g. To ~ the decision-making procePhn cp qu trnh ra quyt nh).Decentralized c phn cp qun l (adj)decentralized decision-making Phn cp ra quyt nhdecentralized management Phn cp qun ldecentralized policy-making process Quy trnh xy dng chnh sch c phn cp

Deficit Thm ht (n)Deficit financing Ly ti chnh b thm ht ngn sch, ti tr thm ht ngn ssituation where expenditure exceeds revenue such that a deficit is operated deliberately in order to stiimulate economic activity and employment by injecting more purchasing power into the economy).Deflation Gim pht (n)Deflator Ch s gim pht (n)Deforestration Tnh trng tn ph rng (n) (i.e. Loss of forest cover from 40% he trees or more).Delegate U quyn, giao ph (v) (e.g. To ~ the authority to someone:yn cho ai)Delegation S u quyn (n) (i.e. the transfer of government decision-maand administrative authority to semi-independent local units who may still be l

egally accountable to the central government).delegation of authority S u quyn (n) (i.e. the transfer of government decn-making and administrative authority to semi-independent local units who may still be legally accountable to the central government).Delivery rate T l vn thc hin (i.e. expenditure in a given year exsed as a percentage of the maximum level of the approved budget to be reached for that year).Demand lng cu (n) (e.g. ~ for skilled labour has exceeded supply)Demand Yu cu (n) (e.g. ~ for skilled labour has exceeded supply)Demand for money Lng cu tin mtDemand management Qun l lng cu (n)Demand pull inflation Lm pht do cu vt cungDemand-driven do cu quyt nh (adj) (as opposed to Suppply-driven)

Demand-driven Trng cu (adj) (as opposed to Suppply-driven)demand-driven development aid Vin tr pht trin theo nhu cu (caDemand-side economics Kinh t hc trng cu (as opposed to Supply-side emics).Demographic Thuc v dn s hc (adj)demographic analysis Phn tch dn s hdemographic change Thay i dn s hcdemographic indicators Cc ch s dn s hcDemographic model M hnh dn s hc (n) (i.e. a model concerned withstructure, growth and change of populations).demographic momentum ng lc dn s hcdemographic transition Chuyn tip dn s hc

Demography Dn s hc (n)Demonstration Trnh din (n) (e.g. ~ activities: Nhng hot ng mang tnproject: Mt d n mang tnh trnh din).Department for International Development C quan Pht trin Quc t Anh qucDependency ratio T l ph thuc (n) (i.e. the ratio of the population ded as dependent, aged under 15 and above 65, on the working age population, aged15- 64).Deplete lm cn kit (v) (e.g. To ~ natural resources: Lm cn kit cc ngunthe ozone layer: Lm suy gim tng -dn)Deplete Lm suy gim (v)

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Depleting lm cn kit (adj)Depleting Lm suy gim (adj)Design Bn thit k (n) (e.g. A project Thit k ca mt d n).Design Thit k (v) (e.g. To ~ a project: Thit k mt d n)Developing country Nc ang pht trin (n) (i.e. a low- or middle-incomuntry in which most people have a lower standard of living than do most people in a high-income country).Development S pht trin (n) (i.e. the process of improving the quality ol human lives which consists of three equally important aspects: raising people's living standards in terms of their incomes and consumption levels; creating conditions conducive to the growth of people's self-esteem through the establishme

nt of social, political, and economic systems/institutions; increasing people'sfreedom to make their choices in terms of consumer goods and services)Development administration Qun tr pht trin (n)development agency C quan pht trinDevelopment assistance Vin tr pht trin, tr gip pht trin (n)Development Assistance Committee U ban vin tr pht trin thuHp tc v Pht trin Kinh t (OECD). DAC l c quan ch yu qua OECD gii quyt mt trong nhng din n chnh ca OECD phi hp cc hot ng h tr s nghip pDevelopment cooperation Hp tc pht trin (n) (i.e. a term often used synously with overseas development assistance to indicate the inter-dependent natureof the devel-opment process and emphasize the cooperative effort of both poorerand richer countries).Development culture Vn ho pht trin

Development economics Kinh t hc pht trin (n)Development objective Mc tiu pht trin (n) (i.e. a long-term objective ational development or of a national programme).development organization t chc pht trindevelopment partner i tc pht trinDevelopment planning Quy hoch pht trin (n)Development practitioner Ngi thc hnh pht trindevelopment right Quyn tham gia pht trinDevelopment rights Quyn tham gia pht trinDevelopment strategy Chin lc pht trin (n)development target Ch tin pht trinDevolution S phn quyn (v) (i.e. a concept which is commonly understoodbe genuine decentralization. Under devolution, local units of government have fu

ll authority to take decisions over which central authorities exercise little orno direct control).DfID C quan Pht trin Quc t Anh qucdialogue partner Bn i thoiDigital breakthrough Bc t ph v cng ngh sDigital divide Khong cch cng ngh s (n) (i.e. the richest 20% of theation have access to 93.3% of the internet facilities and 74% of the telephone lines while the poorest 20% have access to only respectively 0.2% and 1.5%).Digital revolution Cch mng cng ngh s (n)Diminishing returns to scale Li tc gim dn theo quy m (n) (i.e. a genezation that while an increase in some inputs relative to other fixed inputs mayraise total output, there will come a point when the extra output is likely to d

iminish)Direct beneficiary Ngi th hng trc tipDirect benefits Li ch trc tipDirect incentive Bin php khuyn khch trc tipDirect support H tr trc tip (n)direct support project D n h tr trc tip (i.e. a project that is desito respond to a one-time need and to reach its beneficiaries directly by preparing, for example, feasibility studies, development plans, technical designs...).Directly productive capital Ngun vn trc tip tham gia sn xut (my

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it b, cng c sn xut)Disadvantaged B thit thi (adj)disadvantaged groups Cc nhm dn c b thit thiDisaster Thin tai (n) (thng hay i vi natural ~ s )Disaster forecasting D bo thin tai (n)Disaster management Qun l thin tai (n)Disaster mitigation Gim nh thin tai (n) (hu qu)Disaster preparedness Phng chng thin tai (n)Disaster relief Cu tr thin tai (n)Disaster response Bin php i ph vi thin tai (n)Disaster warning Cnh bo v thin tai (n)

Disaster-prone Hay gp thin tai (adj) (e.g. Viet Nam is one of the most ~ tries in the world).Disburse Chi tiu (v) (e.g. Viet Nam disbursed over US$ 1.4 billioODA in 2001)Disburse gii ngn (v) (e.g. Viet Nam disbursed over US$ 1.4 billioODA in 2001).Disbursement mc gii ngn (n) (e.g. Viet Nam's total ODA ~ during 2001 wasr US$ 1.4 million).Disbursement S tin c gii ngn (n) (e.g. Viet Nam's total ODA ~ during was over US$ 1.4 million).Disbursement vn thc hin (n) (e.g. Viet Nam's total ODA ~ during 2001 wasr US$ 1.4 million).Disease Bnh (n)

Disguised unemployment Tnh trng tht nghip c che yDisplaced people Ngi lnh nn (n)Disposable income Thu nhp kh dng (sau khi nh thu)Dissolution Gii th (n) (e.g. The ~ of loss-making State-owned enteres: Gii th cc doanh nghip Nh nc lm n thua l).Distribute phn b (v)Distribute Phn phi (v)Distribution s phn b (n)Distribution S phn phi (n)Distribution of income Phn phi thu nhp (n)distribution of profits Phn phi li nhunDiversification S a dng ho (n)Diversity Tnh a dng (n) (e.g. The ~ of ecosystems: Tnh a dng ca

Diversity in unity Tnh a dng trong thng nht (n) (e.g. To maintain thin unity of the United Nations Organization).Divest Thanh l (v)Divestiture S thanh l. (n) (e.g. ~ of a loss making business: Thanhl doanh nghip lm n thu l).Divide khong cch (n)Divide ng phn cch (n)Dividend c tc (n)Dividend Tin li c phn (n)Document ghi chp thnh vn bn (v)Document Ti liu (n)Document Vn bn ho, (v) (e.g. Lessons from poverty reduction project

st be well-documented and widely shared amongst target groups).Dollarization la ho (n) ((S, tnh trng)i.e. the ~ of a natency).Domestic debt N trong ncDomestic resource Ngun lc ni lcDomestic resource Ngun lc trong ncdomestic savings Ngun tch lu trong ncdomestic sewage Nc thi sinh hotDomestic terms of trade Gi ko cnh trong ncDomestic violence against women S dng bo lc i vi ph n trong gia nh

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Donor Nh ti tr (n)donor community Cng ng cc nh ti trdonor country Nc ti trdonor organiztion T chc ti trDonor-driven nh ti tr chi phi (adj) ((B, do) e.g. A ~ aid coordn event: Hot ng iu phi vin tr do cc nh ti tr chi phi).donor-led nh ti tr chi phi (adj) ((B, do) e.g. A ~ aid coordn event: Hot ng iu phi vin tr do cc nh ti tr chi phi).Downstream cui ngun (adj) i lp vi Upstream (e.g. The effectivenessance activities is heavily affected by the upstream economic policy and institutional environments).

Downstream cp vi m (adj)drop out of school B hc (v)Drop-out B hc (n)drop-out rate T l b hc (Xem thm School drop-out)druc control and prevention Kim sot v phng chng ma tuDrug cht gy nghin (n)Drug Ma tu (n)Drug abuse Lm dng ma tu (n)Drug abuser Ngi lm dng ma tu (n)Drug addict Ngi nghin ma tu (n)Drug addiction Nghin ma tu (n)Drug dealer Ngi bun bn ma tu (n)Drug demand reduction Gim lng cu ma tu (n)

Drug detoxification Cai nghin ma tu (n)Drug inhaler Ngi ht ma tu (n)Drug inhaler Ngi ngi ma tu (n)Drug inhaling Ht ma tu (n)Drug inhaling ngi ma tu (n)drug interdiction and seizure Ngn chn bun lu v bt gi ma tuDrug relapse Ti nghin (n)drug relapse rate T l ti nghinDrug supply reduction Gim lng cung ma tu (n)Drug trafficker Ngi bun lu ma tu. (n)Drug trafficker Ngi vn chuyn (n)Drug trafficking Bun bn ma tuDrug trafficking bun lu ma tu (n)

Drug trafficking Vn chuyn ma tu (n)Drug treatment iu tr (n)drug treatment and rehabilitation iu tr v phc hi chc nng ngi nghin Drug-related harms Tc hi do may tu gy ra (n)Dry farming Canh tc trn t kh hn. (n)Duration Thi gian din ra (n) (mt s kin, mt hot ng)E-business Kinh doanh in tE-commerce Thng mi in tE-government Chnh ph in tE-learning Hc tp qua mng in tE-mail Th in tE-payment Thanh ton in t(qua mng)E-training o to qua mng in t.

Ear-mark Phn b s b (v)Ear-marking S phn b s b (n) (e.g. the ~ of available aid resourcngun vin tr hin c).early warning signal Tn hiu cnh boEarly warning system H thng cnh bo sm (phc v phng chng thin t

Earned income Thu nhp t lao ngEarth Summit Hi ngh Thng nh v Tri t (n) (i.e. the other namee on Environment and Development held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

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Easy money Tin d vay (n)Easy money ng tin d vayEco-tourism Du lch sinh thicnEcological Thuc v sinh thI (adj)Ecological agriculture Nng nghip sinh thI (n)ecological balance Cn bng sinh thIEcological capacity Sc ti ca h sinh thi (n) (Xem thm Carrying cEcological diversity S a dng v sinh thI (n)ecological indicators Cc ch s v sinh thIEcological niche Ni c tr (n) (i.e. a place in the system that pro

s all the living needs of a species, that species being better adapted to occupythat niche than any other species)Ecological niche sinh thi (n) (i.e. a place in the system that pros all the living needs of a species, that species being better adapted to occupythat niche than any other species).Ecological resilience Sc bn ca h sinh thI (n)Ecologically sustainable Bn vng v mt sinh thI (adj)Ecology Sinh thi hc (n) (i.e. scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment)Ecomuseum Bo tng sinh thI (n)Economic Thuc v kinh t (adj)economic aid Vin tr kinh teconomic analysis Phn tch kinh t

Economic approach Cch tip cn v kinh tEconomic cooperation Hp tc kinh t. (n)economic cost Chi ph kinh tEconomic development Pht trin kinh t (n) (i.e. economic growth plus stural and institutional change which involves the progress towards goals and objectives).economic disparity S chnh lch v kinh teconomic forecasts D bo kinh tEconomic growth Tng trng kinh t (n) (i.e. an increase in productive capaof an economy over time, giving rise to an increase in real National Income).Economic incentive Bin php khuyn khch kinh teconomic incentive Bin php khuyn khch v kinh t

economic indicators Cc ch s kinh teconomic instruments Cc cng c kinh tEconomic integration Hi nhp kinh t (n)Economic interdependence S tu thuc ln nhau v kinh t (n)Economic liberalization T do ho kinh t (n)Economic performance Hiu qu hot ng kinh t (n)economic performance Hiu qu hot ng v kinh tEconomic planning Quy hoch kinh t (n)economic resources Cc ngun lc kinh teconomic systems Cc h thng kinh tEconomic take-off khi sc v kinh tEconomic take-off S ct cnh v kinh tEconomically active population Dn s hot ng kinh t (n) (i.e. all me

ho supply labour for the production of goods/services during a specified periodof time)Economically active population in working age Dn s hot ng kinh t trong tuEconomically disadvantaged provinces Cc tnh b thit thi v kinh teconomically sustainable Bn vng v kinh tEconomies of scale Hiu qu kinh t theo quy m, tit kim nh quy m (n)e gains by way of reduced average and marginal costs of production per unit of output arising from increasing the scale of a plant, business or industry).

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Economistic Mang tnh kinh t thun tu (adj) (e.g. An ~ approach: Cch tih t hc thun tu).Economy Nn kinh t (n)Ecosystem H sinh thi (n) (i.e. a self-sustaining and self-regulating community of organisms interacting with each other and with the environment)Ecosystem diversity a dng h sinh thI (n)Ecosystem management Qun l h sinh thI (n)Ecosystem rehabilitation Khi phc h sinh thI (n)Ecosystem restoration Phc hi h sinh thI (n)Ecotourism Du lch sinh thI (n)

Education Gio dc (n)Education for all Gio dc cho tt c mi ngi (n)Educational attainment Hc vn (n)Effective C hiu lc (adj)Effective C hiu qu (adj) (e.g. An ~ public administration system).Efficient C hiu sut (adj)Electronic Bng phng tin in t (adj) thng c vit tt l 'E-'Emergency relief Cu tr khn cp (n) (e.g. To send ~ to flood vic).Emission standards Tiu chun pht thIEmpirical Thuc v thc t (n)empirical evidence Bng chng thc t

empirical ground Cn cempirical ground c s thc tEmployment Vic lm (n)Employment generating To ra vic lm (adj) (e.g. ~ policy measures: Nhng binphp to vic lm).Employment generation To vic lm (n)Employment security m bo vic lm (n)Employment security n nh v vic lm (n)Employment-intensive To ra nhiu vic lm (adj) (e.g. an ~ business, industrroject).Empower Nng cao v th (v) (e.g. To ~ the poor: Nng cao v th ca ngi nghogho tham gia)Empower to iu kin tham gia (v) (e.g. To ~ the poor: Nng cao v th ca ng

gho tham gia).Empowerment Nng cao v th (n) (i.e. the expansion of ability and/or opportunity to someone which enables him/her to participate in or endorse decision-making that affects his/her life)Empowerment to iu kin thun li (n) (i.e. the expansion of ability and/oportunity to someone which enables him/her to participate in or endorse decision-making that affects his/her life).Enabling environment Mi trng thun li (n) (i.e. conditions surroundingactivity or system that facilitate the fulfillment of the potential of that activity or system, such as supportive laws and policies, e.g. An ~ for foreign direct investment).End-user Ngi s dng cui cng (n) (e.g. The end-users of project resul

Endangered species Cc loi vt c nguy c tit chng (n) (i.e. Organiat risk of becoming extinct).Endemic diseases Bnh dchEndogenous Ni sinh (adj)Energy-intensive Tiu th nhiu nng lng (adj) (e.g. an ~ industry)Engine of growth ng lc tng trng (n) (e.g. The private sector is n seen as the ~ of a market economy).Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility Th thc iu chnh c cu tng cngt Quc t lp ra nhm gip cc nc ang pht trin thc hin cc chng trnh trunEnrolment s ngi nhp hc (n) (nu c bo co vo u nm hc)

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Enrolment S ngi i hc (n)Entitlement Tiu chun, ch (n)Entitlement-based Theo tiu chun, ch (adj) (e.g. To replace a ~ system merit-based system: Thay th h thng da vo tiu chun bng h thng da vo kt Entrepreneur Nh doanh nghip, doanh nhn (n)Entrepreneurial C thc doanh nghip (adj)Entrepreneurship thc doanh nghip. (n)Environment Mi trng (n)Environmental Thuc v mi trng (adj)Environmental accounting Kim k mi trng. (n)Environmental approach Cch tip cn v mi trng

Environmental assessment nh gi v mi trng (n)Environmental audit Kim ton mi trng (n)Environmental awareness Nhn thc v mi trng (n)Environmental care system H thng bo m mi trng (n) (gm cc bi, bo co v kim k mi trng).Environmental conservation Bo tn mi trng (n)environmental considerations Cc vn v mi trng (cn quan tEnvironmental degradation Suy thoi, xung cp v mi trng (n)Environmental disaster Tai bin mi trngEnvironmental economics Kinh t hc mi trng (n)Environmental education Gio dc v mi trng (n)Environmental evaluation nh gi v mi trng (n)environmental forecasting D bo v mi trng

Environmental heritage Di sn mi trng (n)environmental impact Tc ng n mi trngEnvironmental impact assessment nh gi tc ng mi trng (n) (i.e. a systd for identifying, predicting and evaluating the potential effects on the environment of a development project or activity).Environmental impact statement Bo co v nh gi tc ng mi trng (n)environmental indicators Cc ch s v mi trngenvironmental legislation Lut php v mi trngEnvironmental management Qun l mi trng (n)Environmental monitoring Quan trc mi trng (n) (hoc gim st);Environmental performance Hiu qu hot ng v mi trngEnvironmental policy and planning Chnh sch v quy hoch mi trng (n)Environmental protection Bo v mi trng (n)

Environmental quality Cht lng mi trngEnvironmental regeneration Ti to mi trng (n)Environmental reporting Lp bo co v mi trng (n)environmental science Khoa hc mi trngenvironmental standards Cc tiu chun cht lng mi trngenvironmental strategy Chin lc nng cao nhn thc v mi trng.Environmental sustainability Tnh bn vng v mi trng (n)environmental tax Thu mi trng.Environmentally sensitive Nhy cm v mi trng (adj) (e.g. An ~ area: Khuhy cm v mi trng; An ~ export: Mt hng xut khu nhy cm v mi trng).Environmentally sustainable Bn vng v mi trngEnvironmentally-friendly Quan tm bo v mi trng (adj)Environmentally-friendly thn thin vi mi trng (adj) (e.g. An ~ p

chnology, development project).Equal advantage Li th ngang bngEquitable distribution Phn phi cng bng (n) (e.g. An ~ of the benefits oonomic growth: Phn phi cng bng nhng li ch ca tng trng kinh t).Equitization S c phn ho (e.g. The ~ of loss-making State-owned enteres: C phn ho cc doanh nghip Nh nc lm n thua l).Equitize C phn ho (v)Ergonomics Nhn trc hc (n) (i.e. the study of the relationship between le and the equipment, machinery, tools and furnature they use at workplace, withthe aim of improving their work performance).

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ESAF Th thc iu chnh c cu tng cng do Qu Tin t Quc t lp rhin cc chng trnh trung hn v kinh t v m v iu chnh c cu.estensive growth S tng trng da vo khai thc ti nguyn (i.erowth based on extensive exploitation of resources).Ethics o c (n)Evaluation nh gi (n) (i.e. a time-bound exercise that attempts toess systematically and objectively the relevance, performance and success of on-going or completed projects, programmes)Evaluation by agent nh gi theo ngi thc hin (n)Evaluation by scope nh gi theo quy m (n)Evaluation by timing nh gi theo thi im (n)

Ex-post evaluation nh gi sau khi kt thcExcellence S xut sc (n)Excess demand D cuExcess supply D cungExchange hi oI (n)Exchange Trao i (n)Exchange control regulations Quy ch qun l ngoi hi (n)exchange market Th trng ngoi hiexchange rate T gi hi oIExchange rate controls Cc bin php kim sot t gi hi oIExclusion rung b (n)Exclusion S loi b (n)Executing agency C quan iu hnh, ch u t (ca mt d n hay c

Executing arrangements Cch t chc iu hnh (ca mt d n hay chng trExecution S iu hnh (n) (i.e. the management of a UNDP-funded projecich includes accountability for the effective use of UNDP resources)Exit strategy Chin lc, k hoch rt lui (n) (i.e. a plan for phasing outernal assistance).Exogenous Ngoi sinh (adj)Expanded immunization programme Chng trnh tim chng m rngExpecting mother Ngi m ang mang thaiExpendable equipment Thit b tiu hao (n)Expenditure Chi tiu (n)Expenditure quintile Nhm iu tra theo chi tiu;Expenditure-based poverty line Chun ngho v chi tiu

Expert Chuyn gia (n)Expertise kin thc chuyn suExplicit knowledge Tri thc hin (i.e. knowledge that can be written down or codified, shared with others and put into a database)Export Xut khu (n)Export controls Cc bin php kim sot xut khuExport diversification a dng ho xut khuexport earnings Thu nhp t xut khuExport processing zone Khu ch xut (n)export promotion Xc tin xut khuexport quota Hn ngch xut khuExport quota Hn ngch xut khuexport value Kim ngch xut khu

Export-led growth Tng trng da vo xut khuExport-led industrialization Cng nghip ho theo hng xut khuExport-oriented Theo nh hng xut khu (adj) (e.g. An ~ economy, industryExposure tip cn vi (n) (e.g. ~ to international experiences: Tip xvi kinh nghim quc t).Exposure Tip xc (n) (e.g. ~ to international experiences: Tip xvi kinh nghim quc t)Extended family Gia nh m rng (n)Extended family gia nh nhiu th h (n)Extension gia hn (n)

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Extension Ko dI (n)Extensive ln v s lng (adj)Extensive Rng v din tch (adj)extensive farming Qung canhExtensive farming Qung canhExternal assistance S tr gip, vin tr t bn ngoIExternal audit Kim ton do ngi bn ngoi tin hnhexternal debt N nc ngoiExternal evaluation nh gi bn ngoiExternal resource Ngun lc t bn ngoIExternality Ngoi ng (n) (i.e. a benefit or cost falling on a third p

who normally cannot pay or be compensated for it through the martket mechanism)Externality yu t ngoi lai (n) (i.e. a benefit or cost falling on ard party who normally cannot pay or be compensated for it through the martket mechanism).Extrabudgetary Ngoi ngn sch (adj)extrabudgetary expenditure Khon chi tiu ngoi ngn schextrabudgetary income Thu nhp ngoi ngn schExtreme poverty Tnh trng ngho cng ccFace value Gi tr danh ngha (n) (e.g. to take something for its Chphn nhn mt ci g theo gi tr danh ngha ca n).Facilitate dn dt (v) (e.g. to ~ a workshop, seminar, policy dialogue).

Facilitate To d dng (v)Facilitating To d dng (adj) (e.g. To play a ~ role in the training coursvai tr l ngi dn dt trong kho o to).Facilitation To thun li (n) (e.g. Business, investment To iu kin thuv u t). Trade Thun li ho thng mi.Facilitator Ngi dn d (n) (e.g. The consultant served as a ~ for the ting workshop)tFacilitator ngi h tr (n) (e.g. The consultant served as a ~ for the ting workshop).Facilitator ngi ng vai tr trung gian (n) (e.g. The consultant served ~ for the training workshop)Factor Yu t (n)factor market Th trng cc yu t sn sut

Factors of production Cc yu t sn sut (n) (i.e. land, labour, capital,ural resources... that combine to produce goods and services).Fair competition Cnh tranh lnh mnhFamiliar with am hiu (adj) (e.g. To be ~ Vietnamese economic and politicalconditions: Am hiu iu kin kinh t v chnh tr Vit Nam)Familiar with Quen bit (adj) (e.g. To be ~ Vietnamese economic and politiconditions: Am hiu iu kin kinh t v chnh tr Vit Nam)Familiar with thu hiu (adj) (e.g. To be ~ Vietnamese economic and politiconditions: Am hiu iu kin kinh t v chnh tr Vit Nam)Familiarity with S am hiu (n)Familiarity with s thu hiu (n)Family Gia nh (n)family environment Mi trng trong gia nh

family farm Trang tri gia nhFamily planning K hoch ho gia nh (n)family planning services Dch v k hoch ho gia nhFamily-based Da theo gia nh (adj) (e.g. A ~ farming system: H thng cvo h gia nh).Family-based Da theo h (adj) (e.g. A ~ farming system: H thng canh tc Family-based drug detoxification Cai nghin ti nhFAO T chc Lng thc v Nng nghip LHQ thnh lp nm 1945. Tn ch v mc sng ca nhn dn th gii, ci tin sn xut v phn phi nng phm v ln

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Farm Nng tri (n)Farmer Ngi nng dn (n)farmer network analysis Phn tch mng li nng dnFarming Canh tc (n)Farming systems Cc h thng canh tc (n)farming systems research Nghin cu v cc h thng canh tcFarming techniques K thut canh tc (n)Feasibility study Nghin cu kh thi (n) (i.e. a way to determine whea solution is achievable, given the organization's resources and constraints).

Fecundity fertility rate T sut sinh tim nngFeedback s hi m (n) (i.e. the use of information produced at onege in a series of operations as input at another stage)Feedback kin phn hi (n) (i.e. the use of information produced at onege in a series of operations as input at another stage)feedback mechanism C ch cung cp thng tin phn hiFellowship o to theo hc bng (n)Fellowship holder Ngi c cp hc bngfellowship training programme Chng trnh o to theo hc bngFemale head of household Ch h l n (n)Female-headed household H do ph n lm ch h (n) (Xem thm Woman).Fertility Kh nng sinh (n) (e.g. drop, decline or fall in Gim )

Fertility mc sinh (n) (e.g. drop, decline or fall in Gim mc sinhFertility rate T sut sinh (n)Field Thc a (n) (e.g. A ~ level activity: Hot ng cp thc a; thc a; A ~ worker: Ngi lm vic trn thc a).Field Trin khai trn thc a (v) (e.g. To ~ a consultant mission: aa).Financial assistance Vin tr ti chnh (n) (i.e. all bilateral or multiral financial flows, excluding the cost of technical cooperation. It is sometimes called capital aid, and includes both project and non-project aid).financial audit kim ton ti chnhFinancial capital Ngun vn v ti chnh ( u t)Financial closure Kho s ti chnh (n) (e.g. The ~ of a project: K

v ti chnh, kho s ti chnh ca d n)Financial closure kt thc v ti chnh (n) (e.g. The ~ of a project: Kv ti chnh, kho s ti chnh ca d n).Financial completion Kt thc v ti chnh (e.g. the financial ~ of a pct)Financial management information system H thng thng tin qun l ti chnh (n)financial performance Hiu qu hot ng v ti chnhFinancial resource Ngun lc ti chnhfinancially sustainable Bn vng v ti chnhFINNIDA C quan Hp tc Pht trin Quc t Phn LanFinnish Department of International Development Cooperation C quan Hp tc PhtQuc t Phn LanFiscal Thuc v ngn sch, thuc v ti kho (adj)

fiscal balance Cn i ngn schfiscal deficit Thm ht ngn schfiscal expenditure Chi tiu ngn schfiscal policy Chnh sch ti khofiscal revenue Thu ngn schfiscal year Nm ti khoFixed cost Chi ph c nhFlash flood L qutFlood L lt (n)flood peak nh l

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flood trough Chn lFollow up on Trin khai tip theo (v) (e.g. to ~ the implementation ofthe decisions taken by the monthly Government Meeting).Follow-up Trin khai tip theo (n) (e.g. To plan ~ activities afterthe World Summit on Social Development: Ln k hoch hot ng sau Hi ngh thng ).Food Lng thc, thc phm (n)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations T chc Lng thc v Nng nthnh lp nm 1945. Tn ch ca FAO l nng cao mc dinh dng v mc sng ca nhn dphm v lng thc, v ci thin iu kin sng ca cc nhm dn c nng thn.Food deficiency thiu lng thc (n)

Food deficient Thiu lng thc (adj) (e.g. Viet Nam used to be a ~ countrFood deficit Thiu lng thcFood for works Lng thc phc v xy dng cng trnh (n) (i.e. an aid modalite World Food Programme to finance development projects by providing food to people who take part in such projects).Food insecurity Tnh trng thiu an ninh lng thc (n)Food relief Cu tr lng thc (n)Food safety An ton thc phm (n)Food security An ninh lng thc (n)Food-based poverty line Chun ngho v lng thc, thc phmFootball culture Vn ho bng Forced migration Di c cng bc

Foreign debt N nc ngoiForeign direct investment u t trc tip ca nc ngoIForeign direct investment u t trc tip nc ngoIForeign investment u t ca nc ngoI (n)Foreign investor Nh u t nc ngoIForest Rng (n)Forest conservation Bo tn rng (n)Forest coverage che ph ca rng (n)Forest degradation Tnh trng rng xung cp (n)Forest management Qun l rng (n)Forest nursery Vn m cy trng rng (n)Forest resources Ti nguyn rng (n)Forestry Lm nghip (n)

Forestry extension Khuyn lm (n)forestry extension worker Ngi lm cng tc khuyn lmFormulate Son tho (v)Formulate xy dng (v) (e.g. To ~ a policy, project)Formulation son tho (n)Formulation xy dng (n) (e.g. the ~ of a policy)Formulator ngi son tho (n) (e.g. the ~ of a project).Formulator Ngi xy dng (n)Forward linkage Mi lin kt xuiForward-looking Hng ti tng lai (adj) i lp vi Backward-looking (e.g. Tshould be Vic phn tch cn hng v tng lai).Free khng phi tr tin (adj)Free T do (adj)

free exchange rate T gi hi oi t dofree goods Hng ho min phFree market Th trng t doFree market Th trng t do (n)free market economy Nn kinh t th trng t dofree services dch v min phFree trade T do thng mi (n)free trade area Khu vc thng mi t doFree-standing c lp (adj) ( phn bit vi Investment-related)free-standing technical assistance Tr gip k thut c lp (i.e

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that is provided for institutional development, capacity building or, more broadly, for any purpose that is not directly related to an investment project).Free-standing technical assistance Tr gip k thut c lpFrictional unemployment Tnh trng tht nghip dai dngFriendly Hu ngh (adj)Friendly quan tm n (adj)Friendly thn thin vi (adj)Friendly tin li (adj)Fringe benefits Ph cp ngoi lngFull employment C vic lm y (i.e. the state of an economy in whi

ns seeking employment are able to obtain paid positions)Full time Chuyn trch (adj) (e.g. ~ job, post: Cng vic, chc danh chuyrch).Functional distribution Phn phi thu nhp theo chc nng (i.e. dividicording to sources such as wages, profits, rent, ect...)Functional literacy Bit ch hnh dng (n)Funding instruments Phng thc cung cp ti tr (n) (i.e. modalities to ide aid whereby each has different management structures, accounting arrangements and conditions attached. These often refer to programme aid and project aid).GAD Gii v pht trin (i.e. an approach developed in the 1980's, wthe objective of removing disparities in social, economic and political equalitybetween women and men as a pre-condition for achieving people-centered developm

ent).Galloping inflation Lm pht phi mGap Khong cch (n)Gap s chnh lch (n) (e.g growing ~ between the rich and the poor: Khongcng tng gia ngi giu v ngi ngho)Gap s thiu ht (n) (e.g. the information, knowledge s thiu ht thng .GDP Tng sn phm quc ni (n)Gender Gii (n) (i.e. a concept that is defined to refer to the interaction between and socially constructed roles of men and women.Gender analysis Phn tch v gii (n) (i.e. the process of analyzing inforon to ensure that development resources and benefits are effectively and equitably targeted to both women and men).

Gender and Development Gii v pht trin (i.e. an approach developed he 1980's, with the objective of removing disparities in social, economic and political equality between women and men as a pre-condition for achieving people-centered development).Gender awareness Nhn thc v gii (n) (i.e. the awareness of the nto create equal opportunities for women and men in development activities).Gender blind khng quan tm n vn gii (adj) (e.g. A ~ policy, project).Gender blind M v gii (adj)Gender disparity Bt bnh ng v gii (n)Gender equality Bnh ng v gii (n) (i.e. women and men have equal condializing their full human potential as well as equal opportunities for participating in, contributing to and benefiting from national, political, economic, socia

l and cultural development gains).Gender equity Cng bng v gii (n)Gender mainstreaming Lng ghp vn gii (n) (i.e. the systematic integraof gender equality objectives into development policies, plans, activities... to ensure that both women and men equally participate in and benefit from development).Gender needs Nhu cu v gii (n)Gender planning Lp k hoch v gii (n) (i.e. the process of planning develot policies, plans, activities that are gender sensitive and which take into account the impact of differing gender roles and gender needs of women and men).

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Gender relations Quan h v gii (n)Gender roles Vai tr v gii (n) (i.e. learned behaviours in a given society or community that condition which activities, tasks and responsibilities areperceived as male and female. Hence, ~ are dynamic and changing over time). ~ bao gm ba kha cnh l reproductive role, productive role v community participationGender sensitive Nhy cm v gii (adj) (e.g. A ~ agricultural policchnh sch nng nghip nhy cm v gii).Gender-blindness khng quan tm n vn gii (n) (i.e. the failure tot development policies, plans, activities can have different effects on men and

women).Gender-blindness m v gii (n) (i.e. the failure to realize that depment policies, plans, activities can have different effects on men and women)General budget support H tr ngn sch (n) (i.e. a form of programme aiat is provided by the IMF and that is is similar to the balance of payments support, except for the fact that its conditionality is focused on the use of donorfunds within the recipient government's budget rather than balance of payments issues).general poverty rate t l ngho chungGenerate sinh ra (v) (e.g. ~ employment, income: To vic lm, to thu nhGenerate To ra (v) (e.g. ~ employment, income: To vic lm, to thu nh

Generation To ra, sinh ra (n)Generic ph bin cho c loI (ad)Generic Thuc v di truyn (ad)generic characteristics Cc tnh cht ph binGenerically Mang tnh ph bin (adv)Genetic Thuc v ngun gien (n)Genetic breakthrough Bc t ph v cng ngh gienGenetic diversity a dng di truyn (n)Genetic diversity a dng v ngun gien. (n)genetic engineering Cng ngh giengenetic resources Cc ngun ti nguyn v gienGenetically modified c bin i gien (adj)

genetically modified crops Cc cy trng bin i giengenetically modified organisms Cc sinh vt bin i gienGeographic information system H thng thng tin a l (i.eized system for entering, storing, handling, analysing and displaying data thatcan be drawn from different sources, both statistical and mapped).Geographical distribution of aid Phn b vin tr theo vng lnh thGeographical distribution of poverty Tnh trng ngho theo vng lnh thGerman Agency for Technical Cooperation C quan Hp tc K thut CHLB cGini coefficient H s Gini (n) (i.e. a measurement of the inequalitincome distribution, whereby 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents perfect inequality).Gini index H s Gini (n) (i.e. a measurement of the inequality in incdistribution, whereby 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents perfect ine

quality).GIS H thng thng tin a l (i.e. a computerized system , storing, handling, analysing and displaying data that can be drawn from different sources, both statistical and mapped).Global Climate change S bin i kh hu ton cuGlobal Environmental Facility Qu mi trng ton cu (n) (i.e. a facility whias initially set up by the World Bank in 1991 and later endorsed by UNDP and UNEP, to provide additional grant and concessional funding for the achievement of agreed global environmental benefits).Global trading system H thng thng mi ton cu

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global virtual team Nhm lm vic o ton cu (i.e. a temporary, cverse, geographically dispersed and electronically group which works together and interacts with each other through the internet)Global warming Hin tng nng ln ca tri t (n)Globalization Ton cu ho (n) (i.e. the increasing integration of world prtion, commerce, communications, finance, social life and other related aspects)globalization of communications Ton cu ho v thng tinglobalization of finance Ton cu ho v ti chnhglobalization of trade Ton cu ho v thng miglobalization process Qu trnh ton cu ho

GNP Tng sn phm quc dn (n)Good governance iu hnh quc gia tt (i.e. the ideal situation where a coy is well governed in the widest possible public interest).Good money ng tin tt (Bad money drives out good money: ng tin

Governance qun l quc gia (n) (i.e. the exercise of economic, polil and administrative authority to manage a country's affairs at all levels). i khiGovernance c s dng thay th cho Management khi cn nhn mnh tnh ton dinic ~ ; Environmental ~ )Governance iu hnh quc gia (n) (i.e. the exercise of economic, polil and administrative authority to manage a country's affairs at all levels). i khiGovernance c s dng thay th cho Management khi cn nhn mnh tnh ton dinic ~ ; Environmental ~ )

Government-led do Chnh ph ch tr (adj) (e.g. ~ aid coordination activities:ot ng iu phi vin tr do Chnh ph ch o).Government-led Do Chnh ph ch o (adj) (e.g. ~ aid coordination activities:ot ng iu phi vin tr do Chnh ph ch o)Grace period Giai on hon tr n (n) (i.e. the period at the beginning ofterm of a loan during which no amortization payments are required).Grant Vin tr khng hon li (n) (i.e. financial assistance and the cost of tical cooperation, provided as a gift. Grants may be made bilaterally or as contributions to international organizations with development assistance programmes)Grant element thnh t h tr (n) (i.e. a measure of the extent to which the tof a loan are below the normal commercial rates at the time, with regard to interest rate, maturity and grace period).

Grant element Yu t khng hon li (n) (i.e. a measure of the extent to whihe terms of a loan are below the normal commercial rates at the time, with regard to interest rate, maturity and grace period).Grassroots Cp c s (n) (e.g. ~ organizations: Cc t chc cp c grassroots Decree Ngh nhv thc hin quy ch dn ch c s. (caGrassroots democracy Dn ch c s (n)Green account Ti khon xanh (n)green acounting K ton xanh (n)Green revolution Cuc cch mng xanh (n) (i.e. the promotion of high-ding cereal crops in the 60's and 70's).Green tourism Du lch xanhGreenhouse effect Hiu ng nh knh (n) (i.e. the warming of the atmhere due to the absorption of certain gases called 'greenhouse gases').

Greenhouse gases Cc cht kh gy hiu ng nh knh (n) (e.g. carbonthane, nitrous oxide, cholorofluorocarbons or CFCs).Gross domestic product Tng sn phm quc ni (n) (i.e the total outpugoods and services for final use produced by an economy by both residents and non-residents, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims).Gross enrolment ratio T l i hc chung (i.e. the number of studentsolled in a level of education, regardless of age, as a percentage of the population of official school age for that level)Gross national product Tng sn phm quc dn (n) (GNP comprises GDP p

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net factor income from abroad which is the income residents receive from abroadfor factor services, less similar payments made to non-residents who contributeto the domestic economy).Growth S tng trng (n)Growth model M hnh tng trng (n)growth pole Cc tng trnggrowth potential Tim nng tng trnggrowth rate T l tng trng.Growth theory L thuyt tng trng (n)Growth with equity Tng trng i i vi bnh ng (n)GTZ C quan Hp tc K thut CHLB c

Guinea worm diseases Bnh giun Ghi-nHa Long Bay ecomuseum feasibility study Nghin cu kh thi v bo tng sinh thi VnHabitat Ni sinh sng (n)Habitat ni (n)Habitat management area Khu bo tn sinh cnh (n)Handicapped B tn tt (adj) (e.g. ~ children)hard core poverty Tnh trng ngho cng ccHard-core addict Ngi nghin nngHarmonization dung ho (n) (e.g. The ~ of donor and government procedurLm hi ho th tc ca nh ti tr v th tc ca Chnh ph).Harmonization Lm hi ho (n) (e.g. The ~ of donor and government procedurLm hi ho th tc ca nh ti tr v th tc ca Chnh ph).

Harmonize dung ho (v) (e.g. to ~ international and national regulas).Harmonize Lm hi ho (v) (e.g. to ~ international and national regulas)Hazardous waste Cht thi c hiHealthy competition Cnh tranh lnh mnhHeavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative Sng kin gim n cho cc nc ngho(i.e. an initiative proposed by WB/IMF in 1996 and agreed by creditor countriesto help the most heavily indebted countries to obtain debt relief).Heritage Di sn (n) (e.g. Ha Long Bay is recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage)Heritage conservation Bo tn di sn (n)Heritage criteria Cc tiu ch chn di sn (n)

Heritage economics Kinh t hc di sn (n)Heritage interpretation Thuyt minh di sn (n)Heritage-based tourism Du lch di snHidden cost Ch ph nHidden unemployment Tht nghip nHigh income country Nc c thu nhp cao (n) (i.e. a country with an annuer capita income of more than US$ 9,385 in 1995).high rate of return T sut sinh li caoHigh risk Nguy c cao (n)high risk behaviour Hnh vi c nguy c cao (n)high risk group Nhm c nguy c cao (n)High technology Cng ngh cao (n)High yielding variety ging c nng sut cao (n)

High yielding variety Ging tng sn (n)High-powered money ng tin mnhHigh-risk behavior Hnh vi c nguy c caoHigher education Gio dc cao hc.highest bidder ngi b thu cao nht (n)HIPCI Sng kin gim n cho cc nc ngho (n) (i.e. an initiative WB/IMF in 1996 and agreed by creditor countries to help the most heavily indebted countries to obtain debt relief).HIV Vi-rt gy suy gim min dch ngiHIV testing Xt nghim HIV (n)

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HIV testing with informed consent Xt nghim HIV c s ng thun sau khi HIV-negative HIV m tnh chng t cha nhim HIVHIV-positive HIV dng tnh chng t nhim HIV.HIV/AIDS awareness Nhn thc v HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS endemic Dch bnh HIV/AIDSHolistic Mang tnh tng hp (adj)holistic approach Phng php tip cn tng hpHome-based drug treatment Cai nghin ti nh (n)Horizontal linkage Mi lin kt ngangHousehold H (n)Household economy Kinh t h gia nh (n)

household head Ch hHousehold living standards survey iu tra mc sng h gia nh (n)household size quy m h.household size S nhn khu trong hHuman capital Ngun vn con ngi (n) (e.g. knowledge, skills, informationHuman capital Ngun vn v con ngiHuman development Pht trin con ngi (n) (i.e. the process of enlargieople's choices; these choices can be infinite and change over time, but the three essential ones are for people to lead a long/healthy life, to acquire knowledge/skills and to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living).Human development index Ch s pht trin con ngi (n) (i.e. an index intro

P as an alternative to GDP to measure economic and social progress. HDI includeslife expectancy, adult literacy, years of schooling and GDP per capita measuredat Purchasing Power Parity).Human Development Report Bo co Pht trin Con ngi (i.e. a repoublished annually by UNDP since 1990, each often discussing a major global development theme, e.g. economic growth and human development in 1996, poverty eradication in 1997, consumption patterns in 1998, globalization in 1999, human rightsin development in 2000, new technologies for human development in 2001).Human ecology Sinh thi hc nhn vnHuman environment Mi trng nhn vnHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Vi-rt gy suy gim min dch ngiHuman poverty Tnh trng ngho tng hp (n) Khng ch c ngha l thu nh

ty nhn mnh tnh trng con ngi b tc ot nhng c hi v iu kin c bn nht , tui th v mc sng hp l, quyn t do v nhn phm.Human resources Ngun nhn lc (n) (i.e the population seen from the pointof view of the contribution they make to development).Human resources development Pht trin ngun nhn lc (n) (i.e. trainition to create a workforce capable of meeting the needs of a nationa, a particular sector or a given organization).Human rights Cc quyn con ngi (n) (i.e. the range of entitlements thatuniversal in character and extend to all human beings. These are commonly seenas consisting of (a) civil and political rights and (b) economic, social and cultural rights).Human rights Quyn con ngiHuman trafficking Bun bn ngi

Humanitarian aid Vin tr nhn o (n)Hunger i (n) Tnh trng i kinh ninhunger elimination Xo ihunger eradication Xo iHunting reserve Khu d tr sn bn (n)Hyper - inflation Siu lm phtHyperinflation Siu lm pht (n)ICT Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng i.e. the range of new digitachnologies that capture, store, process, communicate and disply information, such as internet, TV, radio, mobile phones, etc )

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ICT for development Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng phc v pht trin,Identification nhn din (n)Identification S xc nh (n)Identify nhn din (v) (e.g. To ~ problems, ideas for future projecXc nh vn , tng cho cc d n trong tng lai).Identify Xc nh (v) (e.g. To ~ problems, ideas for future projecXc nh vn , tng cho cc d n trong tng lai).Idle money ng tin nhn riIFAD Qu Quc t v Pht trin Nng nghip c thnh lp nm 1974 nh ca IFAD l h tr vic tng cng sn xut lng thc v thc phm, ci thin an nirng suy dinh dng cc nc ngho.

ILO T chc Lao ng Quc t c thnh lp nm 1919 vi t cch 1946 l c quan chuyn mn ca LHQ. ILO xc tin vic ci thin cc iu kin lm vitrn cc lnh vc ny.IMF Qu Tin t Quc t c thnh lp nm 1945 theo Hip nh Bretthuyn khch hp tc tin t v pht trin thng mi quc t, h tr s n nh v tip cc nc gii quyt cc vn v mt cn i trong cn cn thanh ton.Immediate objective Mc tiu trc tip (n) (i.e. the objective that shobe reached within the life of a project).Immunization Tim chng (n)Immunization coverage Din tim chng (n) (i.e. the percentage of childrenunder one year old receiving antigens used in the Universal Child ImmunizationProgramme).Impact Tc ng (n) (i.e. the result of a project in relation to the dev

ment objectives or long-term goals originally set out for it)impact analysis Phn tch tc ngimpact assessment nh gi tc ngImpact evaluation nh gi tc ngImpact on Tc ng n (v) (e.g. There are emerging problems which willhe well-being of the poor at the local level).Imperfect competition Cnh tranh khng hon hoImplementation Thc hin (n)Implementation rate T l vn thc hin (i.e. expenditure in a givenr expressed as a percentage of the maximum level of the approved budget to be reached for that year).Implementing agency ch d n (n)Implementing agency C quan thc hin d n (n)

Implementing arrangements Cch t chc thc hin d n (n)Import Nhp khu (n)Import controls Cc bin php kim sot nhp khuImport quota Hn ngch nhp khuImport substitution policy Chnh sch thay th nhp khu (n)import value Kim ngch nhp khuImport-substituting industrialization Cng nghip ho thay th nhp khuIn cash contribution ng gp bng tin mIn demand c nhiu ngi yu cuin demand c a chung (e.g. Top quality secretaries are always in t ~)In kind contribution ng gp bng hin vt (di cc hnh thc nh nhnb ti ch, t ai, nh xng, v.v...)

In transition Trong giai on chuyn i (e.g. an economy Nn kinh tiai on chuyn i).inactive money ng tin nhn riIncentive Bin php khuyn thch (adj)Incentive vt khuyn khch (adj)Incentive payments system H thng thanh ton khuyn khch (n)Inception report Bo co ban u (n) (e.g. a project Bo co ban u ca Income Thu nhp (n)Income distribution Phn phi thu nhp (n)Income generation To thu nhp (n)

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Income quintile Nhm iu tra theo thu nhpIncome tax Thu thu nhp (n)Income-based poverty line Chun ngho v thu nhpIncorporate Lng ghp (v) (e.g. To ~ gender issues into the policy makprocess: Lng ghp cc vn gii vo qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch).Incorporate st nhp (v) (e.g. To ~ gender issues into the policy makprocess: Lng ghp cc vn gii vo qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch).Incorporation S lng ghp (n) (e.g. ~ of environmental considerations intoinvestment planning process: Lng ghp cc vn mi trng vo qu trnh lp k hIncreasing rate of returns to scale T l sinh li gia tng theo quy m (n)

Incremental cost Chi ph gia tng (n)Incur Thc hin (v) (e.g. To ~ an expenditure: Thc hin mt khon chi).Indebted Mc n (adj) (e.g. A heavily ~ country: Nc b mc n nhiu).Indebtedness Tnh trng mc n (n)Independent audit Kim ton c lpindependent evaluation nh gi c lpIndicative mang tnh hng dn (adj)Indicative Mang tnh nh hng (adj)indicative budget allocation D kin phn b ngn schIndicator Tiu ch (n) (