tsva - aula 4 - biomas - carlos miyazawa
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: TSVA - Aula 4 - Biomas - Carlos Miyazawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559fc4101a28ab10378b467d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
UFABC
3o quadr 2012
BIOMAS e BIOGEOGRAFIA
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Compreender: 1) os fatores que restringem a
distribuição das espécies; 2) os fatores que
determinam e como são distribuídos os
biomas mundiais; 3) reconhecer os biomas
brasileiros e suas características
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Ex. Onça pintada (Panthera onca)
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Ex. Lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
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Ex. Mico leão preto (Leontopithecus chrysopygus)
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Distribuição das espécies não depende só de
fatores físicos (ex. clima, topografia), mas
também de:
• História evolutiva: vicariância e convergência
• Interações bióticas
• Acaso
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Mecanismo evolutivo no qual ocorre uma fragmentação de uma área
biótica, separando populações de determinadas espécies
América do Sul
África
Nov
a Z
elâ
ndia
Dispersão sobre a água
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Fenômeno evolutivo observado em seres vivos quando estes desenvolvem
características semelhantes mesmo tendo
origens diferentes. Ou seja, é quando um caráter
semelhante evolui independentemente em
duas espécies, não sendo encontrado no ancestral
comum.
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Organismos ≠, Resposta =
Resposta adaptativa similar → pressão seletivaparticular
Cactus X Euphorbia
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Estuda os modelos espaciais de
biodiversidade global que são decorrentes
do modo como os limites da amplitude
geográfica de milhões de espécies foram
sobrepostos e alterados sobre a superfície
terrestre
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• unidades biológicas agrupadas com base em
suas formas vegetais dominantes
•Vegetação depende de fatores abióticos:
• Clima: temperatura e umidade,
• Topografia,
• Solo
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Biomas Terrestres: vegetação dominante
Brasil: tem mais biomas!
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Os biomas de Whittaker são definidos de acordo com a temperatura e precipitação médias
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Biomas:
TemperaturaX
Precipitação
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Formas de crescimento vegetal
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• Floresta Pluvial Tropical
• Floresta Sazonal Tropical / Savana (Cerrado)
• Deserto Subtropical
• Floresta Pluvial Temperada
• Floresta Sazonal Temperada
• Bosque / Arbusto (Chaparral)
• Campo Temperado / Deserto
• Floresta Boreal
• Tundra
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Floresta Pluvial Tropical
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Floresta Pluvial Tropical
• quente e úmido, pouca variação de
temperatura
• precipitação > 2000 mm por ano, bem
distribuída ao longo do ano (sem
períodos secos definidos)
• liana, epífitas
• estratificação
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Estratificação: estratos da floresta
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Amazônia
Floresta Pluvial Tropical
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Congo
Floresta Pluvial Tropical
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Costa Rica
Floresta Pluvial Tropical
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Igapó - Amazônia
Floresta Pluvial Tropical
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Igapó - Amazônia
Floresta Pluvial Tropical
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Floresta Sazonal Tropical / Savana
Chuva sazonal
900-1500 mm anuais
3-4 meses <50 mm
Floresta decídua: perde folhas na estação seca
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Costa Rica
Floresta Sazonal Tropical
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Pantanal
Floresta Sazonal Tropical
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Biomas
Savana(Cerrado?)
Estação seca
Estação úmida
Campos c/ árvores esparsas
Brasil: tem mais biomas!
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Gradiente de chuvas, solo, influência do fogo
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África
Savana
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Brasil – Cerrado
Savana
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Quente e seco
• chuvas extremamente raras, menos de 250 mm anuais
• precipitação imprevisível – grandes períodos de seca durando até 10 anos
• grandes variações diárias de temperatura
Quente e seco
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• chuvas extremamente raras,
menos de 250 mm anuais
• precipitação imprevisível –
grandes períodos de seca durando
até 10 anos
• grandes variações diárias de
temperatura
Deserto subtropical
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Deserto subtropical
Argentina, Salta – Parque Nacional Los Cardones
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México, Baja California - Sonora
Deserto subtropical
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EUA, Califórnia - Mojave
Deserto subtropical
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Namíbia - Kalahari
Deserto subtropical
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Madagascar
Deserto subtropical
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Saara
Deserto subtropical
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Clima temperado mais quenteInverno moderado, com
chuvas pesadasNevoeiros de verão
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EUA - Sequóias
Floresta Pluvial Temperada
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Floresta Sazonal Temperada
Clima moderado, gelo no inverno
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Árvores decíduas, arbustos, ervas
Seca, stress nutricionalAdaptações ao fogo
Floresta Sazonal Temperada
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USA
Floresta Sazonal Temperada
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Floresta Sazonal Temperada
Potsdam, Alemanha
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USA
Floresta Sazonal Temperada
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Clima mediterrâneoVerão quente e secoInverno frio e úmido
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Arbustos esclerófilos (folhas duras) sempre verdesAdaptação ao fogo (sementes, raízes)
Bosque/Arbusto
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Bosque/Arbusto
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Bosque/Arbusto (Fynbos)
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Bosque/Arbusto (Matorral)
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Bosque/Arbusto (Chaparral)
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Campo Temperado / Deserto
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EUA – Pradarias
Campo Temperado / Deserto
Predominam gramíneas; alguns arbustos e nenhuma árvore
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Eurasia - Estepes
Campo Temperado / Deserto
Devido à decomposição vagarosa, o solo acumula grandes quantidades de húmus e é bem escuro
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• inverno (6 a 8 meses) muito frio,
verão curto
• precipitação anual de 300-500 mm,
na maior parte na forma de neve
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• Folhas aciculadas (longas em forma
de agulhas) sempre verdes
• Gelo geralmente derrete antes das
camadas superficiais do solo
degelarem, então a maior parte da
água é drenada para riachos e rios
ao invés de penetrar no solo
Floresta Boreal (Taiga)
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Alasca
Floresta Boreal (Taiga)
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Canadá
Floresta Boreal (Taiga)
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Russia
Floresta Boreal (Taiga)
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<-5oC<600 mmPrecipitação baixa
Tundra
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• Permafrost: degelo superficial• Solo saturado (encharcado)• Poucas árvores, dominada por
musgos e líquens
Tundra
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Alasca
Tundra
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Sibéria
Tundra
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Biomas Terrestres no Brasil
Brasil: tem mais biomas!
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Fonte: WWF
Biomas (WWF)
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Número de espécies nos Biomas brasileiros
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Número de espécies endêmicas nos Biomas brasileiros
Endemismo = estado de uma espécie que está restrita a uma única região
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Fatores que os diferencia:
- Vegetação- Clima
(temperatura e pluviosidade)
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Floresta Amazônica Mata Atlântica
Floresta Pluvial Tropical
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Floresta Amazônica
• Área = 5 500 000 km²
• Árvores de até cerca de
50m de altura
floresta de terra firme
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Floresta Amazônica floresta fluvial alagada
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Mata Atlântica
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Mata Atlântica: Floresta de araucárias
Campos do Jordão - Horto Florestal
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Possui um clima tropical com uma estação seca pronunciada;
O solo, antigo e profundo, é ácido e de baixa fertilidade, tendo altos níveis de ferro e alumínio
Ipê-amarelo:típico do Cerrado
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Cerrado
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Campo Sujo (úmido)
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Campo Sujo (seco)
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No Cerrado o fogo favorece o rebrotamento de várias espécies vegetais e a germinação de sementes
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• clima semi-árido e solo raso e pedregoso
• temperatura elevada (médias, 25-29oC)
• pluviosidade: 300-800 mm (exceção florestas de brejo)
• chove no verão e tem longas estiagens
• vegetação com adaptações ao clima seco
• possui "ilhas de umidade" e solos férteis (brejos) nas serras
florestas de brejo
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Seca Chuva
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Caatinga Arbustiva Densa
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• maior área úmida continental do planeta
• terrenos alagados periodicamente
• pluviosidade: média, 1.000 mm
• temperatura: média, 23-25oC
• estação das chuvas: novembro a abril
• os tipos de vegetação estão associados à topografia, tipo de solo e regime de inundação
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Campos Sulinos (Pampas)
• Temperaturas amenas e chuvas
regulares
• Influência do solo e fogo
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• O conceito de bioma não se aplica aos ambientes aquáticos porque não possuem vegetação dominante
• Os sistemas aquáticos podem ser classificados pela salinidade, movimento da água e profundidade
• Os tipos de ambientes aquáticos são: córregos e rios, lagos, alagados, estuários e oceanos
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Ambiente Lótico
• Águas correntes
• Precipitação > Evaporação + Infiltração
• Corredeira X poços
• Substrato rochoso, declive, oxigenação
• Matéria orgânica alóctone (origem externa ao meio)
• Contínuo do rio
• Temperatura, MO, O2, produtividade
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Biomas
Ambiente Lêntico
Lagos
Água não-corrente
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Zona Intertidal (Litoral)Ambientes marinhos
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Litoral(Zona Intertidal ou Entre-marés)
Ambiente marinho na
região costeira do
oceano, sofrendo
influência direta das
marés
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Estuário
Interface da foz de
rios com o mar,
sofrendo influência
das marés tendo
água salobra, possui
alta diversidade
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Recifes de Corais
Estrutura rochosa (calcário)
que ocorre em águas
salgadas rasas e mornas,
possui alta diversidade
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Livro-texto:Ricklefs RE 2003 A Economia da Natureza 5ª ed.
Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro. (Capítulo 5)
Livro de apoio:Townsend CR, Begon M & Harper JL 2006
Fundamentos em Ecologia 2ª ed. Artmed, Porto Alegre. (Capítulo 4)
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Prof. Carlos S. Miyazawa
Email da disciplina: [email protected]
E-mail do professor: [email protected], [email protected]