tsb 88 seminar final
TRANSCRIPT
APCO TSB-88 Seminar
Carl “Bernie” Olson, Previously Chair TIA TR8.18R b t Sh i I i Vi Ch i TR8 18Robert Shapiro, Incoming Vice Chair TR8.18
TSB-88 Suite to Govt. Entities
From: Stephanie Montgomery [[email protected]]
Good News
From: Stephanie Montgomery [[email protected]]Sent: Friday, July 16, 2010 7:44 AMTo: Randy BloomfieldCc: Henry Cuschieri; Ronda CoulterSubject: FW: Request for Consideration of Adding Documents to TIA's Standards for Government ftp SitSiteGood morning Randy,
TIA investigated the addition of TIA-603-C and the TSB-88 suite of standards to the existing list of TIA-102 standards that we provide gratis to government entities. After due process, it was agreed to add p g g p gthese documents to the FTP of P25 standards. Ronda will be notified and will add them next week,
Have a good weekend. - Stephanie
Stephanie MontgomeryThe TSB-88 Suite is not a standard TSBs areStephanie Montgomery
Director, Technology and Business DevelopmentTelecommunications Industry Associationd: [email protected] | tiaonline.org | address/directions
a standard, TSBs are viewed as best practices
“TIA TSB-88 - What Is It, How to U I d Wh A I B fi ”Use It, and What Are Its Benefits”
“One of the most difficult tasks facing anyone involved inOne of the most difficult tasks facing anyone involved in the specification and purchase of a new radio system is finding an equitable benchmark for network performance to use in evaluating different vendorperformance to use in evaluating different vendor proposals. With the wide variety of propagation models that can be used to plan, design and simulate radio system coverage, identifying the solution that y g y gbest meets your performance requirements can be daunting. TIA Technical Service Bulletin (TSB)-88 provides the most comprehensive set of technical guidelines on how to plan design and simulate theguidelines on how to plan, design, and simulate the performance of narrowband/spectrum efficient networks.”
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 3
“PREDICT WHAT YOU CAN TEST FOR
AND
TEST FOR WHAT YOU PREDICT”
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 4
Why was TSB-88 Created?
• Technology Neutral Frequency coordination ofgy q y Disparate Modulations Different Channel Offsets
• Explain the technical issues describing• Explain the technical issues describing coverage and reliability
• Define Audio Intelligibility (DAQ) • Develop methodology for Acceptance Testing• Provide technical solutions for software
developersdevelopers• Identify data sets for use in predictions
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 5
What can TSB-88 do for you?
• Understand Reliability vs. CoverageU de sta d e ab ty s Co e age• Understand how adjacent channel interference
differs from co-channel interference• Determine performance parametric values• Propagation modeling• How an acceptance test should be constructed
and conductedHow to identify and mitigate interference and• How to identify and mitigate interference and noise
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 6
TSB-88 Areas of Influence
Applicable Desired SignalApplicable Reference
Desired SignalNA NPSPAC A WA P-25 D OTHER
NA TIA-603 TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88
NPSPAC A TSB-88 TIA-603 TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88
WA TSB-88 TSB-88 TIA-603 TSB-88 TSB-88rfer
ing
gnal
P-25 D TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88 TIA-102 TSB-88
OTHER TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88 TSB-88Inte
rSi
g
TIA-603/102 - Normative methods & requirementsTSB-88 - Informative - Best Practices
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 7
Where are we today? Ref: 603-D, 102.CAAA/B, TSB-88.#-C
• Analog Radios• Companion Rcvr
• Digital P-25 1 Radios•102 CAAA-Measurements
• Recommended methods for all combinations of• Companion Rcvr
• D version approved for publication
•102.CAAA-Measurements•102.CAAB-Values
• Companion Rcvr• Required ACPR offsets & BW
for all combinations of analog and digital radios• Various Rcvrs, BW and frequency offsets
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 8
• 2 102.CCAA/B (drafting) • Propagation and CATP
History (Living Documents)
• WG8.8 Started in 1994 to resolve the issues just described
• TIA TSB-88-O Published Jan 1998WG8 8 upgraded to standard development• WG8.8 upgraded to standard development organization, TR8.18 TIA TSB-88-A 6/99 TIA TSB-88-A1 1/02 TIA TSB-88-B 6/04 TIA TSB-88-B1 5/05 TIA TSB 88 B1 5/05 TIA TSB-88.#-C Divided into Multiple volumes
due to size and stability issues
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 9
History (Continued)
TSB-88.1-C TSB-88.2-C TSB-88.3-C TSB-88.4-CPerformance Modeling
Propagation & Noise
Acceptance Testing & Interference
4.9 GHz Broadband
Feb 2008 Apr 2009 Feb 2008 Drafting
TSB-88.1-C1 TSB-88.3-C1May 2010 Jan 2010
TSB-88.1-DD fti
Monitoring ITU for new modelsDrafting for new models
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 10
CPC Service Area Reliability
• TSB-88 1-C: The probability of• TSB-88.1-C: The probability of achieving the desired DAQ over the defined Service Area.defined Service Area.
• In other Words: includes ALL the tiles in the service area and average them.the service area and average them.
• Alternative to only count those that meet or exceed the criterion. Reasonsmeet or exceed the criterion. Reasons to be explained later.
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 11
Performance Parameters
• Define Audio Performance in terms of C/N/ Static C/N for reference sensitivity, Cs/N Faded C/N for levels of improved audio performance,
CF/NCF/N• Requirements vary with the type of modulation
and channel bandwidth Channel Performance Criteria (CPC) defines the Channel Performance Criteria (CPC) defines the
CF/(I+N) for equivalent intelligibility to analog FM Different CPC values equate to Delivered Audio
Quality (DAQ)Quality (DAQ)• Values provided in TSB-88.1-C and earlier
versions
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 12
CPC to DAQ, Specific to each modulation
CPCChannel
Performance Criteria
Modulation 1 Modulation n-1 Modulation n…………
Static ReferenceSensitivityRef/ CS/N
DAQ 3.0BER%/CF(I+N)
DAQ 3.4BER%/CF(I+N)
DAQ 4.0BER%/CF(I+N)
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 13
DAQ Definition for AnalogBased on equivalent intelligibility Center value is
the design
DAQ Static SINAD
the design criteria
Delivered Audio Quality
Faded Subjective Performance Description equivalent intelligibility1,2
1 Unusable, Speech present but unreadable <8 dB
2 Understandable with considerable effort. Frequent 12 ± 4 dBrepetition due to Noise/Distortion
3 Speech understandable with slight effort. Occasional repetition necessary due to Noise/Distortion
17 ± 5 dB
3.4 Speech understandable with repetition only rarely needed. Some Noise/Distortion
20 ± 5 dB3
Some Noise/Distortion
4 Speech easily understood. Occasional Noise/Distortion 25 ± 5 dB
4.5 Speech easily understood. Infrequent Noise/Distortion 30 ± 5 dB
5 Speech easily understood. >33 dB5 p y 33 dB1 The VCPC is set to the midpoint of the range.2 Measurement of SINAD values in fading is not recommended for analog system performance assessment.3 The 20 dBS equivalency necessitates a DAQ of approximately 3.4. This value can then be used for linear interpolation of the existing criteria. Non public safety CPC specifications would normally request a DAQ of 3, while Federal Government agencies commonly use a DAQ of 3.4 at the boundary of a protected service area. Note that regulatory limitations could preclude providing a high probability of achieving this level of CPC for portable in-building coverage. In addition, higher infrastructure costs could be needed with potential lessened frequency reuse.
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 14
CPC to DAQdraft TSB-88 1-D
Modulation Type, (channel spacing)
Static1).
refCN
s/ DAQ-3.02).
BER
CI N
f% /
DAQ-3.43).
BER
CI N
f% /
DAQ-4.04).
BER
CI N
f% /
A l FM R didraft TSB-88.1-D Analog FM Radios Analog FM ± 2.5kHz (12.5 kHz) 12 dBS/7 dB N/A/23 dB N/A/26 dB N/A/33 dB Analog FM ± 4kHz (25 kHz) 5) 12 dBS/5 dB N/A/19 dB N/A/22 dB N/A/29 dB Analog FM ± 5kHz (25 kHz) 12 dBS/4 dB N/A/17 dB N/A/20 dB N/A/27 dB Digital FDMA Radios C4FM (IMBE) (12.5 kHz) 6) 5%/5.4 dB 2.6%/15.2 dB 2.0%/16.2 dB 1.0%/20.0 dB C ( ) ( ) 7)C4FM (IMBE) (12.5 kHz) 7) 5%/7.6 dB 2.6%/16.5 dB 2.0%/17.7 dB 1.0%/21.2 dB C4FM (VSELP)*) (12.5 kHz) 7) 5%/7.6 dB 1.8%/17.4 dB 1.4%/19.0 dB 0.85%/21.6 dB CQPSK (IMBE) LSM, 9.6 kb/s(12.5 kHz) 5%/6.5 dB 2.6%/15.7 dB 2.0%/17.0 dB 1.0%/20.5 dB CQPSK (IMBE) WCQPSK, 9.6 kb/s (12.5 kHz) 5%/6.5 dB 2.6%/15.4 dB 2.0%/16.8 dB 1.0%/20.2 dB CVSD “XL” CAE (25 kHz) 8.5%/4.0 dB 5.0%/12.0 dB 3.0%/16.5 dB 1.0%/20.5 dB CVSD “XL” CAE (NPSPAC) 8) 8 5%/4 0 dB 5 0%/14 0 dB 3 0%/18 5 dB 1 0%/22 5 dB CVSD XL CAE (NPSPAC) 8.5%/4.0 dB 5.0%/14.0 dB 3.0%/18.5 dB 1.0%/22.5 dB CVSD “XL” 4 Level (25 kHz) 8.5%/4.0 dB 5.0%/18.0 dB 3.0%/21.5 dB 1.0%/27.0 dB EDACS® Narrowband Digital 5%/7.3 dB 2.6%/16.7 dB 2.0%/17.7 dB 1.0%/21.2 dB EDACS® NPSPAC8 Digital 5%/6.3 dB 2.6%/15.7 dB 2.0%/16.7 dB 1.0%/20.2 dB EDACS® Wideband Digital (25 kHz) 5%/5.3 dB 2.6%/14.7 dB 2.0%/15.7 dB 1.0%/19.2 dB dPMR 4.8 kb/s (AMBE+2) (6.25 kHz) 5%/7.8 dB 2.6%/16.3 dB 2.0%/17.5 dB 1.0%/20.8 dB NXDN 4.8 kb/s (AMBE+2) (6.25 kHz) 5%/7.3 dB 2.6%/15.7 dB 2.0%/17.0 dB 1.0%/20.2 dB
NXDN 9.6 kb/s (AMBE+2) (12.5 kHz) 5%/7.0 dB 2.6%/15.5 dB 2.0%/16.7 dB 1.0%/19.9 dB Tetrapol 5%/4.0 dB 1.8%/14.0 dB 1.4%/15.0 dB 0.85%/19.0 dB WidePulse C4FM (25 kHz) 5%/9.8 dB 2.6%/17.2 dB 2.0%/18.5 dB 1.0%/21.8 dB Digital TDMA Radios gETSI DMR 2 slot TDMA (AMBE +2) (12.5 kHz) 5%/5.3 dB 2.6%/14.3 dB 2.0%/15.6 dB 1%/19.4 dB F4GFSK (AMBE) OpenSky®2-slot 5%/11.0 dB 3.5%/17.0 dB 2.5%/19.0 dB 1.3%/22.0 dB F4GFSK (AMBE) OpenSky®4-slot 5%/11.0 dB 1.3%/22.0 dB 0.9%/24.0 dB 0.5%/27.0 dB HDQPSK 12 kb/s (AMBE+2) TBD TBD TBD TBD HCPM 12 kb/s (AMBE+2) TBD TBD TBD TBD Cellular Type Digital Radios (TDMA)9
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 15
Cellular Type Digital Radios (TDMA) DIMRS – iDEN® (25 kHz) 6:1 Footnote 9 Footnote 9 Footnote 9 Footnote 9 TETRA (25 kHz) 4:1 Footnote 9 Footnote 9 Footnote 9 Footnote 9
DAQ Definition for P25 Digital Radio Vocoders
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 2Phase 1 C4FM
Phase 2 HDQPSK
Phase 2 HCPM
DAQ 3 2 6% [3 1%] [3 3%]DAQ 3 2.6% [3.1%] [3.3%]
DAQ 3.4 2.0% [2.4%] [2.6%]
DAQ 4 1.0% [1.2%] [1.4%]
Phase 1 values are based on enhanced IMBE vocoder.
Phase 2 values in square brackets are proposed values using the P25 AMBE vocoder.
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 16
Contour Reliability
• TSB-88.1-C: The probability ofTSB 88.1 C: The probability of obtaining the CPC at the boundary of the Service Area. It is essentially thethe Service Area. It is essentially the minimum allowable design probability for a specified performance.for a specified performance.
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 17
Covered Area Reliability
• Think “Average Area Reliability”• Think Average Area Reliability• TSB-88.1-C: The tile-based area reliability for
only those tiles at or exceeding the minimumonly those tiles at or exceeding the minimum required tile reliability. It can be used as a system acceptance criterion.y p
• This includes all the tiles above a computed (or predetermined value) whose combined average meets or exceeds the specified reliability value.
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 18
Contour vs. Area Reliability (95% example)5% f i5% f i <15% f iDoesn’t meet CPC
< 2%
< 3%< 5% fringe
< 2%
< 3%< 5% fringe
<1%
<5%
<10%<15% fringeDoesn t meet CPC
criterion
< 1%< 1% <1%
Contour Reliability 95%Service Area Reliability 97%
Contour, Reliability 85%Service Area, Reliability 95%
Area Reliability Vs. Contour Reliability (n = 3.5)
98
100
Std Dev5.66.5 dB8.0 dB
92
94
96
a R
elia
bilit
y (%
)
8.0 dB3:1
88
90
92
Are
a
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 19
8670 75 80 85 90 95 100
Contour Reliability (%)
Reliability Vs. Coverage
• Reliability, the average of the individual tile probabilities all within the Service Area
l d C C/ Q h S equal or exceed CPC/DAQ within SA Averaging averages OK when all have equal
weightsweights
• Coverage, the percentage of tiles [geography] (indicated by “coloring”) that [geog ap y] ( d cated by co o g ) t atequal or exceed the specified VCPC/DAQ
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 20
Tile-based Area Reliability• The tile-based area reliability is the average of the
individual tile reliabilities over a predefined area. In the Land Mobile Service it is used in the following twothe Land Mobile Service, it is used in the following two forms: Covered Area Reliability is defined as the average of the
individual tile-based reliabilities for only those tiles at or di th i i i d til li bilit It bexceeding the minimum required tile reliability. It can be
used to predict the target system area reliability for an acceptance criterion. Acceptance testing eliminates identified areas where criterion is not achieved or cannot be tested due t ibilitto accessibility.
Service Area Reliability is defined as the average of the individual tile-based reliabilities for all tiles within the service area. It provides useful supplemental information.p ppAcceptance testing based on Covered Area reliability
• Be aware that in mountainous terrain, e.g. a National Forest, requesting a High Service Area Reliability could require a very large number of radio sites, with the accompanying costs.
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 21
g p y g
Bounded Area Percent Coverage (BACP)Bounded Area Percent Coverage (BACP)
• Colors all tiles that meet or exceed theColors all tiles that meet or exceed the margin required for the DAQ and VCPC. Not the same as Covered Area Reliability or
Service Area Reliability• Creates impression of greater reliability than actual Area
ReliabilityReliability
If all tiles ≥ 90% then 100% of tiles would be colored
Acceptance Testing needs to use Covered Area Reliability to set the pass/fail criterion
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 22
Bounded Area Percent Coverage §5.3.6
• TSB-88 1-C: The BAPC is the number of tiles within a• TSB 88.1 C: The BAPC is the number of tiles within a bounded area that contain a tile margin equal or greater than that specified above the CPC
i t di id d b th t t l b f did trequirement, divided by the total number of candidate tiles. The percent of TILES in a bounded area that meet or exceed
the specified reliability value. No Average Area Reliability is computed so no CATP target is
known.
Should never be able to claim a reliability higher than the Average Area Reliability
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 23
Calculate Tile Reliability, Marginsy, g
• Predict median (50%) signal power at receiverPredict median (50%) signal power at receiver Includes antenna and usage losses
• Determine the Inferred Noise FloorDetermine the Inferred Noise Floor Sum the values of
• Thermal Noise
Desired Signal
IMSignal(s)
Margin for
Numerous Interference Sources
Desired Signal
IMSignal(s)
Margin for
Numerous Interference Sources
• Environmental Noise• Interference Noise
Co-Ch, Adj-Ch, & OOBE Power
Other Noise
Goal is to control the co-channel, adjacent channel, OOBE, IM power
Margin for Reliability
Performance Requirement
Aggregate Noise & Interference
Requirement C/(I+N)
Co-Ch, Adj-Ch, & OOBE Power
Other Noise
Goal is to control the co-channel, adjacent channel, OOBE, IM power
Margin for Reliability
Performance Requirement
Aggregate Noise & Interference
Requirement C/(I+N)
• Available margin is Median Signal Power - Inferred Noise Floor
and the receiver’s own internal noise to achieve the desired ratio of desired signal to the compositepower of the undesired signals and their effects for the desired level of performance.
and the receiver’s own internal noise to achieve the desired ratio of desired signal to the compositepower of the undesired signals and their effects for the desired level of performance.
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 24
Median Signal Power Inferred Noise Floor• Additional margin for CATP based on method
Calculate Tile Reliability, Margins (2)
• Calculate the reliability margin by adjusting y g y j gfor: CPC required for DAQ criterion Uncertainty requirement (1 dB) Uncertainty requirement (1 dB)
• AKA Confidence margin CATP test methodology (88.3)
• Greater than test• Greater than test• Window test
• Adjusted margin/location standard deviation = Z factor= Z factor
• Convert Z factor to probability
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 25
Calculate Tile Reliability, Margins (3)• If adjusted median signal power = -90.8 dBm• Inferred Noise Floor adjusted = -122 dBmInferred Noise Floor adjusted 122 dBm• Available Margin = 31.2 dB (-90.8 -(-122)) Reduce by 17 dB for CPC and 1 dB for confidence Reduce by 17 dB for CPC and 1 dB for confidence
• Available Margin = 31.2-17-1= 13.2 dB• Z = 13.2/8 = 1.65 = 95.0% Tile ReliabilityZ 13.2/8 1.65 95.0% Tile Reliability• Z = 13.2/5.6 = 2.36 = 99.0% Tile Reliability
Z Cum Prob1 6500 95 053%
Z Cum Prob2 3571 99 079% Lower standard1.6500 95.053%
Use Goal Seek to determine eitherFor Z set Cum Prob to desired as a numericRed is input, Blue is calculated probability
Single 8 00 dB Std Dev
2.3571 99.079%Use Goal Seek to determine eitherFor Z set Cum Prob to desired as a numericRed is input, Blue is calculated probability
Single 5 60 dB Std Dev
Lower standard deviation produces higher reliability.
The value varies with the accuracy of the
datasets used
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 26
8.00 dB Std Dev13.20 dB Margin for 95.053%
5.60 dB Std Dev13.20 dB Margin for 99.079%
Coverage Prediction Example w/o Interference-86
-88
-90
92
1 dB Confidence Margin
Design Goal-90.8 dBm
-92
-94
-96
-98
-100
13.2 dB Margin=8 dB
95% Probability of-102
-104
-106
-108
95% Probability of achieving -105 dBm
-91.8 dBm
Bm)
-110
-112
-114
-116
118
Cf/N = 17 dB-105 dBm Example: Analog FM
16 kHz ENBW10 dB Noise Figure95% Reliability when = 8 dB96 2% h C fid dd d
Pow
er (
dB
-118
-120
-122Thermal Noise Floor
-122 dBm Cs/N = 4 dB-118 dBm
96.2% when Confidence added
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 27
Cumulative Probability (%)
Adjacent Channel Power
• Uses Spectral Power Density (SPD) files for Uses Spect a o e e s ty (S ) es ovarious modulations Use Emission Designators to identify modulation
C l h SPD f l d l d d Currently have SPDs for commonly deployed and proposed new modulations
Supplied by manufacturers on actual hardwarepp y• A recommend “associated” receiver
characteristics is provided for each modulation ENBW Simulation Filter Model
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 28
Adjacent Channel Power (2)
• Spreadsheet for each SPD file• Spreadsheet for each SPD file Frequency Offset
• Above or below carrier Receiver Filter Models ENBW of victim receiver
– Square Filter– Root Raised Cosine (RRC)– ButterworthButterworth
– 5 poles, 4 cascades– 4 poles, 3 cascades
Tables are provided for all practical combinations and offset frequenciesfrequencies
Graphs are provided for all practical combinations Provides the ability to determine the modulations’ Occupied BW
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 29
TSB-88.1-C covers 19 technologies- Adjacent channel power tables at 11 standard channel spacings- Adjacent channel power tables at 11 standard channel spacings - Receiver characteristics (tables of defined models)- Modulation waveforms (SPD files from actual hardware)- Performance CS/N & CF/N (table for different DAQ values)
• Analog FM ±2.5 kHz Peak Deviation• Analog FM ±4.0 kHz NPSPAC• Analog FM ±5 0 kHz Peak Deviation
• TETRA • TETRAPOL• Widepulse
S F ( Q )
• Analog FM ±5.0 kHz Peak Deviation• C4FM Phase 1 Project 25• 4 Level FSK FDMA(6.25 kHz )dPMR• DIMRS-iDEN®
Widepulse• HPD - 25 kHz Data• RD-LAP 9.6 Data• RD-Lap 19.2 DataDIMRS iDEN
• DMR 2-Slot TDMA MOTOTRBO™
• EDACS® 12.5 kHz• EDACS® NPSPAC
paddendum 1
• NXDN FSK FDMA(6.25 &12.5 kHz)TSB-88.1-D
• EDACS® 25 kHz • F4GFSK - OpenSky®
• LSM - Linear Simulcast ModulationS
• WCQPSK• HCPM• HDQPSK
CSM
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 30
• Securenet, 12 kbits/sec CVSD • CSM
Example
• What are the ACPRs for the case of a new P25What are the ACPRs for the case of a new P25 Phase 1 system 12.5 kHz offset from an incumbent 25 kHz analog FM system 800 MHz band example as below 512 MHz
narrowbanding will eliminate the wide band analog FM beginning 1/1/2013FM beginning 1/1/2013
• Identify by the emission designators Analog FM 16K0F3E 12 6 kHz B-4-3 Analog FM 16K0F3E 12.6 kHz B-4-3 P 25 C4FM 8K10F1E 5.76 kHz RRC =0.2
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 31
Graphical ExampleTransmitter SPD Data File Identified by
• Emission Designator
• Type of modulation• Type of modulation
• Manufacturer Information
Offset Frequency12 5 kHz12.5 kHz
Tx16K0F3E
Tx8K10F1E
Receiver Modeling Information from:
Rec12K6B0403
Rec5K76R02||
• Companion Transmitter's modulation
• ENBW & filter shape (Tables)
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 32
Existing 25 kHz Analog FM and +12.5 kHz P25
C4FM ACP with TIA Butterworth Filter
10
0
AFM ±5 kHz, with Root Raised Cosine (RRC) TIA Filter
0
P25 receiver model
Analog C4FMWaveform
FM receiver model
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
ude
(dB
)
C4FM SPD
BF=4P-3C
Power per bin-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
ude
(dB
)
Waveform Waveform
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
Mag
nitu
ACP Integration
32.5 dB ACPR
12.600 kHz ENBW
-12.500 kHz Offset
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
Mag
nitu
AFM ±5.spdRRC FilterPower per binrACP Integration46.2 dB ACPR5.760 kHz ENBW12.500 kHz Offset
-110-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency (kHz)
-110-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Frequency (kHz)
25 kHz Analog FM > P25 @12.5 kHz offset
ACPR = 46.2 dBP25 > 25 kHz Analog FM @-12.5 kHz offset
ACPR = 32 5 dBACPR 32.5 dB
ACPR is the reduction of the interfering energy. Allows an upward adjustment of the interfering contour value or reduction of ERP while using the normal contour value. Asymmetrical results can occur with disparate modulations. Coordination analysis
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 33
should be done in both directions.
Spreadsheets and tools provided
• Special program developed to createSpecial program developed to create tables for all practical combinationsACPRUtil.exe
• Creates table dataExcel Template for manufacturers data
• Does all the chartingCompleted Excel spreadsheet for each
modulationmodulationExcel tools for analysis
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 34
C4FM example (P-25 Phase 1 modulation)
Carrier Frequency 150.000 MHzBin Size 31.25 Hz 9.504 kHzRBW 119 Hz 4
3
Butterworth Filter Calculator*F ±-3dB
# of Poles # of Cascades
• Perfect Filter
3Signal Power 1.03 mW -12.500 kHz Offse
0.147 dBm *Use Goal seek to set M9 to desired value by changing M416.000 kHz ENBW
18.8 dB ACPROffset -12.5 kHzBW 5.8 kHz
3 445 kHzF ±3dBGraphed Butterworth Filter
IF fc Offset# of Cascades
Equivalent Noise BWACPRAdjacent Channel Power
• Extra Butterworth Calculator
Microsoft Excel Worksheet
Demo 23.445 kHz
Start -15.4 kHz 4Stop -9.6 kHz 3
-12.500 kHz Offse
ACPR 70.6 dB Equivalent Noise BW 5.800 kHz ENBW68.2 dB ACPR
RRC Filter
IF fc Offset
F ±3dB# of Poles
# of Cascades
Red = Entered values
ACPR
• Butterworth 4-3 / 5-4
Fsymbol= 5.8 kspsalpha= 0.2
Enter frequency offset (kHz) & select side Maximum -120Offset Frequency 12.500 kHz -12.500 kHz Offse
5.800 kHz ENBW1 69.9 dB ACPR
RRC Filter
Equivalent Noise BWACPR
Red = Entered valuesBlue = Calculated values
IF fc Offset
Low Side High Side
• RRC Filter
Demo 1Rcvr ENBW 5.800 kHzEnter Victim's ENBW (kHz), select alternate BF2 if applicable
1 BF=4P-3C BF=4P-3CBF=5P-4C
BF2 4p-3c 3.445083922BF2 5p-4c 3.451348330
Bins (1 Sided) 125
Butterworth CalculatorBF 4P-3C (Normal) BF 5P-4C
Microsoft Excel Worksheet
Demo 1
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 35
Bins (1 Sided) 125% Pwr 98.99%Occupied BW 7.84 kHzUse "Goal Seek" to set I37 to desired numeric value by changing I36
• Occupied BW Calculator
Why Only Tables rather than Curves/Equations?
• That was the original intent• Modified because
Computers still prefer tables to equations. Linear Interpolation is quick and easy Curve fits were not monotonic for analog FM due to the
“modulation hair” Curves are provided in the spreadsheets
• Trend lines easily added to determine equations• Trend lines easily added to determine equations• Simplifies Adjustments for Frequency Stability
Requirements vary with band• High Band• High Band• 450 MHz Band• 700/800/900 MHz Bands
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 36
StabilityRequirements
Assigned Frequency
(MHz)
Channel Bandwidth
(kHz)
Mobile Station Stability (PPM)
Base Station Stability (PPM)
25 to 50 20 20 20 25 & 30 5.0 5.0 Requirements
• NTIA has different
12.5 & 15 5.0 2.5 12.5 (NTIA only) 2.5 1.5
138 to 174
6.25 & 7.5 2.0 1.0 25 5.0 5.0 380 to 400
406 to 420 (NTIA only) 12.5 2.0 1.0
25 5 0 5 0• NTIA has different requirements than FCC
• Two choices
25 5.0 5.012.5 2.5 1.5 421 to 512 6.25 1.0 0.5
768 to 769 Guard Band4 25 0.4 1, 2.5 2 0.1
12.5 0.4 1, 1.5 2 0.1
769 to 7756 25 0 4 1 1 0 2 0 1
• Recalculate using the spreadsheet & adjusted offset
I ENBW b
6.25 0.4 , 1.0 0.1775 to 776 Guard Band4 798 to 799 Guard Band4
25 0.4 1, 2.5 2 Not Authorized 12.5 0.4 1, 1.5 2 Not Authorized
799 to 805
6.25 0.4 1, 1.0 2 Not Authorized 805-806 Guard Band4
• Increase ENBW by 2X stability correction
805-806 Guard Band806 to 8093 12.5 1.5 1.0 809 to 8243 25 2.5 1.5 851 to 8543 12.5 1.5 1.0 854 to 8693 25 2.5 1.5 896 to 901 12.5 1.5 0.1 929 to 930 25 Not Authorized 1.5935 to 940 12.5 Not Authorized 0.1 Annex A 1 When receiver AFC is locked to base station.
Annex B 2 When receiver AFC is not locked to base station.
Annex C 3 Channelization shown is after NPSPAC rebanding. NPSPAC criteria will only apply to the new
NPSPAC blocks
From TSB-88.1-DDraft
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 37
NPSPAC blocks.Annex D 4 Guard bands after band realignment
Frequency Stability Adjustment
• Based on lengthy measurements at sites to g ydetermine statistical variations
• unit = 0.4 * PPM * Freq(MHz)
22•
• Example: = 0 4 1 5 450 = 270 Hz
22SUfixedf
Offset if using fix= 0.4 1.5 450 = 270 Hz su = 0.4 2.5 450 = 450 Hz = 525 Hz 90% Confidence = 1 28* 525 = 672 Hz
2 22 7 0 4 5 0f
Offset if using calculator
90% Confidence 1.28 525 672 Hz 2 f = 1,344 Hz Increase the ENBW by 1,344 Hz Use Lookup Table or Chart to determine ACPR
Offset if using tables
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 38
p
Frequency Stability Adjustment
Offset
Rx BW
Rx BW + 2 x F
(dB
)P
ower
(
Leading edge moves toward
Increasing by 2 X F, allows the tables to be reused in any band by incorporating the adjusted
BW. This provides a simple and accurate method for evaluating frequency drift for all bandsinterfering source,
intercepting more power
Transmit
Victim Receiver
frequency drift for all bands
Trailing edge moves away from interfering source, but
Spectrum
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 39
from interfering source, but has little effect
Simulcast
• Monte Carlo method for modeling o te Ca o et od o ode gperformance, delay spread
• Calculated probability in each tile based on all i l d h i d l diffsignals and their delay differences Probability of achieving the DAQ Eliminates the “rules of thumb” which don’t work Eliminates the rules of thumb which don t work
in multi-site simulcast systems• Data for the digital modulations are provided
along with the methods for determining the curves for future simulcast modulations
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 40
3 site MC simulation of a single tile for DAQ=3Std Deviation 5.6 dB Delay* s
Simulcast Signal 1 -95.00 dBm 50.0 uSSimulcast Signal 2 -115.00 dBm 110.0 uSSimulcast Signal 3 -120.00 dBm 200.0 uS
R i N i Fl 126 70 dB
Scaled LSM DAQ Performance Parametrics vs. Measured
38
40DAQ = 4.0DAQ=4 measured
DAQ = 3.4Receiver Noise Floor -126.70 dBm C/N CPC for DAQ = 3 15.70 dBSimulation Probability 93.1%
Median (50%) C/N 31.76 dBMedian RMS Delay Spread 20.5 uS
Results vary with each Monte Carlo testF9 to recalculate
28
30
32
34
36
N (d
B)
DAQ 3.4DAQ3.4 measuredDAQ = 3.0
DAQ=3.0 measured
5% Ref
5% measured
F9 to recalculate* Works with either absolute or relative delaysFor Relative Delay, the shortest delay is the reference (0 S) Delay is the launch delay plus propagation delay.
18
20
22
24
26
Fade
d C
/N
Pd PdN N
2
2
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Delay Spread (S)
TPd
P
Pd
Pm
i ii
ii
N
i ii
ii
N
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
Even though the results of the median draw are excellent, other draws find the cases where the strongest signal is low and the lower signals are high so that the delay spread criterion is only achieved in 931 of the 1000 draws
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 41
y p yin this example. Results will vary for each time the simulation is made.
Coverage Buzz Words
ReliabilityTile Method
95% of the Area/ 95% of
Contour
Coverage Prediction Radial
Method
Area/ 95% of the Time
Contour Reliability
Average Area Service Area Reliability
Method
gReliability LULC
Covered AreaNLCD
Resolution NAD27 vs.
NAD83Bounded Area Reliability
Covered Area Reliability
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 42
NAD83 y
Multiple Knife Edges and Diffraction Loss
g2 AMSL
Dimensions shown are for the center (largest) obstacle. Similar notation applies to each obstacle
gn = hn + R
g1 AMSL g3 AMSL
htc AMSL
hrc AMSL
n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5
d
di d-di
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 43
Multiple knife edge diffraction loss calculations §6.1.2 TSB-88.2-C
Knife Edge Diffraction Loss Comparison of TSB-88 and Dr. Hess
Knife Edge Diffraction Loss
0
3
6
9
Loss
Hess
TSB-88
12
15
18ffrac
tion
abov
e FS
18
21
24
Loss
due
to D
if
27
30
33-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 44
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Diffraction Parameter (v )
Rayleigh Field 6 by 63D view
Looking down on the field Looking up on the field
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 45
Fading Distributions
Rayleigh vs. Rician Fadingg
90 %
95 %
100 %ed
Legend
75 %
80 %
85 %
l be
exce
ede
Rician, k=0.15 Median
Rician, k=0.15 Mean
Rayleigh Median
Reduction in the fading penalty, Cf/N, for Rician
R l i h
60 %
65 %
70 %
hat V
alue
wil
Rayleigh Mean
Rician k value shown for an example
vs. Rayleigh fading.
50 %
55 %
60 %
Prob
abili
ty th comparison rather than a recommended value.
k is the fraction of the total power carried by the multipath (random) component
35 %
40 %
45 %
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
P power in the dominant pathpower in the scattered path
k
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 46
-20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0Value relative to Legend (dB)
Link Budgets
Talk-out Talk-in• ERPd
Base station Power Line Loss/Filters
• ERPd Mobile/Portable Power Antenna HAAT & type
Antenna HAAT/Pattern• Mobile/Portable
Antenna type
Line Loss (Mobiles)• Base Receive Antenna
HAAT Antenna Carrying Option Local Noise environment Receiver sensitivity
S t
Line Loss Filtering / Amplification Local Noise IM/Tn/Rd
R i S iti it• System Simulcast Multicast
• Receive Sensitivity• System
Voting
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 47
Example Portable Talk-out Link Budget
Propagation Model LossIncludes Environmental Losses
ERP
Values from previous• ERP 100 W
Reliability & Confidence Margins
/4 to/2 adjustmentplus cable losses3 dB
Design Target
ATP Target-84 dBm
-87 dBm
Values from previous example
•50 dBm
•Receiver Noise FloorAcceptance Pass or Fail
Building/Auto Loss Factor
Portable Antenna Factor
plus cable losses3 dB
Usage Adjustment
Antenna Adjustment(s)-96 dBm
Building Loss = 12 dB
•-123 dBm
•Link Budget is 173 dB
•156 dB Usable Body/Pattern/Polarization
Relative to half wave dipole
Faded Performance MarginDetermines CPC in the
Faded Performance Threshold
10 dB based on
Portable antenna= -10 dBd
-106 dBm
•156 dB Usable
•CPC CF/N
•Adjustments for other factors
Noise Floor
Determines CPC in the presence of Multipath Fading
Cs/N
Cf/N for desired
CPC Static Threshold(Reference Sensitivity)
-116 dBm
-123 dBm
10 dB based on Cf/N = 17 dB
7 dB
§Annex D
•Additional information in TSB-88.1-C
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 48
Noise Floor123 dBm
Identifying Interference
• Separating Composite Signal LevelsWorks best on digital radios using BER% toWorks best on digital radios using BER% to
identify composite signal C+I+N and C/(I+N) C+I+N = -100 dBm (1E-10)
C = -100.1 dBm
C+I+N = -100 dBm (1E-10)
C = -100.1 dBm
C+I+N =- 100 dBm (1E-10)
C/(I+N) = 17 dB (50.12)
I+N = 1E-10/(50.12 +1)17 dB produces the 2% BER
C+I+N =- 100 dBm (1E-10)
C/(I+N) = 17 dB (50.12)
I+N = 1E-10/(50.12 +1)17 dB produces the 2% BER 17 dB (50.12)( )
I+N = 1.956E-12 = -117.1 dBm
C = -117.1 dBm + 17 dB = -100.1 dBm
17 dB produces the 2% BER 17 dB (50.12)( )
I+N = 1.956E-12 = -117.1 dBm
C = -117.1 dBm + 17 dB = -100.1 dBm
17 dB produces the 2% BER
I+N = -117.1 dBm
I = -118.1dBm
I+N =- 117.1 dBm (1.956E-12)
N = -124 dBm (3.981E-13)
I+N = -117.1 dBm
I = -118.1dBm
I+N =- 117.1 dBm (1.956E-12)
N = -124 dBm (3.981E-13)
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 49
N = -124 dBm, measured value
I = 19.56E-13 - 3.981E-13 = 1.55174E-12
I = 10*log(1.55174E-12) = -118.1 dBm
N = -124 dBm, measured value
I = 19.56E-13 - 3.981E-13 = 1.55174E-12
I = 10*log(1.55174E-12) = -118.1 dBm
Terrain Dataset 1 foot = 0.3048 meter
1 3 281 fResolution926 m * COS ((latitude )) 1”
30.9
1 meter = 3.281 ft
92.692.63”6”
9” 277.8185.2185.2
Drawings not to scale
30”” 926
18””
30”” 926
555.6
1= 60 nautical miles
1 nm =1 852 m15” 463
1 nm =1,852 m
1” = 30.867 meters
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 50
LULC Land Use – Land CoverLULC Land Use Land Cover
• Approaching 30 Years Old• Approaching 30 Years Old• Based upon GEOS satellite data
37 C t i• 37 CategoriesUrban categories somewhat lackingNo salt water category
• 200 × 200 meter cells• Cell or vector format
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 51
LULC Replacement NLCD92 & NLCD01
• Tables are provided for converting LULC loss p gcategories using these newer datasets
Frequency (MHz)
Classification 30 50 136 174 220 222 380 512 746 941 Reclassified Classification 30-50 136-174 220-222 380-512 746-941 Number Open land 1 3 3 3 5 1 Agricultural 2 3 3 4 182 2 Rangeland 1 91 9 101 10 3 Water 0 0 0 0 0 4 Forest land 3 81 9 12 251 5Forest land 3 8 9 12 25 5Wetland 1 3 3 3 3 6 Residential 3 141 15 161 201 7 Mixed urban/ buildings 4 151 16 171 201 8
Commercial/ industrial 4 141 14 151 201 9 industrial Snow & Ice 0 0 0 0 0 10 1. Taken from Rubinstein [18] Non-superscripted values are derived from industry sources. 2. The density of foliage in a particular urban environment can heavily influence values for
urban settings. Heavily forested urban environments can exhibit clutter losses in excess of those published here.
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 52
TSB-88.2-C Recommends Modifications to R6602 §7 3R6602 §7.3
• Several normal situations were not covered. Broadcasters don’t operate under these scenarios Short Paths, no corresponding Field Strength dB
valuesvalues• Scale at 20 dB/octave rate
Low HAAT, nothing for heights <100ft /30m, g g /• Scale at 20 dB/octave rate
High HAAT, maximum height is 5000 ftf h d d d d• Curve fit the existing curves and generated recommended
values for 10,000 ft
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 53
TSB-88 modifies the Field Strength Contours
• R6602 is based on long term measurementsR6602 is based on long term measurements above the local environment Uses a 9 dB correction to convert to LM heightsg
• Recommend exclusive use of (50,50) model Difference between (L,T) of (50,50) and (50,10)
decreases with decreasing distance. LM environment requires 100% time always
(50 50) [88 2-C-Table 11](50,50) [88.2-C-Table 11]
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 54
Recommendation VHF HB
• VHF (150 MHz)VHF (150 MHz)37 dB Desired contour(-81.5 dBm)8 dB Co Channel Interferer (-110 58 dB Co Channel Interferer ( 110.5
dBm)Produces 29 dB C/IProduces 29 dB C/IAdjust Adjacent Channel Interferers
contour up by ACPRp y
• FCC Rule: Adjacent channels ± 15 kHzSeparated by 10 miles
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 55
Separated by 10 miles
Recommendation UHF
• UHF (460 MHz)• UHF (460 MHz)39 dB Desired Contour (-89.3 dBm)
7 dB C Ch l I t f ( 121 37 dB Co Channel Interferer (-121.3 dBm)
32 dB C/I32 dB C/IAdjust Adjacent Channel Interferers’ contour
up by ACPRup by ACPR
• FCC: Adjacent Channel ± 12.5 kHz, Low Po e 2 Watts
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 56
Power = 2 Watts
Recommendation 800 MHz
• 860 MHz band• 860 MHz band40 dB Desired (-93.7 dBm)
8 dB Co Channel Interferer ( 125 7 dBm)8 dB Co Channel Interferer (-125.7 dBm)
32 dB C/IAdjust Adjacent Channel Interferers’ contour upAdjust Adjacent Channel Interferers’ contour up
by ACPR
FCC: Adjacent channels along Mexican• FCC: Adjacent channels along Mexican Border
12 5 kH ff tAug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 57
12.5 kHz offsets
Recommendation NPSPAC
• NPSPAC 806-809/851-854 MHz band12.5 kHz channel separation12.5 kHz channel separation40 dB Desired (-93.7 dBm)
• Service Area (3 - 5 miles beyond jurisdiction)Service Area (3 5 miles beyond jurisdiction)
5 dB Co Channel Interferer (-128.7 dBm)
35 dB C/I35 dB C/IAdjust Adjacent Channel Interferers’ contour up
by ACPR Originally Analog where ACPR ≥ 25 dBby ACPR Originally Analog where ACPR ≥ 25 dB (20 dB ACRR required)• Digital and 12.5 kHz Analog ≥ 65 dB
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 58
5 dBF(50 50)Interference
700 MHz Co-channel 40/5 D/U
5 dBF(50,50)or about
19 dB F(50,10)D/U = C/I = 35 dB
Contour
40 dBF(50,50)40 dBF(50,50)Service
AreaService
AreaContourContour Contour
Co-Channel User40 dBF(50,50) Desired - 5 dBF(50 50) Undesired
C/I ratio compares signal level (50%) at edge of Desired Service Area contour F(50,50) to signal l l (50%) t d f th U d i d (C h l U ’ I t f ) t F(50 50)
5 dBF(50,50) Undesired-----------------------35 dB C/I Ratio
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 59
level (50%) at edge of the Undesired (Co-channel User’s Interference) contour F(50,50)
700 MHz Contour Extension Criteria
Type of Service Area Extension (mi.)
Urban (20 dB Buildings) 5Urban (20 dB Buildings) 5
Suburban (15 dB Buildings) 4
Rural (10 dB Buildings) 3
Table 6 - Recommended Extension Distance Of 40 dBμ Field Strengthab e 6 eco e ded te s o sta ce O 0 d μ e d St e gtAppendix KV2_01.doc, NCC 700 MHz Pre Assignment Recommendation
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 60
Modified Co-channel RequirementsTable 11 in TSB 88 2 CTable 11 in TSB-88.2-C
Band (MHz) Original Criteria Modified Criteria C/I providedBand (MHz) Original Criteria Modified Criteria C/I provided
150 37(50,50)/19(50,10) 37(50,50)/8(50,50) 29 dB
220 38(50,50)/28(50,10) 38(50,50)/17(50,50) 21 dB
450 39(50 50)/21(50 10) 39(50 50)/7(50 50) 32 dB450 39(50,50)/21(50,10) 39(50,50)/7(50,50) 32 dB
700/800[1] 40(50,50)/22(50,10) 40(50,50)/8(50,50) 32 dB
1 The Public Safety band 806-809/851-854 MHz has different requirements for different Regional Frequency Planning Committees. The 700 MHz Public Safety Band also has different criteria based on the degree of urbanization and Regional Frequency
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 61
g g q yPlanning Committees. In both cases, local requirements should be followed.
Coverage Testing
• Definition: Coverage is a collection ofDefinition: Coverage is a collection of points that are predicted to provide communications that meet a minimumcommunications that meet a minimum reliability value.
D fi iti “ i i ti ” i• Definition: “voice communications” is a predefined level of “Delivered Audio Q lit ” (DAQ) “Ch lQuality” (DAQ) or “Channel Performance Criteria” (CPC)
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 62
Methodology
• Uniform Distribution
• Randomness in specific test location• Randomness in specific test location
The test location is arbitrarily chosen, i.e., the specific location cannot be picked with the goal ofspecific location cannot be picked with the goal of influencing the outcome of the test.
• A test grid may be entered from any directionA test grid may be entered from any direction
• The test should be initiated without the tester's control (Automated)
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 63
tester s control (Automated)
Methodology
• Collecting the RF Sample
What as p edicted?What was predicted?° Mobile Coverage?° Portable Coverage?
What was NOT predicted?° Specific tile (location) signal strength° SINAD
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 64
Type of CATP Tests [Table 26] Objective Test Subjective Test
Digital (Single Site) BER% & SSI1) OK Analog (Single Site) SSI OK
1)Talk-Out Test
Digital (Simulcast) BER% & SSI1) OKAnalog (Simulcast) N/A (data for info only) Recommended Digital (Single Site) BER% & SSI 2) OK Analog (Single Site) SSI 2) OKAnalog (Single Site) SSI ) OKDigital (Multi-Site) 3,4) BER% & SSI 2) OK Analog (Multi-Site) 3,4) SSI 2) OK Digital (Voting) Undefined test 5) Recommended
Talk-In Test
g ( g)Analog (Voting) Undefined test 5) Recommended
1. Measured BER% is the preferred method. However, SSI provides additional information about identifying potential interference.
2 f2. Failures due to interference should be agreed upon prior to testing as to whether they are counted or not.
3. Evaluate difference in link budget and use in conjunction with Talk-Out Testing as applicable,. 4. Individual tests per site. 5. Current test signals (Table A-2, O.153) cannot proceed past the base receiver. Therefore
h t d t ti t b bj ti l d t i d til l b t t t i
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 65
enhancements due to voting cannot be objectively determined until a more elaborate test is developed.
Number of Test GridsNumber of Test Grids
• Grid the entire service area• Lay the grid pattern over the coverage map.• Grids which are completely filled with coverage become the “Test Grids.”
G id t ti l ithi th i•Grids not entirely within the service area may require dividing the service area into a smaller grid pattern if necessarygrid pattern if necessary
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 66
Determining Grid SizeDetermining Grid Size• The minimum size, for each side of the grid, isabout 100 (may not be practical).• A maximum recommended grid size is about 2km x 2 kmx 2 km.• A practical minimum is roughly 0.25 mi x 0.25 mi.
• Consider 15 arc-seconds square• A practical maximum is roughly 0.5 mi x 0.5 mi.
• Consider 30 arcseconds squareFinal size may be determine by the number of• Final size may be determine by the number of
grids to be tested and the confidence required
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 67
Performance Confirmation
• Acceptance Testing Automated via GPS receivers and computers Automated via GPS receivers and computers
• Number of test locations (Grids) Estimate of Proportions
Si2
2
epqZT
Size• Distance for each test to transverse
– Smallest 100 x 100 – Largest 2 km x 2km
• Number of samples at each test locationNumber of samples at each test location• Pass Fail Criteria
Greater Than Test, e.g ≥ 95%, requires over-design due to e Acceptance Window, e.g. 95% ± 2%
Confidence• Confidence Level Interval I am XX% confident that the true values lies between XX-e% and XX+e% if
the number of tiles tested equals T
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 68
the number of tiles tested equals Tl
Determining minimum number of gridsg g
2
h i bZ pq
T = Total number of grids
2 where varies by test typext x
Z pqT Ze
Tt = Total number of gridsZx = Standard deviate unit (confidence level)
Z for Greater Than testZ/2 for Window test
p = Predicted covered area reliability (e.g. 0.97)q = 1 pq = 1-pe = Sampling error allowance (confidence interval)
Predicted - Required (e.g, 0.97-0.95 =0.02)
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 69
q ( g )
Small Grids vs. Large Gridsg
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 70
What are the advantages and disadvantages of various grid sizes?Small Grids 15 arc second square ( 25 mi square)+ Test points are closer together, greater detail+ Particularly useful for testing mountainous roads
Small Grids - 15 arc-second square (.25 mi square)
+ Particularly useful for testing mountainous roads+ Any missed grids have less effect on the outcome+ Able to test closer to the coverage boundaries
- Testing requires more resourcesCan be harder to complete the test before “exiting”- Can be harder to complete the test before exiting
- Can be harder to access (roads more difficult)
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 71
What are the advantages and disadvantages of various grid sizes?
Large Grids 30 arc second square ( 5 mi square)
+ Testing requires less resources+ E i t l t t t i h id
Large Grids - 30 arc-second square (.5 mi square)
+ Easier to complete a test in each grid
- Test locations may not be near the boundariesy- Test results are more sensitive to each grid- Less detail overall
f- May provide poor information on mountainous roads.
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 72
Sample and Sub-samplesp p
Service AreaBoundary
Service AreaBoundary
Service AreaBoundary
Service AreaBoundary
A Test Tile insideService Area
A Test Tile insideService Area
A Test Tile insideService Area
A Test Tile insideService Area
• A sample is taken inside each defined tile
• Each test sample is
End of testSample
Start of test Sample
End of testSample
Start of test Sample
End of testSample
Start of test Sample
End of testSample
Start of test Sample
made up of a series of discrete measurements made over a prescribed distance in wavelengths
Random test locationRandom test locationRandom test locationRandom test location
distance in wavelengths
• The number of sub-samples determines the confidence in the
Sub sample ensemble
Creates the “test sample”
Sub sample ensemble
Creates the “test sample”
Sub sample ensemble
Creates the “test sample”
Sub sample ensemble
Creates the “test sample”
confidence in the accuracy of the measured value
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 73
Measurement Distance
• The distance (D) for outdoor test route measurements of the local median received signal power in a test tile should be 28 D 100. 40 normally recommended distance• 40 normally recommended distance Shorter distances influenced by Rayleigh Longer distances affected by changing location Longer distances affected by changing location
variability Lower frequencies may requires shorter distances
50 b l d 90% fid l l• 50 sub-samples produces a 90% confidence level that the measured value is ±1 dB of the actual value
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 74
value
Sample Size
• 50 samples considered minimum
p
• 50 samples considered minimum 0.8 produces maximum decorrelation
• 40 minimizes log-normal changesg g
90% confidence the values is ±1 dB (confidence interval)
• More is better• 122 samples 99% confidence the values is ±1 dB (confidence interval)
• 212 Samples 90% confidence the values is ±0.5 dB
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 75
Recommended Sampling Distance
• For lower VHF frequencies• For lower VHF frequencies28minimum
For UHF frequencies• For UHF frequencies40 distance 100
• Size of tiles may limit the values aboveMetro area
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 76
Confidence Interval vs. # sub-samples & True Mean Value# sub-samples & True Mean Value
2
4Z 4Z
2
2010 1dBs TV
ZT
2
10True Mean Value 20 1dBs
ZLog
T
TV±dB 90%. 95% 99%0.25 dB 872 1231 21330.50 dB 212 299 5180.75 dB 91 129 224
Confidence Level Ts 90% 95% 99%
50 ±1.00 dB ±1.18 dB ±1.52 dB 100 ±0.72 dB ±0.85 dB ±1.10 dB
1.00 dB 50 71 1221.25 dB 31 44 761.50 dB 21 30 511.75 dB 15 21 372.00 dB 11 16 27
150 ±0.59 dB ±0.70 dB ±0.91 dB 200 ±0.51 dB ±0.61 dB ±0.79 dB 250 ±0.46 dB ±0.55 dB ±0.71 dB 300 ±0.42 dB ±0.50 dB ±0.65 dB
2.25 dB 9 12 212.50 dB 7 9 162.75 dB 5 8 133.00 dB 4 6 11
350 ±0.39 dB ±0.46 dB ±0.60 dB 400 ±0.37 dB ±0.43 dB ±0.57 dB 450 ±0.35 dB ±0.41 dB ±0.54 dB 500 ±0.33 dB ±0.39 dB ±0.51 dB
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 77
Corrected values from those listed inTSB-88B
Measured ValueMeasured Value
The Instantaneous Signal Strength is measuredThe Instantaneous Signal Strength is measured many times over a predetermined path length. Then the median value is calculatedThen the median value is calculated.
How is a Passing value determined?The median value, after any correction for antenna/line/height parameters, is compared to g p pthe threshold faded sensitivity value of the radio.
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 78
Pass Fail Criteria
• There are two types of testsThere are two types of tests “Greater than test”
• Covered Area Reliability criteriony– Requires over-design to achieve confidence level
“Window Test”C d A R li bilit ± d fi d %• Covered Area Reliability ± predefined %
– Requires additional testing for the same confidence levelEli i t d i i t th th– Eliminates over-design requirement other than “confidence”
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 79
Stationary test vs Moving test
• Coverage prediction is for faded performance in a g p pRayleigh faded environment. A stationary test is contrary to the environment of prediction.• TSB-88 1-C § 5 4 2 describes a moving test• TSB-88.1-C, § 5.4.2 describes a moving test.
Aug 2010TSB-88 SeminarPage 80
Resource Time Required
Estimate 150 and 250 grids tested per day• Estimate 150 and 250 grids tested per day.• The smaller grids test faster.• Traveling speed and ease of grid access has a g p gsignificant effect on the test rate.• Travel time is not included in the above numbers.
A l t t k 1 t 2 th• A large system takes 1 to 2 months
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Summary TSB-88.2 and 88.3
• CATP • Confidence Level• Examples of prediction• Impact of predictions
• Confidence Interval• Talk-in vs. Talk-out
• Test the prediction• Estimate of proportions
b f
tests• Building losses
Sample simulation• Minimum number of tiles
• Sub-samples vs
• Sample simulation
• Sub samples vs. Accuracy
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Contact TSB-88 Authors/Officials
• TSB88@Yahoogroups com• [email protected]• Post questions on document
A b• Answers by:Bernie Olson, Previously Chair TIA TR8.18Tom Rubinstein, New Chair of TR8.18 Bob Shapiro, New Vice Chair of TR8.18
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