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TRANSCRIPT
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Global Environmental Data Sets and the Digital Divide
GSDI 8/FIG Working Week
20 April 2005
Karen D. Kline, PhDAssistant Secretary General
International Steering Committee for Global MappingJSPS Research Fellow
Geographical Survey Institute, Japan
Questions�Enormous expenditures on data collection and
development�Are these products really useful? �For what purposes are they being used?�Are there applications that have not been identified
that could be marketed?
�Data distribution policies are currently being written for various products�Commercial use argument�COFUR vs. full cost recovery
Goals
�Improved customer service�Better understanding of the users�Distribution mechanisms
�Updates to the data
�Improved provider-customer relationship
�More understanding of the user when drafting data distribution policies
Data Analyzed
�Global Map Version 0 (Tsukuba, Japan)
�Global Map Version 1 (Tsukuba, Japan)
�Global Map Australia (Canberra, Australia)
�Global Land Cover Characteristics (GLCC) (Sioux Falls, South Dakota)
�UNEP/GRID-Arendal (Arendal, Norway)
�UNEP/GRID-Geneva (Geneva, Switzerland)
Why these data sets?
�User information collected via the internet when data set downloaded
�Organizations released user information
�All are based on different continents
�All created for different purposes
UNEP/GRID | Global Map | GLCC
Start and End Dates for All Data Sets
Arendal
GM Australia
Geneva
GLCC
Global Map
GM V0
Jan 1998 Oct 1998 Aug 1999 Jun 2000 Apr 2001 Feb 2002 Dec 2002 Oct 2003
2
Users by Month
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Aug-98
Oct-
98
Dec-9
8
Feb-9
9
Apr-9
9
Jun-9
9
Aug-9
9
Oct-
99
Dec-99
Feb-0
0
Apr-0
0
Jun-
00
Aug-0
0
Oct-
00
Dec-0
0
Feb-
01
Apr-01
Jun-0
1
Aug-0
1
Oct-
01
Dec-01
Feb-0
2
Apr-0
2
Jun-
02
Aug- 0
2
Oct-
02
Dec-0
2
Feb-0
3
Apr- 03
Jun-
03
Date (Mon-YY)
Nu
mbe
r of
Use
rs
ArendalGLCC
Global MaGeneva
AustraliaGM VersioTotal
Global Map Japan User Data�All users must register�2 files:�Registration information�Downloaded files
�Merge the two, remove duplicates�Review and code for applications�Corrections/Interpretations�Japan/Jamaica�Japanese language
�Data Sets:�Global Map Version 0�Global Map Version 1.0 (all released countries)
Summary of GM Version 1.0 Japan Users
�3603 Users (29% of all users)
�November 2000-July 2003
�Main source of users: Japan (74%)
�Main research location: Japan (57%)
�Domain: Personal (42%)
�Application: Reference (37%)
Global Map v1.0 Japan Users by Date
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2000
112
4
2000
121
3
2000
122
6
2001
011
4
2001
012
7
2001
020
9
2001
022
2
2001
030
7
2001
032
0
2001
040
2
2001
041
5
2001
042
8
2001
051
1
2001
052
5
2001
060
8
2001
062
1
2001
070
4
2001
071
7
2001
073
0
2001
081
2
2001
082
5
2001
091
1
2001
092
7
2001
101
0
2001
102
4
2001
111
1
2001
112
8
2001
121
6
2002
010
1
2002
011
6
2002
013
1
2002
021
4
2002
022
7
2002
031
2
2002
032
6
2002
041
0
2002
042
4
2002
050
8
2002
052
3
2002
070
6
2002
071
9
2002
080
1
2002
081
5
2002
083
1
2002
091
3
2002
092
7
2002
101
0
2002
102
5
2002
110
7
2002
112
2
2002
120
5
2002
121
8
2002
123
1
2003
011
3
2003
012
6
2003
020
8
2003
022
2
2003
030
7
2003
032
2
2003
040
5
2003
042
0
2003
050
5
2003
051
9
2003
060
1
2003
061
5
2003
063
0
2003
071
3
Date
Nu
mbe
r o
f Use
rs
Global Mapping Forum 2000Hiroshima, Japan28 November 2000Data released: Japan Laos Sri Lanka Nepal Thailand28 November 2000
News article:Nippon Keizai Shinbun27 August 2002
News article:Sanyo Chuo Shimpo5 May 2002
Data released: Bangladesh 22 July 2001
GSDI 5Cartagena, Colombia18 May 2001Data released: Colombia18 May 2001
ISCGM 10:Okinawa, Japan11 July 2003
ISCGM 9:Budapest, Hungary20 September 2002
News article:Daily Yomiuri5 January 2002
Summary of GM Version 0 Users
�1158 Users (10% of all users)
�November 2000-July 2003
�Main source of users: Japan (59%)
�Main research location: Japan (26%)
�Domain: Personal (35%)
�Application: Reference (42%)
Global Map Australia User Data
�All users must register
�Certain information removed by Australian Government
�Review and code for applications
�Data Sets:�Global Map Version 1.0 (Australia only)
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Global Map Australia User Data
�3511 Users (29% of all users)
�September 2001-August 2002
�Main source of users: Australia (81%)
�Main research location: Australia (100%)
�Domain: Personal (55%)
�Application: Reference (33%)
Global Land Cover Characteristics
�User information form filled out prior to downloading�sent via email to USGS/EDC staff
�registration information entered into excel file
�Date information not included with all entries in excel file
�Reviewed and coded for applications
Summary of GLCC User Data
�1108 Users (9% of all users)
�February 10, 1999 - December 17, 2001
�Main source of users: United States (40%)
�Main research location: Global (32%)
�Domain: Academic (39%)
�Application: no application given (25%)
UNEP/GRID Overview
�United Nations Environment Programme, Global Resource Information Database
�Established 1995�Regional nodes�Different regional emphases�Different scientific emphases
�GRID objective:�Promote exchange and availability of global and
regional environmental data
UNEP/GRID Arendal User Data
�Requests tracked by entering into database by UNEP/GRID Arendal staff
�General manual (how-to) requests ignored
�Some entries written in Norwegian
Summary of UNEP/GRID Arendal User Data
�671 Users (6% of all users)
�January 2000 - June 2001
�Main source of users: Norway (19%)
�Main research location: Global (20%)
�Domain: Academic (35%)
�Application: Mapping (38%)
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UNEP/GRID Geneva User Data
�Users submitted registration information prior to downloading data
�User logs provided in text format
�Not all fields required
�Each entry reviewed individually
Summary of UNEP/GRID Geneva User Data
�2011 Users (17% of all users)�August 1998 - July 2001�Main source of users: United States
(29%)�Main research location: no site given
(89%)�Domain: Academic (48%)�Application: no application given (51%)
Data Limitations
�Information collected was not consistent
�English not the first language of many users�What they meant to write may not be what I
understood
�No quality control in the collection process
�Information either clearly decipherable or must be inferred by looking at email addresses, physical addresses, other provided information
Domains
�Academic�Commercial�Education�Government�Media�Military�Museum�NGO�Personal
Application Categories
1. Agriculture2. Air Quality3. Economic development and
conservation4. Emergency management5. Fisheries6. Forestry7. Geology8. Information and intelligence9. Land use and land cover10. Mapping, charting and
geodesy
11. Marine
12. Media, press and education
13. Public health
14. Rangeland
15. Recreation and tourism
16. Transportation
17. Urban and regional planning
18. Water quality
19. Water resources
20. Weather and climate
Hadley, B. C., J. E. Estes and J. Scepan (2000). European and Asian Satellite Remote Sensing Applications: A Literature Review and Analysis. Santa Barbara, University of California: 172.
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Derived Data Sets
�Users�One entry per user�Data set
�Date
�Location of user
�Domain of user
�Location of research
�Application
�Countries�One entry per
country�Number of users
�Number of research sites
�Socioeconomic data
�Aid flow data
�Communications infrastructure data
General Statistics
�Total Number of Users:� UNEP/GRID Arendal 671
� GLCC 1108
� Global Map Japan 3603
� UNEP/GRID Geneva 2011
� Global Map Australia 3511
� Global Map Version 0 1158
� TOTAL 12062
6%
9%
17%
29%
29%
10%
Arendal
GLCC
Geneva
Global Map
GM Aus.
GM V0
Research v. Researcher LocationAll Data Sets
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Africa Asia CentralAmerica
CIS Europe Middle East NorthAmerica
Oceania SouthAmerica
SoutheastAsia
Arctic World
Africa Antarctica Arctic Asia Asia-Pacific Central America Eurasia Europeglobal Mediterranean Middle East North America Oceania Pacific South America TropicsCIS Southeast Asia Atlantic Indian Ocean Americas
Research
Location
Researcher
Location
Top Applications by Data Set
RECTRANSPCLIMMAPMODELPOLL
RESURBPLEDCRECCLIM(blank)
MAPEDCRESRESEDCEDC
MPREDMPREDMPREDMPREDLULCCLIM
REFREF(blank)REF(blank)MAP
GM V0GM Australia
GenevaGM Japan
GLCCArendal
Top Research Locations by Data Set
Southeast Asia
---NepalSouth America
North America
Russia
Europe----PhilippinesEuropeAfricaEurope
Global----AustraliaAfricaEurope(blank)
Asia---ThailandGlobalUnited States
Arctic
JapanAustraliaJapan(blank)GlobalGlobal
Global Map V0
Global Map Australia
Global Map Japan
GenevaGLCCArendal
Top Domains by Data Set
NGOMediaNGOPersonalPersonalGovernment
GovernmentAcademicGovernmentGovernmentNGOCommercial
AcademicGovernmentAcademicNGOCommercialNGO
CommercialCommercialCommercialCommercialGovernmentPersonal
PersonalPersonalPersonalAcademicAcademicAcademic
Global Map V0
Global Map Australia
Global Map Japan
GenevaGLCCArendal
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Data Observations
�Majority of users from same country as provider
�Most users conduct research in the same country they are located in
�Internet connectivity necessary for data use
Self Organizing Map
�An unsupervised neural net algorithm for visualization of multivariate data
�Objects near each other in multivariate space are displayed near each other in the SOM output map
Kohonen, T. (2001). Self-Organizing Maps. Berlin, Springer.
Data Input to SOM
�Country level data based on:�The information in the user database
�Internet host information
�Socioeconomic data
�Financial aid flow data
Sources:
•Central Intelligence Agency (2002). The World Factbook 2002, Central Intelligence Agency.
•Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2002). Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid Recipients, 1996-2000: Disbursements, Commitments, Country Indicators. Paris, OECD Publications.
•Internet Software Consortium, www.isc.org
SOMAll Countries w/Positive Users & Research
SOM – Socioeconomic VariablesDigital Divide
�The gap between those who have and those who do not have…�Computing technology�Purchasing ability�Education�Technological skills
�U.S.:�Rural/urban focus�Telephone connection (ITU)
�Global:�Developed/less developed focus (UNDP)
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Every
day U
ser
Policy
Mak
er
Scientis
t
AccessEducation
Technology
MORE(HAVEs)
LESS(HAVE NOTs)But… the same divide exists within groups as well as between groups
The Digital Divide Where is the Digital Divide?
VIRTUAL WORLD
EDUCATION, TECHNOLOGY, INFRASTRUCTURE
You can give me all the data in the world, but if I don’t have…�The education to convert the data to
useful information AND�A computer with enough memory and
processing power AND�The ability to read the media on which
the data were provided AND�The time to do so OR�The money to pay someone to do it for me
Then all the data in the world is useless.
Acknowledgements
Tom Loveland, Jess Brown, Stephen Howard (EROS Data Center)Tim Foresman, Mick Wilson, Lawrence Hislop, Ron Witt, Hy Dao, Lorant Czaran (UNEP)Minoru Akiyama, Hiroshi Une, Hiroshi Masaharu, Eiji Murakami, Hidenori Fujimura, Hiromichi Maruyama (Global Map/GSI)Peter Holland (GeoSciences Australia)
John Kelmelis, USGS; Peter Holland, GeoSciences Australia; Claude Luzet, EuroGeographics; Santiago Borrero-Mutis, PAIGH
Keith C. Clarke, Michael F. Goodchild, Leal A.K. Mertes, K. Eric Anderson
Support provided by:�US DOI 00HQAG0018 Global Mapping Project�NASA NAG5-10457 Remote Sensing Information Science Research�Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Post-Doctoral Fellowship for North American and European Researchers (Short-Term)