ts everyone - g w · ts everyone american business and industry once contained hazards that no...

Safety Benefi ts Everyone

American business and industry once contained hazards that no longer even exist. Advances in tech-nology and the 1971 establishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) elimi-nated these hazards. During the last 30 years, workplace-related injuries and illnesses have been reduced by 40%. For example, the clear guard shown in this photograph of a booklet stitcher helps to prevent operator injury. The guard is in place while the machine is running, and lifting the guard stops the machine.

Preventing workplace injuries benefi ts everyone. Employees enjoy a safe working environment. Management enjoys several advantages—increased production that is not interrupted by injury, reduced insurance costs, and the many benefi ts of having happy employees.

Just as everyone benefi ts from workplace safety, everyone must contribute to the effort. Management and employees must be aware of their roles in promoting safety. This chapter acquaints the student with many issues and practices involved in advancing safety and health in the workplace.

(Heidelberg, Inc.)

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Safety and HealthSafety and Health

Key Terms

barrier guarddecibel (dBA)dust collectorergonomicsfl ash pointinfrared (IR) lightink mistlaser beamlockout devicemain disconnect (master)

switchmaterial safety data sheet

(MSDS)mercury vapor lampnip pointOccupational Safety and

Health Administration (OSHA)

Learning Objectives

When you have completed the reading and assigned activities related to this chapter, you will be able to do the following:

List and explain factors that make a safety and health program successful.

Demonstrate safe work habits that help prevent on-the-job physical injuries.

Identify and explain the application of lockout and tagout devices.

Select the proper personal protection devices for specifi c situations.

Practice proper material and tool handling, as well as proper techniques for lifting.

State the recommended procedures for storing and using toxic and fl ammable liquids.

Describe proper noise control and means of preventing ear damage.

Give examples of means for fi re prevention and control.

Discuss safe practices to be used when operating computer equipment.

Explain ways in which printing facilities can minimize damage to the environment.

35

personal protective equipment

pulsed xenon lamp (PXA)

respiratory protection device

safety color codeskin protection devicestatic eliminatortagout deviceultraviolet (UV)

radiationvolatile organic

compound (VOC)

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

36 Section I Introduction to Offset Lithographic Technology

Safety and health are important considerations in the printing industry. This fact holds true for school graphic arts programs, training laboratories, small printing operations, and large printing fi rms. Many accidents are caused by carelessness and ignorance and can be prevented if all employees are well informed in preventive and predictive safety measures.

The wide variety of processes performed in a printing facility creates great potential for injury, illness, or death. It is vital for workers to know basic safety procedures. Most printing operations provide safety and health programs based on the fi ve safety hazard areas specifi ed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The fi ve OSHA-specifi ed hazard areas are mechanical, chem-ical, noise, fi re, and light. Each area is not exclusive, and there is often a great deal of overlap.

Planning a Safe Working Environment

Planning for safety starts with an organized safety and health program dedicated to accident prevention. This type of program can be used to recognize, evaluate, and control potential hazards in the workplace. An effective safety program begins with informed students and employees. Safety and health programs are often tailored to suit individual operations. The most effective programs include all fi ve OSHA-specifi ed areas and topics such as personal protection and fi rst aid.

To ensure the success of the safety and health program, management leadership is essential. The person assigned responsibility for the safety and health of the facility must have the authority to enforce the program, and everyone in the establishment must be aware of the plan. A safe operation depends on all personnel being properly informed of potential hazards, accident preven-tion measures, and the proper fi rst aid response.

Safety ToursStudents entering a graphic arts program and

employees new to a printing facility should be given the opportunity to review all relevant safety docu-ments and be given a safety tour of the facilities in which they are working. See Figure 2-1. The safety tour should include information indicating inherent dangers, such as presses, paper cutters, folders, stitchers, and chemical hazards. The locations and use of master switches, emergency stop buttons, fi re extinguishers, fi re alarms, and fi rst aid kits should be stressed. In addition, items such as safety color codesshould be emphasized and explained in detail.

Safety Color CodesIn an effort to make educational, training, and

working facilities safer, safety color codes have been developed. See Figure 2-2. Safety color codes have been established to alert and inform students and workers to take precautionary action around poten-tial hazards. With proper implementation, color codes help improve personal safety and minimize the possibility of injury during the operation and use of tools, equipment, and machinery.

Varying standards designate the safety colors and how they should be used for specifi c purposes. See Figure 2-3. There are many potential safety hazards in a printing facility or graphic arts lab. If you have any questions regarding the safety colors used in your facility, you should discuss their appli-cation with your supervisor or instructor.

Personal ConductSafety is the responsibility of every person.

Students and employees should be properly trained in all safety procedures and regulations before begin-ning work. It is not uncommon for instructors or supervisors to administer written safety tests before allowing students or employees to begin working.

Unsafe conduct and work habits by workers or students should be reported and corrected immedi-ately. The offender should be informed that this type of behavior could result in removal from the lab or dismissal from the job. Horseplay of any kind should never be allowed.

Safety RegulationsOSHA governs the safety and health of workers in

the United States. Besides developing and enforcing job safety and health regulations, the agency also works to educate employers and employees. All types of businesses and industrial fi rms are required to comply with OSHA regulations or face severe penalties.

Although OSHA regulations apply to all types of businesses, many industry-specifi c regulations have been developed. The following guidelines apply to offset lithography operations, but they are just a brief summary of safety precautions that should be followed. These regulations, in their entirety, can be found at any OSHA offi ce. Careful adherence to regulations, good housekeeping, and a healthy atti-tude toward safety can make the facility a safe and pleasant place to work.

Chapter 2 Safety and Health 37

Mechanical HazardsOftentimes, on–the–job physical injuries are the

result of mechanical hazards. These hazards can be controlled. The following regulations should be followed:• Machines must be properly guarded.• Lockout and tagout devices must be used during

maintenance.• Workers must use personal protective equipment.• Materials, tools, and equipment must be handled

safely.

Machine guardsSafety in a printing facility requires awareness

of the many types of potential hazards. The recip-rocating, rotating, shearing, and pinch–pointing

actions of the types of machinery used in the printing industry present many mechanical hazards. See Figure 2-4. Consequently, proper placement of machine guards is important for the operator’s protection.

Web pressside reelstand guard

Floor safetylines and guards

Web pressside reelstand guard

Web pressrear reelstand guard

Figure 2-1. Most safety guards and danger zones in the pressroom are painted with safety colors. These colors serve to warn workers of potential hazards.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): the agency of the U.S. Department of Labor that promotes and enforces safe and healthful working conditions. This administration also educates employers and employees about industrial hazards.

safety color code: a color code established to alert and inform students and workers to take precautionary action around potential hazards.

personal protective equipment: various types of eye, ear, respiratory, and skin protection devices used to prevent physical injury.


Color Indication Applications

Safety Red Identify hazards that can cause death or serious injury.Identify safety cans or containers of combustible or flammable materials (the name of contents should also be on the can or container).Mark stop buttons, stop bars, or electrical switches for the emergency stopping of machinery.Identify fire equipment or the area where fire equipment is located.

Danger orStop

Identify hazardous parts of machines/equipment.Mark hazardous machine parts that may cut, crush, or electrically shock and may cause serious injury or even death.Emphasize hazards such as open or removed guards and shields, exposed gears or belts, or any other unguarded moving parts.Identify exposed parts of pulleys, gear rollers, cutting devices, etc.Identify levers of machine tools which must not be moved while the machine is operating.

Safety Orange

Warning

Safety Yellow

Mark physical hazards that can cause a person to stumble, trip, fall, or become caught in or under, or strike-against.Identify storage cabinets for flammable materials (cabinets should be clearly labeled “Flammable, Keep fire away”).Identify containers for explosives, corrosives, or unstable materials by painting them yellow or have a yellow band at least one-quarter the height of the container around the middle (contents should be painted on the container).Identify adjustable levers, knobs, or control wheels which may be adjusted while the machine is operating.Yellow lines should be painted on the floor to designate Equipment Operator Zones for operators of fixed-power equipment and Keep Clear Zones in front of fire and first-aid equipment and electrical panels, etc.

Warning

Safety Green Show the location of first-aid kits and equipment, safety showers, and emergency exits.Safety

SafetyBlue

Warn people not to start, use, or move equipment that is being serviced.Provide mandatory information for the wearing of protective clothing and/or equipment such as hard hats, goggles, gloves, etc.

Safety information

SafetyPurple

Used in areas where radioactive materials are stored, handled, or where an area has been contaminated with radioactive material.

Radiationhazards

Safety Gray May be used on floors or work areas around machines and for metal bench tops.Work areas

Safety Black or Safety White

Safety Black or Safety White or combination of the two indicates traffic and housekeeping areas.Safety White lines on the floor indicate aisles and stairways.

FluorescentColors and OtherReflectiveMaterials

Used for stripes on stair railings and risers to make them visible in the dark.Arrows that indicate the direction of exits and fire escapes.Marking electrical switch plates so they may be seen in the dark.

Danger spots in dark areas

PipingSystems

Safety Red w/Safety White lettering on fire extinguisher materials.Safety Yellow w/Safety White lettering for flammables, explosives, chemically active substances, extreme temperatures, and pressure fluids (steam and hot water).Safety Green w/Safety White lettering on cold water pipes.Safety Blue w/Safety White lettering for compressed air or other inert gases at low pressure.

Marked at point of use to indicate the materials carried by the pipe.*

*All pipes should be identified by the appropriate colors. Rubber and flexible synthetic hoses and pipes should not be painted.

Figure 2-2. Many manufacturers and users of equipment follow the same color-coding standards. Many color-coding recommendations have also been incorporated into the OSHA standards.


CautionCaution

Never use any piece of equipment unless you have demonstrated your ability to operate the machine safely to the instructor’s or supervisor’s satisfaction.

Machine guards protect the operator, as well as other workers in the facility. The guards serve to prevent fl ying fragments from cutting, smashing, or hitting parts of the human body. Guards also protect equipment from damage from foreign objects.

Machine guarding is necessary wherever hazardous machine parts are within reach of the operator. Guards should be in place over all points of operation. These points of operation include cylinders, shears, rollers, gears, clamps, drills, punches, fasteners, shafting, pulleys, cutters, fl ywheels, chains, and belts.

Most machines used in the printing industry are equipped with some type of guarding. See Figure 2-5. Equipment should not be used if guards are missing, broken, or out of adjustment. Likewise, guards should not be removed to perform an opera-tion or running adjustments.

Reciprocating and rotating motions create hazards at the point of operation and the points where power or motion is being transmitted from one part to another. Bodily contact with any rotating part is dangerous and can lead to serious injury or even death. Loose clothing or hair can be drawn into the equipment and cause severe injury. Therefore, long hair should be tied back or worn under a cap, and no jewelry should be worn when operating equipment.

Specialized types of guarding are used on some machines. For instance, a common control device used on paper cutters requires both hands of the operator to be on the operating controls. See Figure 2-6. A paper cutter blade is very sharp, and all precautions should be taken to avoid injury when cutting stock or changing the blade. Movable or hinged barrier guards are often used to keep a person out of the operating area. If the guard is not in its proper position, power is cut off to the machine.

Figure 2-3. Fluorescent paint can be used to help workers identify exits during power outages. (IDESCO Corp.)

SpinningRollers

Rotating Chainsand Sprockets Turning Gears Rotating Belts

Figure 2-4. Mechanisms found in a printing facility can cause serious physical injury.

barrier guard: a plastic or metal safety barrier covering a point of operation on machinery.


CautionCaution

When operating a power paper cutter, never bypass the safety device requiring both hands to be used to operate the blade. Turn the machine off. Use the proper safety procedures to correct any problems or malfunctions.

Electrical considerationsThe school graphic arts lab or commercial

printing facility should have an accessible main disconnect (master) switch that allows all power to machinery and small appliances to be turned off when the lab or facility is not in use. Emergency disconnect buttons or switches should be installed at every machine location. These allow anyone to turn off the power in case of emergency or malfunction. In the industry, these buttons are sometimes referred to as panic buttons.

Frayed and damaged electrical cords, plugs, and switches should be replaced. A local inspection

Emergencystop button

Feederguards

Registerboard guard

Emergencystop button

Cylinderguards

Deliveryguards

Figure 2-5. Safety guards should always be kept in place while the machine is operating.

Controlbuttons

Figure 2-6. Both control buttons on this cutter must be pressed at the same time to operate the blade. This type of dual mechanism ensures that the operator’s hands cannot be near the blade when cutting. (Heidelberg, Inc.)


agency should periodically inspect all cords, plugs, and switches. All electrical components must comply with existing electrical codes. Grounded (three–prong) plugs and outlets should be used throughout the facility.

Avoid locating electrical equipment near sinks or water pipes. Even a minor mishap in such an area could cause a severe shock or electrocution. Additional safety measures, such as the installation of ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) outlets, should be taken.

Lockout and tagout devices should be used whenever a piece of equipment is being serviced. Lockout devices use a key or combination lock to hold an energy–isolating device (such as a manually operated circuit breaker) in the off position to prevent the machine from energizing. A tagout device is a prominent warning attached to an energy-isolating

device. No attempt to restore power at a tagged power box should be made until repairs are completed and the person who placed the tag has removed it. See Figure 2-7.

Personal protective equipmentThe use of personal protective equipment should

not be taken lightly. Personal comfort or vanity should not take precedence over safety concerns. Operators should never wear watches, rings, ties, medallions, bracelets, scarves, or loose clothing while working with machinery. Long hair should be tied up, and cleaning cloths should not be left dangling out of your pocket. Personal protective equipment includes various types of eye, ear, respiratory, and skin protection devices. Certain operations, such as press, bindery, and storage, typically require foot protection.

Figure 2-7. Lockout devices and tags are used to prevent the operation of machinery that is damaged or being serviced. The tags often provide a space for the authorized person’s name and sometimes a photograph. (IDESCO Corp.)

main disconnect (master) switch: a switch that allows all power to machinery and small appliances to be turned off when a facility is not in use.

lockout device: a key or combination-type lock to hold an energy-isolating device in the off position to prevent the machine from energizing.

tagout device: a prominent warning attached to an energy-isolating device to prevent power from being restored to a particular circuit.


• Eye protection devices. Includes safety goggles, glasses, and face shields. Eye protection should be worn when operating any type of machine that can cause material to fl y and strike workers. This protection should also be worn when preparing or working with any type of chemicals.

• Ear protection devices. Includes earplugs, ear-muffs, moldable inserts, and noise-reducing headsets. Ear protection should be worn when sound levels exceed permissible levels.

• Respiratory protection devices. Includes respi-rators and dust masks. Respiratory protection devices should be worn when airborne particles create respiratory hazards, such as ink mists and chemical vapors.

• Skin protection devices. Includes rubber, leather, or plastic gloves, aprons, and boots and full safety suits. Skin protection devices should be worn when working with or cleaning up chemi-cals and solvents that can cause minor irritation or severe bodily damage. See Figure 2-8. At the very least, aprons and gloves should be worn to keep your hands and clothes clean.

First aid kits and equipmentEven if the proper personal protective devices

are worn, accidents do happen. It is important that everyone working in a printing facility be trained in basic fi rst aid. First aid kits should be visible and

easily accessible, and they should be checked and stocked on a regular basis.

In addition to fi rst aid kits, equipment such as eye and face wash units should be installed in work areas where hazardous chemicals are used. See Figure 2-9.Emergency telephone numbers should be posted in a prominent location near the lab or offi ce telephone.

Proper material and tool handlingYou can avoid physical injury by correctly

handling materials and tools, practicing good house-keeping, and following basic safety rules. When lifting materials, you should keep your knees bent and your back straight. Leaning over while lifting is poor practice and causes you to use your back rather than your legs to lift. Follow the tips for safe lifting in Figure 2-10. If materials are too heavy or bulky to lift, use a dolly or request assistance. See Figure 2-11.

Whether you are using hand tools or power equipment, you should use the tool only for the job it was intended to do. Tools should be kept clean and in good working condition and stored in the appropriate storage cabinet. Following these simple rules helps prevent physical injury and damage to equipment.

Good housekeeping habits also help maintain a safe working environment. Floors should be kept clean, dry, and clear of obstacles. Spills should be cleaned up immediately, and cleaning materials

Figure 2-8. The proper type of personal protection equipment provides the worker with effective resistance to chemicals. (Kimberly-Clark Corp.)

Figure 2-9. The eye and face water wash unit is designed to furnish fi rst aid to chemical splash victims. (Lab Safety Supply)


should be disposed of properly. Nonskid mats, adhe-sive strips, or coating materials can be applied to the fl oor around work areas. See Figure 2-12.

Safety rules have been designed to protect personnel and prevent damage to equipment. You should never use or adjust any equipment unless you have been properly trained to do so. If you are unsure of the proper use of any piece of equipment, do not be afraid to ask your instructor or supervisor for instruction.

Equipment such as forklifts and air compressors can cause serious harm if not handled properly. Only certifi ed drivers should operate forklifts, and riders should never be permitted. Many forklifts use an audible backup warning signal to alert other workers of their presence.

Compressed air should never be used to clean off clothes or do general cleanup work. An air nozzle can force air through the skin and into the bloodstream, creating a condition that can cause death. The care-less release of compressed air can also stir up paper dust, making breathing diffi cult and causing eye irritation.

respiratory protection device: a mask that prevents harmful matter from entering the respiratory system.

ink mist: tiny droplets making up a spray, fog, or mist of ink, created as rotating press rollers throw tiny droplets of ink into the air.

skin protection device: gloves or other clothing that protects the skin from contact with harmful materials.

Tips for Safe Lifting

Clear a pathway

Check weight

Before you move things from one place to another, be sure you have a clear pathway.

Check the object’s weight to see if you will need help lifting it.

Request help Ask for help from another person if you need it, or use mechanical lifting equipment.

Keep your backstraight

Your back should be straight and vertical to the ground.

Lift with yourknees

If you can, bend your knees when lifting; don’t stoop over the object.

Keep objectsclose to yourbody

Always bring the object as close to your body as possible.

Tighten your stomach

Tighten your stomach muscles. This helps your back stay in balance.

Deliver carefully Use care when you put the object down. Follow the same guidelines as you would for lifting.

Figure 2-10. Prevent painful back injuries by following these tips for safe lifting.

Figure 2-11. Using the proper equipment to lift and move materials prevents physical injury and spills. The skid turner illustrated on the bottom is used to lift and turn over a pallet of paper. (Kimberly-Clark Corp.; Vijuk Equipment, Inc.)


CautionCaution

When operating a compressed air nozzle, do not exceed 30 psi (200 kPa). Also, always wear eye protection. Insertion of an air nozzle into body cavities with subsequent activation of air pressure can cause serious injury or even death.

Printing facilities require workers to follow basic safety rules. These facilities also require workers to take added safety precautions. When operating a printing press or bindery or fi nishing equipment, people should keep the following factors in mind:• Check to make sure all guards are in place.• Never turn on a machine unless all tools have

been removed from it and all mechanisms have been set correctly.

• Make sure no one is near the machine before starting it.

• Hands should be kept clear of any point of opera-tion while the machine is running.

• Do not try to grab paper, perform adjustments, lubricate parts, or do anything that places your hands near rollers, nip points, drills, punches, or cutting blades while the machine is running. See Figure 2-13.

• Always work with an assistant when cleaning or operating machinery.

• While working around operating machinery, people should not wear long sleeves (except if

they are snug fi tting), bulky sweaters, pants with cuffs, jewelry, medallions, necklaces, ties, watches, rings, bracelets, scarves, or other loose items.

• Keep long hair tied back or tucked under a hair net to prevent it from being caught in machinery.

• The fl oor of the facility should always be kept clean of liquids and debris.

• Hands should be washed before eating or drink-ing to remove any toxic products.

Chemical HazardsAs production processes in the printing industry

have progressed from manual to electronic methods, chemical use has been greatly reduced. Toxic mate-rials are, however, still being used and produced as by-products. The fi rst defense against toxic materials is to know the types of chemicals being used and the hazards involved. Certain substances are more harmful than others. The amount of exposure to a toxic substance and the duration of exposure affect the degree of harm the substance can cause.

Hazard communication programsOSHA requires employers to keep a list of all

hazardous chemicals used on their premises, main-tain fi les of material safety data sheets (MSDSs) onthe chemicals, and train their employees to use the chemicals and respond properly should an accident occur. Printers must also have a thorough labeling program so chemicals can be readily identifi ed. An MSDS gives the chemical name; common name; hazardous components; and name, address, and tele-phone number of the manufacturer. See Figure 2-14.Employees must have access to MSDS fi les, and the

Figure 2-12. Nonskid mats, adhesive strips, or coating materials are used to prevent workers from slipping or falling. (Rust-Oleum Corporation)

Nip point

Rollers

Pressure-sensitiveguard

Figure 2-13. Nip points occur where two rollers come together. The rollers illustrated use a pressure-sensitive guard that shuts off the press if anything is pulled into the nip point.


sheets must be complete. The label on the product itself should indicate the potential hazards (such as fl ammability, medical, health, and exposure limits) and give detailed handling instructions. Product labels also include information that might be useful to fi refi ghters.

NoteNote

MSDSs must be readily available. An MSDS includes very specifi c information. This sheet is extremely useful if a medical emergency occurs.

MSDSs are part of OSHA’s Hazard Commun-ication program (HCP), which in turn, is part of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS). The program is directed at the “right to know” of all employees. The responsibility of both the HCP and the HCS is to inform employees as to the various chemicals in the plant, the dangers inherent in using

each of them, and the proper response if there is an accident. The idea behind the right-to-know regula-tion is to develop a universal warning system.

The MSDSs are of no value unless they get into the hands of the right people. It is a supplier’s respon-sibility to provide data sheets to product dealers, who in turn, make sure the printers receive copies. Printers should, therefore, be aware that complete data sheets must be provided with chemicals and kept on fi le in the printing facility.

OSHA requires employers who use chemi-cals in their facilities to educate their employees. Employers must have a written educational program, and training must be done at regular intervals. Educational programs must include information on the potential hazards of the chemicals, how to use the chemicals, how to dispose of the chemicals, what personal protective equipment should be worn when handling the chemicals, and how to admin-ister proper fi rst aid in case of spills. See Figure 2-15. Employers must clearly label any hazardous material

+ HEALTH

^ FIRE

* REACTIVE

1

0

0

HAZARD RATING0 – LEAST1 – SLIGHT2 – MODERATE3 – SERIOUS4 – SEVERE

PRODUCT NAME:HT 0801 AKRYA Cut

1

2 PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT FROM PRODUCT LABEL

WEAR SAFETY GLASSES. MAY CAUSE EYE IRRITATION. IF EYE IRRITATIONOCCURS, FLUSH EYES FOR 15 MINUTES WITH WATER. IF SWALLOWED, DONOT INDUCE VOMITING. DRINK WATER OR MILK. IN EITHER CASE, CALL APHYSICIAN IMMEDIATELY. REFER TO MSDS FOR CHEMICAL HAZARDOUSINFORMATION.

WARNING

KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.

3 HAZARDOUS COMPONENTS OSHA – > PEL/TLV TWA CEILINGSTELc

INGREDIENTS % CAS NO.ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL <3 67-63-0

appm

3mg/m

appm

3mg/m

appm

3mg/m

appm

3mg/m

400 983 500 1230

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET DATE PREPARED 3/07

HI-TEMP PRODUCTS CO.14936 GROVER ST.OMAHA, NEBRASKA 68144

EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBER1-402-333-83231-402-359-5796

TELEPHONE NUMBER FORINFORMATION1-402-330-3344

4 PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Boiling PointVapor Pressure (mm Hg.)Vapor Density (Air = 1)Solubility in waterAppearance and Odor PURPLE THICK EMULSION, BANANA ODOR

Specific Gravity (H20=1)

Melting Point

Evaporation Rate(Butyl Acetate = 1)

212 F

N/AN/A

MISCIBLE

° N/AN/AN/A

5 Fire and Explosion Hazard Data

Flash Point N/A Flammable Limits N/A LEL N/A UEL N/AExtinguishing Media WATER TO COOL DOWN CONTAINERSSpecial Fire Fighting Procedures N/A DIRECT FLAME FROM BUTANE TORCH

WILL NOT IGNITE MATERIAL.Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards N/A

6 HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION – SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE

MAY IRRITATE SKIN, CAUSE LIGHT REDDENING IN PATIENTS WITH PREEXISTING SKIN

MAY CAUSE EYE IRRITATION, BURNING, AND REDNESS.DISORDERS.

SKIN:

EYES:

SWALLOWING: MAY CAUSE MOUTH AND THROAT IRRITATION, BURNING, AND POSSIBLE ABDOMINALDISCOMFORT OR NAUSEA.PROLONGED BREATHING OF MIST MAY IRRITATE NASAL PASSAGES.BREATHING:

7

8

9

10

EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES

TOXICITY DATA

ON SKIN: WASH WITH SOAP AND WATER. IF IRRITATION PERSISTS, SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION.

IN EYES: FLUSH EYES WITH PLENTY OF RUNNING WATER FOR 15 MINUTES, LIFTING EYELIDSOCCASIONALLY. GET IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION.

SWALLOWED: CALL A PHYSICIAN IMMEDIATELY. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IF CONSCIOUS, DRINKPLENTY OF WATER OR MILK.

BREATHED: REMOVE TO FRESH AIR. GIVE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION IF NOT BREATHING. SEEKIMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION.

ORAL: N/A DERMAL: N/A

INHALATION: N/A

CARCINOGENICITY: NOT CONSIDERED TO BE A CARCINOGEN BY IARC.

NTP? N/A IARC MONOGRAPHS? N/A OSHA REGULATED? N/A

PERSONAL PROTECTION

VENTILATION: LOCAL OR MECHANICAL EXHAUST.RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: IF NECESSARY, WEAR A PARTICLE MASK OR AN OSHA APPROVED MASK

FOR MIST CONCENTRATIONS.EYE PROTECTION: WEAR GOGGLES OR SAFETY GLASSES.SKIN AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: WEAR RUBBER GLOVES.

HAZARDOUS REACTIVITY

STABILITY: CONDITIONS TO AVOID: N/AUNSTABLE?

STABLE? X

INCOMPATIBILITY: N/A

HAZARDOUS BYPRODUCTS: N/A

HAZARDOUSPOLYMERIZATION:

MAY OCCUR

WILL NOT OCCUR X

CONDITIONS TO AVOID: N/A

Figure 2-14. MSDSs vary in design but usually include the same types of information. (Hi-Temp Products Co.)

nip point: the point where two rollers come together.

material safety data sheet (MSDS): a sheet that gives the chemical name and the name, address, and telephone number of the manufacturer.


used in the printing facility. The labels must include the following:• The name of the chemical.• The word caution, warning, or danger.

• A brief description of the major hazards, such as “extremely fl ammable.”

• Measures for avoiding possible hazards, such as “wash hands thoroughly after handling.”

• First aid instruction, in the event of exposure to the chemical.

• How to extinguish a fi re caused by the chemical.• Information for treatment by medical personnel.• Directions for handling and storage.

Offset lithographic chemicals and agentsThe types of chemicals and chemical agents

posing hazards to workers in the printing industry are commonly classifi ed as solvents, platemaking chemicals, ink mists, gases, fumes, and dust. Although this list might sound intimidating, some of these hazards do not exist in most printing plants. None are a threat if they are handled properly.

Chemical handling and disposalHistorically, the printing industry has had to

dispose of waste chemicals that were used to develop plates, clean ink from the press during washup, and clean machine parts. In addition, used dampening solution and waste ink needed to be disposed of properly. In the last 10 years, however, there has been a great reduction in the volume of waste chemistry.

Several years ago, dampening solutions commonly contained isopropyl alcohol (IPA), some of which evap-orated and contaminated the air in the pressroom. Today, propylene glycol and other alcohol substitutes are more environmentally friendly than IPA, but they still contain chemicals that must be disposed of at some point. In addition, dampening solutions become contaminated with ink residue, paper particles, and other impurities. One method of reducing the volume of waste dampening solution is to fi lter out these impurities, instead of replacing the solution.

The platemaking process is a potential source of hazardous waste. Although some systems use no harmful chemistry, some direct imaging processes place silver or a strong alkaline exceeding the limits of the local sewer system into the wastewater. In this situation, the chemistry must be collected and stored as a hazardous material.

The most common source of hazardous waste in a lithographic printing facility is the solvent used to wash ink from the press. These solvents are usually used with rags to clean the press, and the contami-nated rags must then be stored as hazardous material. The rags need to be placed into covered containers so fumes from the solvent do not escape.

Safety Can

Waste Container

Figure 2-15. Safety cans with fl ame arrestors should be used when transferring fl ammable liquids. Flammable debris should be placed in approved waste containers. Oily or ink-soaked rags should never be stored in a container that does not meet fi re safety requirements. (Justrite Manufacturing Co.)


After most of the solvent has been removed, the rags are stored in Department of Transportation (DOT)–approved drums and eventually removed from the printing facility by an industrial laundry service. Recovered solvent can then be distilled to produce clean solvent that can be reused. Solvent recycling can be performed within the printing facility or off-site.

Although there are nontoxic cleaning solvents available, many blanket and roller washes contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are compounds emitted from organic chemicals con-tained in certain liquids or solids. The term volatilerefers to the ease of evaporation. Examples of materials that emit VOCs are paints, cleaning supplies, perma-nent markers, adhesives, correction fl uids, carbonless paper, and alcohol. Workers can protect themselves when cleaning a press by wearing personal protec-tive equipment and properly handling washes. As the solvents evaporate, however, VOCs can pass into the air, and breathing these solvent vapors can be very harmful. Many vapors do not give off a strong odor, and students and workers should not rely on their sense of smell to warn them.

Some solvents are more harmful than others. Solvents that should not be used include benzene, carbon tetrachloride, gasoline, chloroform, and carbon disulfi de. When possible, solvents that are less irri-tating to the skin, are noninjurious to offset rollers and blankets, are nonfl ammable, or have a high fl ash point should be used.

A solvent’s fl ash point is the lowest temperature at which the solvent emits vapors that will ignite if exposed to an open fl ame or spark. For example, kerosene is relatively safe, with a fl ash point as low as 100°F (38°C), while gasoline has a low fl ash point of only –40°F (–40°C). This means that gaso-line ignites or supports combustion as low as –40°F (–40°C). For this reason, gasoline should never be used as a solvent for washing ink from a press. Instead, a blanket wash with a fl ash point over 150°Fis the safer choice.

Harmful vapors are not limited to the use of cleaning solvents. Some types of shrink-wrap fi lm used in the bindery can cause employees to suffer from a condition known as meatpacker’s asthma. This condition results from inhaling hydrogen chloride gas emitted during the heat-shrinking process. To diminish the possibility of inhaling harmful vapors, working areas should be well ventilated, and employees who work near concentrations of hazardous fumes should wear approved respiratory equipment. See Figure 2-16.

CautionCaution

You should never attempt to identify a solvent by sniffi ng it. Inhaling harmful vapors can cause serious physical injury or even death.

Platemaking chemicalsPlatemaking chemicals can irritate the skin

and cause burns. To prevent physical harm when processing lithographic plates, a platemaker should always wear the proper personal protective equip-ment and keep the following factors in mind when working with potentially hazardous platemaking chemicals:

Figure 2-16. An expert must select the proper respirator for each situation.

volatile organic compound (VOC): an organic compound that signifi cantly participates in photochemical reactions and is released as hazardous emissions. A VOC eventually vaporizes and reacts with the atmosphere and sunlight to create smog and other pollutants.

fl ash point: the lowest temperature at which a solvent emits vapors supporting combustion if exposed to an open fl ame.


• Wearing an apron prevents chemicals from staining clothing and seeping through to the skin.

• Rubber or plastic gloves protect the hands from chemical burns. Gloves should be inspected for tears and holes before beginning work.

• Face shields and splash goggles are the best form of eye and face protection.

• Never wear contact lenses when working with chemicals. If splashed in the eyes, chemicals can seep under the lenses and cause severe burning.

• Do not store food or beverages in the same area as platemaking chemicals.

• Properly labeled and stored platemaking chemi-cals pose less risk.

• When processing offset plates by hand, follow the manufacturer’s recommended procedure.

• Be sure bottle caps are tight before shaking containers.

• Clean up spilled chemicals or oil immediately. Using an oil-absorbent cleanup product keeps the work area dry and slip free without press contamination. See Figure 2-17.

• Make sure there are adequate mechanical exhaust ventilation and a supply of clean air available where chemicals are used or stored.

CautionCaution

When diluting platemaking chemicals, always pour the acid into the water. Never add water to a concentrated acid. Doing so can produce a dangerous splattering of the acid.

Airborne hazardsBesides the solvent vapors roller and blanket

washes emit, pressroom personnel should be aware of hazards from ink mists, gases, fumes, and dust. Ink mists are created as rotating press rollers throw tiny droplets of ink into the air. These droplets are small enough for unprotected press operators to inhale. Ink mists often contain harmful pigments, polymers, plasticizers, resins, and solvents. On some types of presses, face shields and respirators should be worn for protection. Harmful gases such as ozone (O3) are emitted from the breakdown of VOCs found in solvents, carbon arcs, some antistatic devices, and ultraviolet (UV) ink-curing units. Acids and molten materials can emit harmful fumes.

A large amount of dust can accumulate in a printing facility. Printing press antisetoff powders

and the vast amount of paper used for printing can create dust. When inhaled, microscopic dust parti-cles can lodge in the lung tissue, causing respiratory disease and lung damage. Systems for controlling dust, providing adequate ventilation, and scrubbing the air should be installed in all printing facilities. See Figure 2-18.

Figure 2-17. Chemical-sorbent materials often come in portable dispensers. Most sorbent materials are designed to fi t under equipment, around corners, and into tight areas. These materials are also designed not to leave granules or dust residue, reducing cleanup time and preventing contamination. (3M Company)

Figure 2-18. Filtration systems vary in size and design. This mist collector can achieve fi ltration effi ciencies of up to 99%. The collector also features a pressure-differential gauge that indicates when maintenance is required. (Torit® Products)


Noise HazardsPrinting, binding, and fi nishing equipment

creates loud noise. Excessive noise in a printing facility can reduce the effi ciency of the facility’s workforce, interfere with clear communications, and cause permanent hearing damage. The fi rst step in protecting students and employees from hearing loss is to control the sound level of noise created in the plant. This is often done by modifying machines and installing sound barriers or sound-absorbing mate-rials to the facility. When it is not possible to reduce the noise to an acceptable level, all employees must wear the proper ear protection. See Figure 2-19.

Sound levels are expressed in units called decibels (dBA). OSHA has established permissible noise levels and time periods industry personnel can be exposed to the noise. The chart in Figure 2-20 compares typical sound intensities to those found in a printing facility, as well as the maximum exposure limits. The maximum allowable exposure for an employee is 90 dBA of continuous noise for eight hours. If noise levels are higher than 90 dBA, employee exposure must be shortened, per OSHA regulations.

Fire HazardsPrinting industry employees must be alert to

situations that can cause fi re. Good housekeeping, preventive measures, and education are the key elements to a sound fi re protection plan. The National Fire Protection Association lists the following as major problem areas in the printing industry:• Flammable debris left on fl oors and around

equipment-operating areas—safety trash con-tainers should be used for this purpose.

• Low fl ash point cleaning solvents for presses—solvents with a fl ash point of over 100°F (38°C) should be used.

• Static electricity accumulation on presses—static eliminators should be installed on all presses.

• Oily cloths left outside cans with self-closing lids–cans with self-closing lids should be used for disposal of solvent-soaked and oily cloths.

• Flammable ink and solvent storage—ink and solvent cans should be stored in a safety cabinet when not in use.

• Greasy metal parts and tools should be cleaned in a special parts–cleaner machine.

• Paper dust from bindery and press areas—dust collectors should be installed in these areas.

• Scrap paper accumulation—all scrap paper should be placed in bins.

• Setoff spray powder accumulation, with possi-bility of dust cloud formation and ignition—avoid this condition.

Sprinkler systems and hosesThe invention and installation of sprinkler

systems have greatly reduced the chance of tragic industrial fi res. Sprinkler systems also reduce the amount of potential water and fi re damage by isolating the fi re to a specifi c area. If the sprinkler system is not properly maintained, however, its presence is of no use. Along with regular inspec-tion by local fi re departments, all sprinkler system components should be regularly serviced by a

Figure 2-19. Ear protection is often needed in the pressroom and bindery area of an offset lithography plant. Protective devices for ears include headsets, earmuffs, moldable inserts, and earplugs.

decibel (dBA): a unit of measure for stating sound levels.

static eliminator: a press attachment used to reduce the amount of static developing on a press because of low relative humidity and the movement of paper over metal surfaces. This attachment is also used to eliminate ink setoff or paper-feeding problems.

dust collector: a vacuum system that captures airborne dust and removes it to a storage compartment.


facility’s maintenance department. Although sprin-kler systems vary, most operate under the same prin-ciples and use the same basic components.

Exterior fi re department connections and hose systems should also be examined regularly. See Figure 2-21. The connections should be properly marked and easily accessible. Hose lines and valves should never be obstructed or blocked. Hoses should be checked regularly for rot, mildew, and other damage. The hoses should never be used for anything but periodic testing and fi re fi ghting. Hydrants should also be fl ushed and tested to make sure they operate.

Fire extinguishersAll printing facilities use fl ammable and combus-

tible materials. Therefore, fi re prevention is a crucial part of plant safety programs. Students and

employees should be aware of fi re extinguisher loca-tions, evacuation routes, and the proper response in case of a fi re.

The proper fi re extinguishers should be located near potential hazard areas. See Figure 2-22.Extinguishers should be easily accessible and properly charged.

Types of fi resAs indicated in Figure 2-22, there are four general

types of fi res—Class A, Class B, Class C, and Class D. It is important to know the different classes of fi res because, depending on the material burning, different means of controlling and extinguishing the fi re must be used. For example, water is ideal for putting out a paper fi re. When used on an electrical fi re, however, water can cause additional damage to electrical equipment or electrocution because the water conducts electricity.

115

110

105

100

95

90

85

80

75

15 min.

30 min.

1 hour

2 hours

3 hours

4 hours

6 hours

8 hours

1.5 hours

SoundleveldBA

Maximumexposureper daydBANoise sources

Pneumatic chipper (at 5 ft.)

Rock-n-roll band

Punch presspressroom

Newspaper printing pressPneumatic air hoist, 4000 lb.Newspaper folderRotogravure pressWeb offset pressEight color pressDual folderWeb letter pressColor letter pressRotary pressFlatbed pressPrinter slotterComposing roomVaneaxial ventilating fan (1500 CFRM)Paper machine, wet end

Saddle stitcherDie cutter

Garbage disposal (at 3 ft.)

Inside a car (50 mph)

Indicators of level(speaking effort requiredbetween two personsat various distances)Nearly impossible tocommunicate by voice

Very difficult tocommunicate by voice

Shout with hands cuppedbetween mouth and otherperson's ear

Shout at 0.5 foot

Shout at 1 foot

Normal voice at 0.5 footRaised voice at 1 footShout at 2 feetTelephone use impossibleNormal voice at 1 footRaised voice at 2 feetShout at 4 feet

Normal voice at 1.5 feetRaised voice at 3 feetShout at 6 feet

Normal voice at 2 feetRaised voice at 4 feetShout at 8 feet

Permissible Noise Exposure

Figure 2-20. OSHA determines permissible noise exposures. When employees are subjected to sound exceeding the levels prescribed, employees must wear the proper ear protection.


CautionCaution

In order to extinguish an electrical fi re, the power source must be turned off!

Water cannot be used on fl ammable liquids, such as gasoline, because it might disperse the liquid, causing the fi re to spread. Such liquids burn at the surface, where the vapors are given off. Therefore, smothering or blanketing the burning liquid is the best technique for extinguishing the fi re.

Light HazardsLight hazards include light sources that can cause

damage to a person’s skin or eyes. These hazards also include insuffi ciently lit work and storage areas. Light sources commonly used in the printing industry include UV radiation, infrared (IR) light, laser beams, pulsed xenon lamps (PXAs), mercury vapor lamps, and ozone lights.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is used for curing ink and exposing plates. Although UV light rays are not visible to the human eye, they can be harmful to the eyes and skin. Damage from UV rays can be prevented by wearing the proper eye protection and clothing and avoiding exposure.

CautionCaution

Most platemakers operate at extremely high voltage. The platemaker should always be unplugged when the bulbs or lamps are replaced or repairs are made.

Infrared (IR) light is often used in ink-drying and ink-curing devices. Similar to UV light, IR light can cause eye and skin burns with extensive expo-sure. Laser beams are commonly used for plate exposure and are potentially harmful. Although the rays used in the printing industry might not be able to cut through metal, they can cause a great deal of damage to unprotected skin and eyes.

Potentially harmful sources of light also include pulsed xenon lamps (PXAs) and mercury vapor lamps used on antisetoff devices. The proper eye protection devices must be worn. See Figure 2-23.

Exposure lamps used in cameras and platemakers can reach extremely high temperatures. Care should be taken when working around them or changing the bulbs. The bulbs should be allowed to cool down completely before being changed.

To avoid tripping or falling, lights should be turned on when working with machines, at worksta-tions, and when entering stockrooms. This, of course, is not true when the process prohibits illumination, such as in darkrooms. Insuffi cient lighting can also cause undue strain on your eyes.

Ergonomic HazardsThe awareness of ergonomics has increased

greatly. Manufacturers, employers, and consumers have dedicated a great deal of time and money to the science of fi tting the job to the worker. Although OSHA does not yet regulate ergonomic issues, many types of workstations have been redesigned to meet the physical needs of the worker. See Figure 2-24.Properly designed workstations help workers remain healthy, increase productivity, and prevent accidents.

Figure 2-21. Fire department connections should be properly marked and easily accessible.

ultraviolet (UV) radiation: a range of electromagnetic radiation lying outside the visible spectrum. In the printing industry, UV rays are used for producing various types of proofs, curing ink, or exposing plates.

infrared (IR) light: a range of the electromagnetic spectrum that serves as a source of heat.

laser beam: a beam of nearly parallel and monochromatic light moving in phase.

pulsed xenon lamp (PXA): a primary light source in graphic arts photography. This source provides a constant output with a spectral composition resembling sunlight.

mercury vapor lamp: an enclosed light source that produces radiation by passing an electrical current through gaseous mercury.

ergonomics: the study of equipment design that improves convenience, ease of use, and operator comfort.


Fires Type Use

Class A FiresOrdinary Combustibles(Materials such as wood,paper, textiles.)Requires... cooling-quenching

Class B FiresFlammable Liquids(Liquids such as grease,gasoline, oils, and paints.)Requires...blanketing orsmothering

Class C FiresElectrical Equipment(Motors, switches, and soforth.)Requires...a nonconducting agent

Class D FiresCombustible Metals(Flammable metals suchas magnesium andlithium.)Requires...blanketing orsmothering

Soda-acidBicarbonate ofsoda solutionand sulfuricacid

Pressurized WaterWater underpressure

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Carbon dioxide(CO2) gasunder pressure

FoamSolution ofaluminumsulfate andbicarbonateof soda

DryChemical

Dry ChemicalGranular type material

Not for use on

Okay for use on

Not okay for Not okay for

Okay for Okay for

Multi-purpose

type

Ordinary BC

type

Not for use on

Not for use on

Not for use on

Not for use on

Okay for use on

Okay for use on

Okay for use on

Okay for use on

Operation

Direct stream at base offlame.

Direct stream at base offlame.

Direct discharge asclose to fire as possible,first at edge of flamesand gradually forwardand upward.

Direct stream into theburning material orliquid. Allow foam tofall lightly on fire.

Direct stream at base offlames. Use rapid left-to-right motion towardflames.

Smother flames byscooping granularmaterial from bucketonto burning metal.

Fire Extinguishers and Fire Classifications

A

B

C

D

A

A

A

A

A

B C D

B

B

B

B

C

C

C

C

D

D

D

D

A

D

B C

A D

B C

Figure 2-22. The classifi cation system for fi re extinguishers uses letter, color, and shape designations to denote the type of material on which the extinguisher can be used.


Environmental ConsiderationsThe Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA)

established environmental protection principles. Many printing industry vendors (companies that sell supplies and equipment to printers) incorporate

these principles into daily business operations. Called Responsible Care (RC), the initiative includes the following codes of practice:• Establish community awareness and emergency

response programs at every facility.• Ensure that research and development operations

protect the environment at all stages of chemical development and use.

• Protect workers and the environment during manufacturing operations.

• Ensure the transport of chemical products in a manner minimizing environmental risks.

• Track the distribution of chemical products.• Address all options related to hazardous waste

management.

Federal RegulationsAlong with the safety and health guidelines

OSHA established, the federal government has established many environmental protective regula-tions. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforces most of these regulations. The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) and Clean Water Act (CWA) signifi cantly affect printing establishments.

The CAAA regulates toxic emissions and air pollution controls. The CWA regulates the discharge of pollutants into U.S. waters, regulates water pollu-tion control, and enforces industrial laundry guide-lines. See Figure 2-25. In addition, local communities place restrictions on the volume of certain chemicals

Figure 2-23. Wearing the proper protection device prevents damage to your eyes from chemical splashes, airborne particulates, and potentially harmful light sources.

Computer Sense

• Use a chair with adjustable back support. Your feet should touch the floor, and your thighs should be parallel with the floor.

• Place light sources perpendicular to your computer, so they will not shine in your eyes or reflect on the monitor. If there is a glare problem, install a glare screen or three-sided hood.

• Use an antistatic cloth to keep dust and fingerprints off the monitor’s glass.

• Inspect and clean the computer’s exhaust fan slot periodically.

• Position the monitor 16″ to 30″ away from your eyes, depending on what is comfortable. The angle between your eyes and the monitor should be 0 to 45. It should be 4″ to 8″ lower than eye level, so you are looking slightly down toward it. It should be tilted slightly up as if it were a book or magazine.

• When typing from copy, keep it as close to the monitor as possible to prevent swiveling your gaze back and forth.

• Take periodic breaks, at least 15 minutes every two hours.

• Make an effort to blink frequently. If necessary, use artificial tears to keep your eyes moist.

Figure 2-24. To promote safety and reduce health hazards relating to computer workstations, keep this information in mind.


that can enter their wastewater treatment facilities. Printing companies must become acquainted with these limits.

For detailed information on the CAAA and CWA, as well as other environmental regulations, contact your local, state, or federal EPA offi ce. The phone number and address of your local EPA offi ce can be found in the telephone directory. The Internet is also a good source for reviewing the most current regulations.

Shop Towels, Rags, and GlovesBefore the enactment and enforcement of federal

and state laws on clean air, clean water, and other environmental factors, cloth shop towels, rags, and gloves were placed in the trash and hauled away to landfi lls. Now, that practice is against the law, and offenders are subject to fi nes and criminal prosecu-tion. As a result of the new environmental laws, “industrial dry cleaning laundries” now clean and recycle shop towels, rags, and gloves, using solvents instead of water for cleaning. The laundries meet all the requirements for environmental compliance.

Contaminated shop towels, rags, and gloves are picked up from the printing facility in drums the DOT has approved and are taken to the laundry. After a thorough cleaning, the waste residue from the laundry operation is removed by DOT-licensed haulers and incinerated at facilities the EPA has licensed. By using the cleaning services, printers save from 30% to 50% of the money spent annually for new towels, rags, and gloves. Industrial laundries also dispose of worn-out towels, rags, and gloves.

Helping the EnvironmentManufacturers of printing supplies and equip-

ment have taken the responsibility of developing new environmentally friendly technologies and materials. The printing industry is meeting these challenges by taking action on the following issues:• Negotiating long-term contracts for the purchase

of recycled paper, thereby allowing suppliers to speed up research, development, and production of recycled paper.

• Establishing cooperative research and develop-ment relationships with paper and ink suppliers to ensure new and more environmentally friendly products.

• Investing in air and water quality control equip-ment that meets and exceeds current and future standards.

• Recycling preconsumer waste paper, inks, solvents, and other materials and supporting paper-recycling programs at the plant and community level.

Figure 2-25. A parts cleaner combines state-of-the-art separation technology with improved solvents to help minimize waste and reduce disposal costs. (Safety-Kleen)


• Training employees to consider the environ-mental implications of all manufacturing processes and material purchases.

• Establishing sound environmental company policies.

Everyone talks about being committed to preserving our environment. In order for our good intentions to have any effect, however, we must take action. Here are some simple tips to reduce waste, increase effi ciency, and positively affect the environment:• Use recycled paper. A lot has been done to

improve the quality of recycled papers. Today’s recycled papers have stronger fi ber character-istics and fewer problems on press than their predecessors did. The costs have come down to be competitive with nonrecycled papers.

• Know what is environmentally smart and what is not. By establishing a close relationship with your suppliers, you can keep abreast of the devel-opments in environmentally friendly printing materials. There is a variety of recycled papers, vegetable-based inks, and water-based glues already available, with new products coming on the market all the time.

• Recycle at school, work, and home. With so many recyclable products, there is no reason not to recycle. Set up a recycling center at the school or offi ce for paper, aluminum and other cans, and corrugated boxes. Check with your local trash collection company about picking up recyclable materials.

• Perform environmental audits. Regularly assess-ing a facility’s compliance with environmental regulations helps keep the facility in compliance and protect the environment.

Safety Is Your ResponsibilityUnsafe machines, work areas, and procedures

are the cause of many accidents. Take time to inspect all equipment and work areas. Never assume an area is safe because there are no large machines or toxic chemicals.

Periodic inspections are one of the most impor-tant aspects of a successful safety and health program. When unsafe conditions exist, take imme-diate action to correct and eliminate them. A sample safety inspection checklist is shown in Figure 2-26.


Safety Inspection List

Housekeeping

General impression

Clean and orderly work areas

Desks and tables—orderly

Waste containers—adequate/orderly

Proper materials available forhousekeeping

Maintenance schedules used

Properly marked aisles

Warnings and cautions posted

Containers labeled

Storage space—adequate/orderly

Chairs—in good condition

—properly used

Ladders—inspection current

—in good condition

Personal Protection Equipment

Eye protection

Ear protection

Foot protection

Head protection

Protective clothing

Respiratory equipment

Security

Personal valuables—lockers provided

Locks—adequate

Electrical Equipment

Inspection current

Cords—in good condition

—away from aisles

Tampering—no evidence of

Panel boxes—properly enclosed/locked

Lighting—adequate

Lighting—emergency adequate

Machines and Equipment

Operators trained

Satis

fact

ory

Unsat

isfa

ctor

y

Not A

pplic

able

Dange

rous

Date: _______________________________________________Area: ________________________________________________Inspectors: __________________________________________

_______________________________________________

Remarks

Figure 2-26. A safety inspection checklist should be used when performing periodic inspections.


Guards—adequate

Attire—appropriate for job

Jewelry—appropriate for job

Computers/keyboards—properly placed

Work space—adequate

Storage

Ladders and stools—adequate

Heavy objects—near floor level

File cabinets—secured or weighted

—open drawers do not block

Aisles—not blocked or cluttered

Waste containers—adequate/orderly

Tripping and/or Slipping Hazards

Carpets and mats—in good condition

Floors—clean and in good condition

Waste paper disposal

Other trash disposal

Flammable liquid storage

Exits—not blocked, properly marked

Fire extinguishers—inspection current

Other fire hazards (specify)

Fire Safety

Safety program

Education

Incentives

Administration

Record keeping

Accident and injury

Emergency evacuation plan

Job hazard analysis

Procedures

Other observations and explanantion of items needing attention

Figure 2-26. (Continued)


SummarySummary

Safety and health issues are the responsibility of every student or employee working in a printing facility. All printing fi rms must follow the safety guidelines OSHA has established. Knowledge of safety colors, machine lockout devices, and tagout devices is essential to making your work area a safe and enjoyable place to be. Following recommended procedures for storing and using chemicals, solvents, and fl ammable liquids helps prevent physical injury and fi re.

Noise abatement is a factor in all printing facilities. All workers and students should wear the proper ear protection to prevent hearing damage or loss. Good housekeeping, preventive maintenance, and educa-tion are the key elements to a good fi re protection plan. This includes the proper disposal of hazardous materials and the recycling of appropriate materials whenever possible.

Review QuestionsReview Questions

Please do not write in this book. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What are the fi ve OSHA–specifi ed hazard areas?

2. Of what use are safety color codes? 3. What purpose does OSHA serve? 4. How can on–the–job physical injuries resulting

from mechanical hazards be controlled? 5. What should an operator do before working on

any electrical equipment? 6. What is the purpose of a lockout device? 7. How are lockout and tagout devices applied? 8. Name the personal protection devices that

could be used in three different situations. 9. List fi ve guidelines for handling tools and

materials properly. 10. What information can be found on an MSDS? 11. Defi ne the term fl ash point. 12. What are the recommended procedures for

storing and using toxic and fl ammable liquids? 13. How can noise be properly controlled in a

printing facility? 14. What is the maximum allowable dBA exposure

limit for an eight–hour day? 15. List fi ve ways fi res can be prevented and

controlled in the printing industry.

16. List the four color, letter, and shape designations used to identify the types of material on which fi re extinguishers can be used.

17. Why is it dangerous to use water on an electrical fi re?

18. List three guidelines for safely operating computer equipment.

19. What is meant by the statement “Safety is your responsibility”?

Skill-Building ActivitiesSkill-Building Activities

1. Design a safety inspection form suitable for the lab in which you are working. Conduct a safety inspection using the form. Prepare a written or oral report.

2. Invite a local fi re department offi cial to discuss fi re drill procedures and fi re prevention. Ask the offi cial to demonstrate the proper use of fi re extinguishers in the graphic arts lab.

3. Invite the school nurse or another health offi cial to demonstrate fi rst aid procedures for each kind of accident that might occur in a printing facility (electrical shock, cuts, poisoning, burns, and chemical spills).

4. As a class activity, design a bulletin board or other type of display with a “Safety in the Printing Industry” theme. Sources for visual aid materials include OSHA, the local labor department, the school health offi ce, and local printing plant safety representatives.

5. Ask the school nurse or another health offi cial to assist the class in assembling a fi rst aid kit for the lab. Be sure all required items are obtained and in good condition. Place the fi rst aid kit in a prominent location in the graphic arts lab.


Press rooms are extremely noisy during a pressrun. It is important to wear hearing protection whenever you are in the press area. (3M Company)

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