truth will & relevance: essays for a generative age

8/9/2019 Truth Will & Relevance: Essays for a Generative Age

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U{}uh, Wbll $ [mlmtaf`m

Mpparp do{ a Gmfm{aubtm Agm

kr K{baf D{afn

AfOSMF @OF@MSU]ALKoonrx} | IIX


4/112

U{}uh, Wbll $ [mlmtaf`m: Mpparp do{ a Gmfm{aubtm Agm@osr{bghu ;313 K{baf D{afn& All {bghup {mpm{tme&

Ma{lbm{ ebgbual tm{pbofp od poim `hasum{p a{m atablaklm oflbfm }fem{ a@{maubtm @oiiofp Auu{bk}ubof)Fofòiim{`bal)Pha{m Albnm ;&=@afaea Lb`mfpm ap bfebàume tba k{bafd{afn&à afeosmfòf`msu}al&òi&

Pmòfe Mebubof

S}klbphme kr Osmf @of`msu}al bf Lofeof, OF, @afaea&òffmùCosmfòf`msu}al&òi

BPKF: 278)3)284==21)3)=


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@ofumfup

1 Uhbfnbfg Uh{o}gh Hbpuo{r 1

; Uhm S{a`ub`m od Uhmo{r =

0 @oiiof Apsb{aubofp 15

5 A Fmw Lbghufbfg [oe ;;

= Uhm Wmk ap a War od ]fem{puafebfg ;=

4

]f`m{uabfur $ Psaubal Kbap;8

7 Wbll uo [mlmtaf`m 0=

8 @{maubfg af Osmf Po`bmur =1

2 A Pmfpm od uhm D}u}{m 4;

13 Bftmpubfg bf S{agiaub` Bemap 70

11 Uhm Imeb}i od Po`bal @}{{mf`r 8=

1; U{}uh, Wbll $ [mlmtaf`m 24

10 Uhm S}{sopm od Lbdm 133


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1 Uhbfnbfg Uh{o}gh Hbpuo{r

[maebfg hbpuo{r lmaep im uo ia{tml au how i}`h wmibp}fem{puafe& Mtmf uhm g{mau `{mauo{p, lmaem{p, afeebpòtm{m{p umfeme uo ibpp uhm d}ll biso{uaf`m od whau uhmrwm{m eobfg& Afe uhmf uhm{m a{m uhm fou)po)g{mau lmaem{p afedollowm{p who u{bme puafebfg bf uhm d}u}{m'p war& Bu bpf'u poi}`h uhau uhmr'{m w{ofg, bu'p uhau uhmr'{m òislmumlr oklbtbo}puo poimuhbfg mppmfubal& Od ò}{pm, wm'{m pia{um{&&& {bghu?

Uhm{m'p a q}oum B nmms {mtbpbubfg bf A{uh}{ P`hlmpbfgm{ J{&'p koonako}u D{afnlbf [oopmtmlu e}{bfg uhm G{mau Ems{mppbof& Hmokpm{tmp uhau wm a{m alwarp bf a zofm od bism{dmù tbpbkblbur poda{ ap uhm hbpuo{r j}pu otm{ o}{ pho}lem{ bp òf`m{fme& 1

Mxsm{up a{m publl g{asslbfg otm{ uhm à}pmp afe òfpmq}mf`mp od

uhau mòfoib` `{bpbp d{oi uhm fi{pu hald od uhm lapu `mfu}{r> howàf wm mxsmù uo d}llr }fem{puafe o}{ owf? Wm hatm uos{o`mme wbuh whaumtm{ bism{dmù bfdo{iaubof afe bemap wmhatm& Emtmlosbfg warp uo eo uhau io{m mddmùbtmlr bp whau uhbp

koon bp ako}u&

Ofm od uhm {mapofp B loon au hbpuo{r bp wm àf aù}allr ianmpmfpm od bu, whm{map o}{ owf ubim wbll uanm emàemp uo}fem{puafe afe mxslabf& Wm fmme uo nfow whau hassmfp fmxu

kmdo{m wm àf d}llr ass{m`baum uhm `ha{aùm{ afe biso{uaf`m od

whau'p hassmfbfg fow& Uhm kmpu wm àf eo bp gmu a pmfpm od uhmlofgm{)um{i }fem{`}{{mfup kr loonbfg a dmw emàemp d}{uhm{

ka`n, au whau wm àf }fem{puafe, afe wo{n d{oi uhm{m&

Whmf B u{bme ianbfg pmfpm od uhm d{mfmub` afe }f`m{uabf wo{leod wo{n B wap mfum{bfg bf ;333, B pu{abfme uo fife poimuhbfgpuaklm& Mtm{ruhbfg wap bf }x& Wm'e gofm d{oi Eouòi hrsm uouhm Eouòi `{aph ap smoslm who uho}ghu uhm Bfum{fmu wo}les}u uhmi of uhm dapu u{a`n uo fifaf`bal bfemsmfemf`m lma{fme,

wmll, bu'p a lbuulm io{m òislmx uhaf uhau& I}pb`, s}klbphbfg, afeaetm{ubpbfg }fdo{u}faumlr uhm uh{mm bfe}pu{bmp B uho}ghu B'e

1 A{uh}{ I& P`hlmpbfgm{ J{&, @{bpbp od uhm Ole O{em{ (12=7": s& bx&


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; U{}uh, Wbll $ [mlmtaf`m

pua{u ir à{mm{ bf wm{m al{maer wmll of uhmb{ war uo u}{fbfgbfpbem)o}u, afe bu ebef'u uanm i}`h biagbfaubof uo pmfpm uhmrwm{m im{m ha{kbfgm{p od uhbfgp uo òim&

Bu wapf'u uhau B ebef'u ass{otm od `hafgm& Mxaùlr uhm ossopbum: Blotme biagbfbfg uhm mim{gbfg soppbkblbubmp& B wmfu loonbfg do{uhm la{gm{ fa{{aubtm do{ uhm panm od afub`bsaubfg afe addmùbfgwhau wo}le hassmf fmxu& Bu wap kr uhbfnbfg ako}u o}{ d}u}{muhau B lma{fme uo uhbfn uh{o}gh hbpuo{r&

Hbpuo{r bpfu af mpàsm d{oi uhm s{mpmfu, bup af auumisu uobemfubdr okjmùbtm {mdm{mf`m sobfup wbuh whb`h uo }fem{puafeuhm assa{mfu `haop wm{m lbtbfg bf, mbuhm{ kr fifebfg mtmfup uhauòfebubofme o}{ `}{{mfu pbu}aubof o{ kr fifebfg ubimp bf whb`hsmoslm emalu wbuh `b{`}ipuaf`mp lbnm o}{ owf& Ap mloq}mfulrsh{apme kr Ja`q}mp Ka{z}f, ofm od uhm g{mau hbpuo{bafp afeuma`hm{p od uhm ;3uh `mfu}{r, Hbpuo{r bp do{iaubtm& Bup psmùa`lmod òfubf}bur bf `haop, od auuabfimfu bf uhm hma{u od ebpo{em{, ods}{sopm bf uhm wo{le bp whau fouhbfg mlpm s{otbemp&&&;

Uhm laum 12uh `mfu}{r ianmp a lou od pmfpm uo }p fow (do{ uhopmod }p who kouhm{ uo loon" k}u bu wo}le hatm loonme q}bumebddm{mfu uo poimofm lbtbfg bfpbem uhau hbpuo{bàl ioimfu fou}flbnm o}{ owf ibxme dmmlbfgp od wofem{ afe dma{ bf uhm da`m ods{opsm{bur fmtm{ kmdo{m biagbfme, sowm{ fmtm{ rmu wbmleme kriaf, psmme fmtm{ {ma`hme kr afruhbfg k}u a imumo{&&& 0

Wm pmm all uhm psm`bfi`p uhau iaem ;333 po ebddm{mfu d{oi 1233afe 1=33 k}u wm eofu pmm uhm gmfm{al phasmp afe uofmp uhau

ianm uhopm ioimfup sa{u od uhm paim hbpuo{bàl m{a o{{auhm{, uhm pbibla{bubmp a{m oktbo}p k}u uhmr eof'u puafe o}u apdmau}{mp, kmà}pm wm eof'u nfow mfo}gh ako}u uhm wo{le ap buwap (afe ibghu km" wbuho}u uhmi& Bf a dmw h}fe{me rma{psmoslm wbll loon ka`n au all od uhmpm òislmx emtmlosimfup ap admw pbislm pu{onmp, sm{hasp ap af mxumfeme `{mp`mfeo oduhmimp emtmlosbfg pbf`m uhm [mdo{iaubof afe [mfabppaf`m:bfebtbe}albpi, pm`}la{bzaubof, akpu{aùbof, òislmxbur,a}uoiaubof, a{{ogaf`m&&&

; Ja`q}mp Ka{z}f, @lbo afe uhm Eoùo{p (1275": s& 1;5&

0 Hmf{r Aeaip, Uhm Me}àubof od Hmf{r Aeaip (1218": @h& XXXT&


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Uhbfnbfg Uh{o}gh Hbpuo{r 0

Wm pho}le fmtm{ km uoo òffiemfu uhau ole uhbfgp wbll p}{tbtm,fo{ uoo u{b}ishafu otm{ uhmb{ emibpm& All od o}{ kole fmwbemap afe bfpubu}ubofp wbll mtmfu}allr p}ddm{ uhm paim daum&Uoear'p ro}fg, pmld)app}{me e{maim{p afe pu{btm{p (a òho{u uowhb`h B kmlofg" wbll g{ow }s uo km emad afe klbfe uo `hafgmp`haisbofme kr o}{ `hble{mf o{ g{afe`hble{mf& Mtm{rgmfm{aubof afpwm{p au lmapu ofm `{bubàl q}mpubof kr parbfg,Uhbp ubim bu'p ebddm{mfu& Bu }p}allr s{m`bsbuaump a tm{rh}iklbfg lmppof&

Uhm pbfglm iopu biso{uafu lmppof wm àf lma{f d{oi hbpuo{r bpuhbp: bu bp uoo mapr uo do{gmu hbpuo{r'p lmppofp& Bf`{mebklr empsbum how iafr ubimp wm'{m {mibfeme kr `ha{ibfg q}oumpala{ibfg }p uo uhm {bpn od {msmaubfg sapu ibpuanmp wm pmmi uonmms do{gmuubfg whmf bu ò}fup&

O}{ bemap a{mf'u fm`mppa{blr w{ofg k}u uhmr s{okaklr a{m(kouh uhm ole afe uhm fmw"& [mpubfg wbuh uoo i}`h òffi emf`mof s{mp}iaklr `m{uabf bemap pmmip uo km poimuhbfg wm'{m

fau}{allr bf`lbfme uo eo&Whblm wm s{okaklr àf'u emfr uhbp bffaum fmme do{ p}ssopme`m{uabfur afe fa{{aubtm òhm{mf`m (fo{ pho}le wm emfr uhm

kmfmfiup uhau odumf òim wbuh o}{ {mp}lubfg dabuh" bu'p ubim uog{ow io{m iau}{m ap a po`bmur uo mxm{`bpm io{m {mapof afe{mpu{abfu, uo km `{bubàl whmf pmlmùbfg afe s{oioubfg uhm iopumddmùbtm bemap whblm puarbfg alm{u uo whau wm ibghu hatmibppme&

Ap B àim uo lma{f io{m ako}u uhm wo{le B emtmlosme a pmfpmuhau uhm afpwm{p B wap loonbfg do{ wo}le fmtm{ uanm uhm do{i odemfifbubtm puaumimfup& Bf uhm s{o`mpp od w{bubfg uhbp koon B{malbzme uhm s{o`mpp wap bupmld uhm afpwm{ B wap loonbfg do{&Wm'{m fmtm{ gobfg uo gmu uhbfgp sm{dmùlr {bghu afe mtmf bdwm ò}le, uhm daù uhau lbdm nmmsp o``}{{bfg imafp uhau}fmxsmùme mtmfup wbll nmms o``}{{bfg, whb`h wbll {mq}b{m }p uoaeasu o}{ bemap afe s{aùb`mp rmu agabf&

Wm pho}le wmlòim uhau> wm pho}le lma{f uo mfjor uhm}fmxsmùme> wm pho}le lma{f uo lotm uhm s{o`mpp od ebpòtm{rafe {mòf`msu}albzaubof do{ bup owf panm, {auhm{ uhaf {mpmfubfguhm s{o`mpp ap a k}ddm{ kmuwmmf uhm s{mpmfu afe o}{ empb{med}u}{m&


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5 U{}uh, Wbll $ [mlmtaf`m

Uhm s{o`mpp bp uhm s}{sopm& Uhm mxsm{bmf`m od uanbfg pumspuowa{e auuabfbfg a goal mtmf bd wm'{m fou sm{dmùlr p}{m howuo a{ub`}laum uhm }lubiaum abi bp whau ianmp s{ojmùpimafbfgd}l afe òismllbfg& Uhm fifal s{oe}ùp afea`òislbphimfup pbislr hmls }p umll kmuum{, pbislm{, io{mmddmùbtm puo{bmp& Po bf uhbp pmfpm, mtmf fifal a`òislbphimfupa{mf'u pbislr mfep> uhmr'{m imafp uo òfubf}m `}lubtaubfg io{m{mlmtaf`m bf uhm wo{le&

Uhau'p how B'tm òf`mbtme uhbp koon: fou ap uhm fi fal wo{e k}u apa war uo umll a kmuum{ puo{r afe iotm uhm òftm{paubof do{wa{e,bf uhm iopu gmfm{aubtm, osmf)mfeme, afe mfe}{bfg wariafagmaklm&


11/112

; Uhm S{aùb`m od Uhmo{r

Uhbp koon emtmlosme ap a loopm prfuhmpbp od mpparp B wo{nme ofafe sopume oflbfm do{ uhm sapu ò}slm od rma{p& Uhm mpparp hatmall òim o}u od a war od uhbfnbfg B à{md}llr emtmlosme a dmwrma{p ago&

Bu iar {mpmiklm af auumisu uo òfpu{}ù a nbfe od g{afe o{}fbfime uhmo{r, k}u B s{mdm{ uo uhbfn od bu ap oflr a pmu od {o}ghpnmu`hmp uo nmms u{a`n od whau B'i eobfg afe uo lmu ro} nmmsu{a`n od whau B'i eobfg {auhm{ uhaf af mfe bf bupmld& Bu'p agmfm{al ka`ng{o}fe do{ uhbfnbfg io{m mddmùbtmlr ako}u {mal`hallmfgmp wm da`m bf uhbp òislmx afe erfaib` agm&

Uhm s{oklmip B ma{fmpulr (afe fabtmlr" pua{ume u{rbfg uo poltm aemàem ago a{m uhm ofmp wm {mae ako}u bf uhm sasm{ mtm{r ear:bfpubu}ubofal erpd}fùbof, mòfoib` tolaublbur afe bfmq}albur,mftb{ofimfual p}puabfakblbur, emiog{ashb` afe gmosolbubàlphbdup, um{{o{bpi afe apriimu{b` wa{da{m, umfpbofp kmuwmmfp`bmf`m afe {mlbgbo}p mxu{mibpi wbuh òfp}im{bpi bf uhmibx afe uhau'p j}pu a pua{u&

Akotm all B wafume uo fig}{m o}u whr wm nfow po lbuulm, afewhmuhm{ uhm{m'p a kmuum{ war uo emal wbuh whau wm eof'u nfow&Kmà}pm bd uhm{m'p ofm uhbfg wm'tm lma{fme bf uhbp `mfu}{r po da{,bu'p uhau uhm{m'p a lou wm eof'u nfow&

Ofm apsmù od uhm koon tm{r {o}ghlr emp`{bkmp o}{ sla`m bfhbpuo{r mpsm`ballr uhm hbpuo{r od bemap afe p}ggmpup apsm`bfi` war uo }fem{puafe h}iaf ioubtaubof afe `{maubtburuhau bp io{m ass{os{baum uo o}{ ubim& B'i u{rbfg uo ianm poim oduhm s{mtbo}p `mfu}{r'p p`bmf`m poimwhau io{m bfu}bubtm, whblms{agiaubàllr aee{mppbfg uhm `hallmfgmp wm da`m uowa{ep uhmd}u}{m&

Uhm pmòfe apsmù od uhbp koon bp af auumisu uo {mòf`mbtm uhopm

al{maer)mxbpubfg `hallmfgmp bf lbghu od uhbp fmw ass{m`baubof odh}iaf fau}{m& Bu bpf'u mfo}gh uo loon au uhm `hallmfgmpuhmipmltmp> B bfpbpu of alpo loonbfg au how wm loon au uhmi&


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@o}fum{bfu}bubtmlr, uhbp bpf'u fm`mppa{blr a pums awar d{oi {mal`hallmfgmp& Poimubimp o}{ ole warp od loonbfg au uhm wo{le aùap ka{{bm{p> kr pumssbfg ka`n uo {mòf`mbtm uhmi wm àf fifeosso{u}fbubmp uo iotm `lopm{, dapum{ uowa{ep io{m mddmùbtmpol}ubofp&

Ir mtbemf`m do{ uhbp bp pbislr uhau B'tm al{maer kmmf asslrbfguhbp war od uhbfnbfg uo uhm tm{r pbgfbfiàfu mtmfup uhau hatmo``}{{me pbf`m ;337 afe bu hap wo{nme wmll do{ im& Bu hmlsp impmm òislmx `hallmfgmp io{m `lma{lr, whb`h hmlsp imòii}fbàum io{m mddmùbtmlr& Uhm mtbemf`m bp hm{m afe bf uhm{mpu od ir w{bubfg do{ ro} uo mtal}aum do{ ro}{pmld&

Uhau hbghlbghup uhm uhb{e apsmù od uhbp koon: bu'p a emiofpu{aubof,fou pbislr af mxslafaubof o{ emp`{bsubof od uhm s{aùb`m oduhmo{r& Uhm koon bp bu'p owf imuasho{&

Ap B w{oum bf uhm ma{lbm{ `hasum{, uhbp s{o`mpp od ebpòtm{bfg afe`{maubfg fmw bemap afe òf`msu}al d{aimwo{np bp g{aubdrbfg bfbupmld& Poltbfg s{oklmip afe pha{bfg nfowlmegm bp j}pupoimuhbfg wm'{m ko{f uo eo& Lbnm òonbfg, pmx, òismububof,afe i}pb`, shbloposhr bp pbislr a d}fùbof od h}iaf fau}{mafe uhm{m'p fo war uo d}llr {aubofalbzm bu& Lmu'p j}pu eo bu& Lmu'p

j}pu mfjor uhbfnbfg afe ianm uhm iopu od bu&

Uhbp war od ass{oa`hbfg uhm wo{le wo{np do{ im, k}u bu iarfou wo{n do{ ro}, afe uhau'p fifm& Ouhm{ smoslm a{m kmuum{ p}bumedo{ eobfg uhbfgp ouhm{ warp, afe uhmr'{m wmlòim uo uhmi aplofg ap wm'{m fof{btal{o}p ako}u bu& Uhm{m a{m a lou od

osso{u}fbubmp uo òislmimfu ma`h ouhm{'p ebddm{mfuòismumf`bmp afe purlmp& Wm àf'u mxsmù uo km iapum{ o{ mfjormtm{ruhbfg&5

Bf`l}pbtmfmpp afe mq}albur od osso{u}fbur eof'u imafmtm{rkoer àf eo mtm{ruhbfg uhmr wafu> bu imafp mtm{rkoerhap af osso{u}fbur uo o}{bph fou j}pu a{kbu{a{blr, k}u bf awar uhau'p ass{os{baum uo ma`h bfebtbe}al'p }fbq}m q}albubmp afe

5 Ebgbubzaubof gmfm{aump tm{r fifm ebtbpbofp od lako}{, afe fmw imuasho{pdo{ emp`{bkbfg uhm fmuwo{np uhmpm ebtbpbofp `{maum& B'i dofe od uhm parbfg,Eo whau ro} eo kmpu afe lbfn uo uhm {mpu, kr Jmdd Ja{tbp bf Whau Wo}leGooglm Eo? (;332": s& ;4&


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Uhm S{aùb`m od Uhmo{r 7

`b{`}ipuaf`mp rmu a war uhau'p alpo tm{r {b`hlr, po`ballròffmùme&

Uhm wmk ianmp p}`h a po`bmur io{m soppbklm uhaf mtm{& Bu wapbfumfeme, afe bu òfubf}mp uo emtmlos s{bia{blr ap a d{aimwo{ndo{ `}lubtaubfg òislmx fmuwo{np od {mlaubofphbsp afe emfifbfgofm'p owf sla`m wbuhbf uhmi&

Kmrofe whaumtm{ mlpm bu ibghu km gooe do{ afe akotm all uhmòislabfup smoslm hatm ako}u bu po`bal imeba da`blbuaump a

g{maum{ {afgm od òislmimfua{bur wbuh a {b`hm{ ta{bmur odsmoslm& Uhm{m'p a wbem, òislmx {afgm od warp uo òisa{mo}{pmltmp afe bfum{aù wbuh ouhm{p& Wm eof'u hatm uo (afepho}lef'u" d{aim o}{ {mlaubofphbsp bf pbislm um{ip odòismububof o{ òosm{aubof&

Uhm wmk ianmp }p io{m a{ub`}laum fou j}pu bf uhm pmfpm odkmbfg mloq}mfu, k}u bf uhm pmfpm od `lma{lr emfifbfg o}{ abip,lbibuaubofp, bemfububmp, afe whm{m wm ma`h fiu bf uhm fa{{aubtm odo}{ agm& Bu òismlp }p uo `}lubtaum a pmu od sm{pofal q}albubmpuhau ebpubfg}bph }p d{oi mtm{rofm mlpm& Ap uhmpm sm{pofalbis{mppbofp afe k{afep a{m empbgfme do{ osubibzbfg {mlmtaf`m,bfmtbuaklr wm gmu kmuum{ au fifebfg warp uo ianm o}{pmltmpempb{aklm afe }pmd}l uo ouhm{p, uhm{mkr aeebfg tal}m uo po`bmurbf }fbq}m warp do{ whb`h wm'{m ma`h bfebtbe}allr p}bume&

O{ au lmapu uhau'p uhm hosm& Od ò}{pm uhm{m a{m talbe òf`m{fp(m&g& uhau uhm Bfum{fmu ibghu alpo mfò}{agm po`bal bpolaubof, o{iofo`}lu}{m, o{ kouh" k}u B uhbfn bu all emsmfep of how wm }pm

bu& Kr im{mlr laimfubfg whau ibghu km lopu afe d{muubfg ako}uuhm haza{ep, wm ibpp osso{u}fbubmp uo gmfm{aum kmuum{ o}uòimp&Wm fmme uo do`}p of uhm kmfmfiup afe mfp}{m wm'{m eobfgwhaumtm{ wm àf uo k{bfg uhmi uo d{}bubof&

Uhbp dmmlbfg uhbp hosm do{ }pbfg uhm wmk uo dopum{ ògfbubtmebtm{pbur g{mw o}u od ir owf d{}pu{aubof wbuh fou pha{bfguhm paim tal}mp, abip, afe fau}{al app}isubofp ap iopu ouhm{smoslm& A lou od smoslm'p pnbllp afe sappbofp a{m ia{gbfalbzme kr

ole po`bal òftmfubofp afe um`hfbàl lbibuaubofp&=

Uhbp

= Pmm Urlm{ @owmf'p @{maum Ro}{ Owf Mòfoir (;332", mpsm`ballr hbp àpm do{uhm +hbeemf `{maubtbur+ od smoslm wbuh af a}ubpub` ògfbubtm purlm&


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poimwhau a`ò}fup do{ whr B emtmlosme uhmpm bemapbfemsmfemfulr&

Eobfg uhbp nbfe od wo{n j}pu dmmlp fm`mppa{r& Bup j}pu uhm war Bai& @lappbdrbfg afe emfifbfg mtm{ruhbfg bp j}pu whau B eo& Bupofm od uhm kapb` {hruhip od ir lbdm lbnm k{mauhbfg& Bu j}puhassmfp& Bu bpfu poimuhbfg B hatm uo go o}u afe fife o{dak{bàum o{ fighu do{& Bi fou e{btmf kr bu o{ uowa{ep bu> bu'p j}puofm od uhm kapb` gbtmfp bf ir lbdm&

Whblm B w{bum a lou ako}u whr bfumllmù}al pu}dd bp po biso{uafu,mxslabfbfg how o}{ po`bmur ò}le a`òiioeaum afe kmfmfiuio{m d{oi bu, Bi fou aù}allr aetoàubfg uhbp do{ mtm{rofm& B}fem{puafe (all uoo wmll" uhau iopu smoslm a{mf'u afe wof'u mtm{

km bfum{mpume& B'i fou u{rbfg uo òftbf`m mtm{rkoer& B j}pu wafuuo {ma`h o}u uo uhopm who pha{m ir bf`lbfaubofp afe hosmd}llr admw ouhm{p who iar fou mxaùlr pha{m uhbp auubu}em k}u pmmosso{u}fbubmp uo lma{f d{oi bu afe uma`h im poimuhbfg bf{mu}{f&

Bu'p af bfum{mpubfg osso{u}fbur wm hatm fow& Po`bmur hap`hafgme k}u wm hatm rmu uo ass{m`baum mxaùlr how& Od ò}{pmuhm{m'p a lou uhau eompf'u `hafgm fokoer eo}kup uhau k}uuhm `hallmfgm bp uo fig}{m o}u whau uhau bp po wm àf {mo{bmfu o}{uhbfnbfg ka`n a{o}fe bu& Uo uhau mfe wm fife o}{pmltmp puafebfgfou j}pu of uhm pho}lem{p od gbafup, k}u alpo of uos od io}fuabfpod eaua afe do{gouumf bemap uhau iar hatm kmmf uoo ma{lr do{uhmb{ ubim&

Uhm biimfpbur od o}{ bfumllmù}al bfhm{buaf`m wo}le kmbisoppbklm uo dauhoi bd wm ebef'u alpo fife o}{pmltmp wbuhsowm{d}l um`hfologr do{ emalbfg wbuh bu all& Uhm bfum{fmu ianmpuhbp biimfpbur af osso{u}fbur uo ibfm {auhm{ uhaf a k}{emf uoà{{r&

Uhau eompf'u imaf bu wbll km mapr& Uhm s{o`mpp bp gobfg uo{mq}b{m a lou od biagbfaubof afe ebp`bslbfm uo emò}slm o}{uhbfnbfg d{oi ole app}isubofp&

Do{ `mfu}{bmp io{al shbloposhr wap akpol}um& Uhau app}isubofg{mw d{oi {mlbgbof afe à{{bme otm{ bfuo uhm p`bmfubfi` agm& Goewap g{ae}allr otm{uanmf kr pm`}la{ bfpubu}ubofp, k}u uhm hakbuod akpol}ubpi wap fou&


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Uhmf po`bmur u{aeme a psb{bu}al {mlbgbof do{ a im`hafbàl ofm&Po`bmur bupmld àim uo km òf`mbtme ap a nbfe od ia`hbfm, bfwhb`h mtm{ruhbfg ò}le km imap}{me, àlbk{aume, afe tb{u}mbf`{mapbfglr imafu iaxbibzbfg mdfi`bmf`r&

Uhmf uh{o}gh ma{lr ;3uh `mfu}{r, shbloposhm{p emtmlosme warpod uhbfnbfg bf io{allr {mlaubtm um{ip& A lou od smoslm pua{umeuhbfnbfg afe ualnbfg ap bd mtm{r g{o}s pho}le km lmdu alofm uomfum{uabf uhmb{ owf hakbup afe whbip&

Fow spr`hologr afe fm}{op`bmf`m a{m gbtbfg }p kmuum{, io{ma`ò}fuaklm bfdo{iaubof ako}u whau wm àf `hafgm afe whauwm àfu& Wm àf }pm uhbp nfowlmegm io{m mddmùbtmlr uo o{bmfuafe emfifm do{ o}{pmltmp whau nbfe od sm{pof wm ma`h àfafe pho}le km, uo gmu a pmfpm od o}{ fau}{al osso{u}fbubmp afelbibup&

Uhm s{o`mpp od o{bmfuaubof gomp of ear)kr)ear ap wm bfum{aùwbuh smoslm afe fife whm{m wm o}ghu uo km bf {mlaubof uo uhmi(afe fou j}pu of ofm)ebimfpbofal pàlmp lbnm akotm afe kmlowo{ ahmae afe kmhbfe mbuhm{"& Bu bpfu ako}u kmaubfg ouhm{p o{umllbfg uhmi how uo lbtm> bup ako}u }fem{puafebfg ma`h ouhm{afe wo{nbfg o}u warp uo `}lubtaum i}u}al kmfmfi up (o{ au lmapupuar o}u od ma`h ouhm{'p war, umiso{a{blr"& Lbdm bp a s{o`mpp odòfpuafulr g{owbfg, phasbfg, afe bfumg{aubfg ofm'p pmld bfuo uhmiopu ass{os{baum fb`hm&

Poim bfebtbe}alp iar o``}sr a fb`hm wm bemfubdr ap a sopbubofod lmaem{phbs o{ òfu{ol& Uhopm a{m otm{){aume um{ip& Em`bpbofp

a{m addmùme, afe bf iafr àpmp emum{ibfme, kr uhm agg{mgaummddmùp bf òislmx afe erfaib` fmuwo{np& Wm ò}le parfokoer òfu{olp uhmpm fmuwo{np, k}u wm ò}le alpo parmtm{rkoer òfu{olp uhmi& [mpsofpbkblbur bp ebpu{bk}ume bfebddm{mfu emg{mmp uh{o}gho}u&

Iabfpu{mai imeba bp af mpsm`ballr palbmfu emiofpu{aubof oduhbp& Smoslm òislabf uhau oflr a dmw òisafbmp òfu{ol UhmImeba, k}u }lubiaumlr uhopm òisafbmp s{otbem whau smoslm

òfp}im afe pbgfal empb{m do{&Howmtm{, uhm{m'p alpo a s{o`mpp od òfebubofbfg, kr whb`hsmoslm lma{f uo wafu psm`bfi` nbfep od mfum{uabfimfu kmà}pm bu'pwhau uhmr'{m daiblba{ wbuh&


16/112


Uhmf agabf bd smoslm haef'u òfpmfume uo òfp}ibfg uhm bfbubaloddm{bfg, uhm em`bpbof)ianm{p au uhm uos wo}le hatm oddm{mepoimuhbfg mlpm&

Afe òfpbem{ whau poim smoslm àll uhm okmpbur msbemib`& Uhm{mpsofpbkblbur do{ f}u{bubof bp pha{me kr s{oe}`m{p afeòfp}im{p albnm& Od ò}{pm whmf bu òimp uo dooe wm fmme uo{mògfbzm uhm{m a{m `hmibàl, kbologbàl, afe spr`hologbàlq}albubmp od bfg{mebmfup afe aetm{ubpbfg uhau s{oe}`m{p hatmmxslobume uo ianm òfp}im{p lmpp aklm uo ianm bfdo{ime,{aubofal em`bpbofp&

Wm ibghu loon uo gotm{fimfu {mg}laubof uo aee{mpp uhmpms{oklmip k}u B'i fou p}{m wm a{mf'u alpo au {bpn od a{mg}lauo{r msbemib` ap wmll& Au poim sobfu o}{ prpumip od {}lmpò}le kmòim po òislbàume uhau fokoer }fem{puafep uhmagg{mgaum mddmù wmll mfo}gh uo aeasu {}lmp uo mim{gbfg`b{`}ipuaf`mp& Uhm{m a{m àpmp whmf {mg}laubof kmòimp as{oklmi bupmld, po wm fmme warp uo aee{mpp uhopm soumfubal

`hallmfgmp ap wmll&Uhm kmpu pol}ubof B àf òim }s wbuh whb`h `m{uabflr bpf'u aiagb` k}llmu, k}u B'i òffiemfu bp uhm oflr war uo iotm do{wa{e bp uo {mg}laum, k}u òf`mbtm {mg}laubofp fou ap {bgbe

ko}fea{bmp, k}u {auhm{ ap kmf`hia{np do{ ofgobfg, osmf,okjmùbtm, gmfm{aubtm mxsm{bimfup afe òftm{paubofp&Mtm{ruhbfg wm òf`mbtm, wm pho}le òf`mbtm ap a s{ouoursm o{af mxm{`bpm uo ianm o}{ pmfpm od j}egmimfu io{m mddmùbtm afe

a`ò}fuaklm&Uhbp s{o`mpp pua{up wbuh uhm psb{bu od osmffmpp whb`hbf`l}emp af ass{m`baubof do{ uhm im{bup od u{afpsa{mf`r afeapsb{mp uowa{ep uhm lotm od lma{fbfg afe g{aubfi àubof bf uhms{o`mpp bupmld& @}lu}{m bp whau iauum{p iopu> bd wm òfebubofass{os{baum auubu}emp afe tal}mp, bu wbll km mapbm{ uo bis{otmo}{ {mg}laubofp kmà}pm io{m smoslm wbll km wbllbfg uo apnq}mpubofp, iafagm }f`m{uabfur ({auhm{ uhaf s{mumfe bu eompf'umxbpu", mxsm{bimfu, lbpumf, afe {ma`h o}u do{ fmw bemap&

Ap lofg ap wm sm{smu}aum uhm app}isubof uhau wm'{m u{rbfg uok}ble uhm sm{dmù prpumi (o{ alum{faubtmlr, uhau bu'p gooe mfo}ghap bu al{maer bp" uhmf wm'll nmms gobfg uh{o}gh uhmpm `{bpbp`r`lmp, afe uhau bpf'u gooe mfo}gh do{ im& Au lmapu uhbp bp uhm


17/112


eb{mùbof wm fmme uo iotm bf& Wm'll gmu uhm{m mtmfu}allr k}u wmalpo fmme ubim uo emtmlos fmw pnbllp, s{aùb`mp, afe uoolp do{iafagbfg bu&

Uhau'p uhm nmr uhau a lou od smoslm pmmi uo fmglmù& Do{gmfm{aubof adum{ gmfm{aubof, smoslm'p kmhatbo}{ hap kmmfòfebubofme bf mòfoibmp od pà{`bur odumf mxu{mim pà{`bur,wbuh tm{r dmw ear)uo)ear `hob`mp& Iopu em`bpbofp wm{m iaem

kr a}uho{bur, fm`mppbur, o{ hakbu&

Fow uhbfgp a{m ebddm{mfu bf poim tm{r biso{uafu warp& Wmhatm io{m a}uofoir k}u wm hatmf'u lma{fme how uo iafagm bumddmùbtmlr&

A{g}imfup uhau osmffmpp àf'u wo{n odumf s{mp}im bemap ako}uioubtaubof kapme of kmhatbo}{p uhau o``}{{me bf sapuòfebubofp, whb`h a{mf'u fm`mppa{blr talbe do{ }fem{puafebfgioubtaubof bf uhm ;1pu `mfu}{r& Bu'p gobfg uo uanm ubim uo emtmlosuhm ass{os{baum bemap afe s{aùb`mp do{ wo{nbfg, lma{fbfg, afelbtbfg bf a wo{le `ha{aùm{bzme kr ak}feaf`m afe a}uofoir{auhm{ uhaf pà{`bur afe a}uho{bur&

Uhm kbg bfu}bubtm aej}puimfu wm fmme uo ianm bp uo ass{m`baumwhau {mallr ioubtaump smoslm& @ofu{a{r uo uhm app}isubofp uhaua{m bfg{abfme bf iopu od o}{ bfpubu}ubofp, gooe wo{n (b&m& uhms{o`mpp" bp odumf bup owf {mwa{e& Uhm foubof uhau smoslm wblloflr {mpsofe uo bf`mfubtmp iar eo ap i}`h ha{i ap bu eompgooe& Uhm mxaislmp pmu kr osmf po}{`m s{ojmùp lbnm Lbf}x,Db{mdox, afe Wbnbsmeba phow uhau ioubtaubof bp io{m f}af`me

uhaf u{aebubofal mòfoibpup hatm app}ime& 4

Loonbfg au uhm kbg sbù}{m, po`bmur bupmld bp a nbfe od osmf po}{`ms{ojmù {mq}b{bfg af bfòis{mhmfpbklm ta{bmur od pnbllp afenfowlmegm: slaffm{p, emtmlosm{p, empbgfm{p, òfumfu mxsm{up,òii}fbàuo{p, mu`& Fow uhau nfowlmegm, bfdo{iaubof, afebemap a{m kmòibfg io{m s{oibfmfu afe {o}ubfm, B mxsmù fmwebtbpbofp od lako}{ wbll do{i do{ smoslm who hatm nfowlmegm)afe bema){mlaume pnbllp& Uhbp bp whr B'tm bftmpume po i}`h ubim

afe mfm{gr bf uhm s{aùb`m od uhmo{r B'i emiofpu{aubfg hm{m&

4 B'll gmu bfuo uhm spr`hologr bf a laum{ `hasum{& D{oi af o{gafbzaubofalsm{psmùbtm B'e {mòiimfe pua{ubfg wbuh Jmdd{mr Sdmddm{ $ [okm{u P}uuof'pHa{e Daùp, Eafgm{o}p Hald)U{}uhp, afe Uoual Fofpmfpm (;334"&


18/112

1; U{}uh, Wbll $ [mlmtaf`m

Uhm{m pmmip uo km emmslr bfg{abfme pnmsub`bpi uhaf afrofm àfpua{u uo ianm pmfpm od uhm kbg sbù}{m& Bu ibghu km kmà}pm bu'paliopu ap ebdfi`}lu uo u{}pu poimofm who `labip uo hatm a pmfpmod uhm kbg sbù}{m ap bu bp do{ smoslm uo ass{m`baum bu uhmipmltmp&

Bu iar alpo hatm a lou uo eo wbuh uhm war o}{ ole bfpubu}ubofpaù ap ka{{bm{p uo bfdo{iaubof& Bd all od uhm iopu biso{uafunfowlmegm afe eaua bp owfme afe g}a{eme kr psm`bfi` sa{ubmp,uhmf gmfm{albpup afe prfuhmpbzm{p fmtm{ hatm a `haf`m uoemiofpu{aum uhm soumfubal do{ fmw }pmp& Do{u}faumlr uhmBfum{fmu bp `{maubfg kouh uhm osso{u}fbur afe uhm fmme do{ }p uoemiofpu{aum uhmpm fmw s{aùb`mp afe s{otm bu'p soppbklm uopoimuhbfg o}u od mtm{ruhbfg&

Po`bmur fmmep uhbfnm{p uo òfe}ù ofgobfg òftm{paubofp ako}uuhm {mlaubtm im{bup afe {bpnp od ta{bo}p bemap afe s{aùb`mpwbuho}u gobfg po da{ ap uo s{mp}im wm'{m pia{u mfo}gh uonfow uhm {bghu afpwm{p (o{ mtmf w{as o}{ hmaep a{o}fe uhmwholm sbù}{m au of`m"& Uhm {olm od {aubofal bfumllmù bpf'u uo

j}egm afe em`bem> bu'p {auhm{ uo sobfu o}u pbibla{bubmp afeebddm{mf`mp aiofg uhbfgp, uo apn q}mpubofp, uo `hallmfgmapp}isubofp, uo o}ulbfm fmw soppbkblbubmp uhau ibghu kmbftmpubgaume bf pho{u, uo `{bub`bzm afe nmms uhm lma{fbfgs{o`mpp albtm&

Uhmpm osmf, òf`msu}al s{aùb`mp a{m mpsm`ballr biso{uafu do{ass{m`baubfg uhm iopu gmfm{al apsmùp od po`bmur, do{ whb`hfokoer wbuh a psm`bfi` jok ubulm bp um`hfbàllr a`ò}fuaklm do{&

Uhbfn uhbp war ako}u uhm kbg, gmfm{al àumgo{bmp od mfum{s{bpm:p`bmf`m, k}pbfmpp, a{u, imeba, um`hfologr, afe `btb`p& Wm fmme uoianm uhm abip afe imuhoep bf ma`h od uhmpm eoiabfp osmf afea{ub`}laum po wm hatm uhm imafp uo g{ae}allr ubm (afe }fubm"uhmb{ fa{{aubtmp bf {mlaubof uo ma`h ouhm{&

Wm fmme uo mfgagm kouh od lbdm'p uwo mppmfubal apsmùp ha{eafe podu, psaubal afe umiso{al, puaub` afe erfaib` uh{o}ghuhmpm s{o`mppmp& Uhm s}{sopm od whau'p sm{pbpumfu bp uo eb{mùwhau owp, whblm uhm s}{sopm od whau owp bp uo do{i afe mx

whau'p sm{pbpumfu&@oftm{paubofp mfp}m ako}u how wm pho}le lbtm a`ò{ebfg uoo}{ ta{bo}p fau}{mp, whau nbfe od tal}mp afe {}lmp afe fo{ipwm o}ghu uo dollow afe iarkm do{ uhm panm od ebp`}ppbof,


19/112


poim od bu s{mp}imp uo km akpol}um afe }fbtm{pal& Bu bpf'u mxaùlrw{ofg uo ianm uhau s{mp}isubof, ap lofg ap wm }fem{puafe bu'pj}pu a s{otbpbofal hm}{bpub` poimuhbfg uhau wbll hatm uo eo do{fow whblm puarbfg osmf uo kmuum{ alum{faubtmp&

Iarkm iopu smoslm wbll fmtm{ sa{ub`bsaum eb{mùlr bf uhbp apsmùod uhm òftm{paubof, afe wm'll s{okaklr fmtm{ pmuulm of a pmu odbemap uhau a{m p}buaklm do{ all& K}u ag{mmimfu of a pbfglm pmu od{}lmp bpfu uhm sobfu& Uhm sobfu bp uhau kr uhbfnbfg afe ualnbfgako}u uhmi whblm ouhm{ smoslm lbtm afe wo{n bf uhmb{ owf}fbq}m warp wm{m al{maer eobfg whau ianmp o}{ lbtmpimafbfgd}l, s{oe}ùbtm, afe d}f& [mòf`blbfg, mf{b`hbfg, afesm{smu}aubfg o}{ sm{pofal puo{bmp bp uhm s}{sopm od lbdm&

Uhm òftm{paubof wm hatm ako}u bemap, io{al tal}mp, afe po`balabip bp afalogo}p uo whau lbdm bp all ako}u of a io{m gmfm{allmtml: bfum{aùbfg wbuh ouhm{p, fig}{bfg o}u whm{m uo sla`m ma`houhm{ bf uhm iopu mddmùbtm, imafbfgd}l, afe {mlmtafu warp&


20/112

0 @oiiof Apsb{aubofp

Bf A}g}pu ;337 uhm fifaf`bal wo{le kmgaf a sm{boe od em`lbfmd{oi whb`h bu hap rmu uo s}ll o}u od& A`ò{ebfg uo mòfoib`bfebàuo{p uhm{m hap kmmf {m`mfu g{owuh, k}u `}lu}{allr afe

bfumllmù}allr uhm bfe}pu{r òfubf}mp uo km ad bùme kr ebpu{}pu&S{oibfmfu mòfoibpup àll bu a `{bpbp od }fem{puafebfg& 7Kapbàpp}isubofp a{m j}pu kmgbffbfg uo `hafgm& Uhm{m'p fo {mapof uo

kmlbmtm uhm {oou à}pmp hatm kmmf aee{mppme, afe smoslm nfowbu&

Bf uhm ]&P&, u{}pu bf uhm prpumi bp ebibfbphbfg d{oi kouh uhm{bghu afe uhm lmdu& Uhm{m hap {mso{umelr kmmf a psbnm bf palmp odArf [afe'p Aulap Ph{}ggme, a koon emsbùbfg wbemps{mae

wbuhe{awal d{oi po`bmur kr uhm iopu s{oe}ùbtm `bubzmfp bf{mpsofpm uo mx`mppbtm `mfu{al òfu{ol& Bu eompf'u uanm a kbgpu{mu`h od uhm biagbfaubof uo km {mibfeme od uhm afub)uax UmaSa{ur s{oumpup& Ap wbuh uhm afub)s{o{ogaubof {allbmp hmle a`{opp@afaea, uhm war bf whb`h uhmr wm{m loopmlr o{gafbzme a`{oppuhm fmw imeba lafepàsm wbuh {mlaubtmlr lbuulm slaffbfg afeòfu{ol bp aliopu ap dap`bfaubfg afe iarkm io{memiofpu{aubtm uhaf uhmb{ mpso}pme imppagm&

Uo im uhm fifaf`bal `{bpbp hapf'u im{mlr kmmf a s{oklmi bf bupmld

k}u {auhm{ a prisuoi od af bfaemq}aum }fem{puafebfg odh}iaf fau}{m afe uhm uhbf prpumi od tal}mp uhau gomp wbuh bu&Bu'p ubim uo }seaum uhau& Uhm ole bemap wo{nme wmll mfo}gh bf aio{m bfe}pu{balbzme po`bmur, k}u uhau nbfe od po`bmur afe uhmbemap uhau àim wbuh bu mtoltme uo aee{mpp uhm `hallmfgmp afeosso{u}fbubmp od a ebddm{mfu agm& Bfe}pu{balbpi hap `{maumeafouhm{ wholm pmu od `hallmfgmp afe osso{u}fbubmp bf bup wanm>wm fmme uo biagbfm fmw òf`msu}al d{aimwo{np do{ aee{mppbfguhmi j}pu ap smoslm of`m biagbfme uhm d{aimwo{np wm'tm}pme }fubl fow&

7 +A @{bpbp od ]fem{puafebfg+ kr [okm{u Phbllm{ au s{ojm u)prfebàum&o{g(Ia{`h 1;, ;313"&


21/112

@oiiof Apsb{aubofp 1=

Uhbfn od uwo gmfm{al sauum{fp od `hafgm o``}{{bfg& Ofm bp uhauwm'tm kmmf phbdubfg d{oi af mòfoir emfifme bf um{ip odpà{`bur uo af mòfoir emfifme bf um{ip od ak}feaf`m& Uhmouhm{ sauum{f bp uhau wm'{m phbdubfg d{oi a po`bmur o{gafbzmea{o}fe a}uho{bur uo a po`bmur o{gafbzme a{o}fe bfebtbe}ala}uofoir& Uhmpm eof'u asslr uo mtm{r apsmù od lbdm, k}u uhmra{m hatbfg a s{odo}fe addmù of how wm wo{n, lma{f, afe lbtm&

K}u ak}feaf`m afe a}uofoir àf'u km uanmf do{ g{afume& Uhmra{mf'u pbislr gbtmf uo }p> wm aùbtmlr gmfm{aum afe p}puabfuhmi& Bu {mq}b{mp mddo{u afe bfgmf}bur& Bu'p a kbg, po`bal lma{fbfgmxsm{bmf`m, whb`h wm hatm uo nmms {m)bftmpubfg o}{ auumfubofafe mfm{gr ka`n bfuo& Wbuh uhm w{ofg `}lu}{al ibfepmu, wmibghu {msmaumelr g{atbuaum ka`n uo a}uho{bua{bafbpi afepà{`bur& Uhbp koon bp af mddo{u uo {mòf`mbtm app}isubofp uhauibghu uh{maumf uo u}{f s{og{mpp bfuo {mg{mppbof, o{ wo{pm&Psm`bfiàllr, uhbp koon do`}pmp of sm{pofal a}uofoir (ouhm{pàf do`}p of ak}feaf`m"&

Smoslm hatm s{okaklr fmtm{ hae ap i}`h d{mmeoi uo em`bemwhau uo eo wbuh ma`h ioimfu od o}{ lbtmp ap wm eo fow, 8 k}uwm'{m publl }pbfg app}isubofp afe òftmfubofp bfhm{bume d{oi`lopme po`bmubmp bf whb`h o``}saubofp wm{m da{ io{m lbibume, da{io{m emum{ibfme& Bf ouhm{ wo{ep, wm hatmf'u lma{fme how uo}pm o}{ d{mmeoi& O}{ em`bpbofp a{m iopulr iaem kr fm`mppburo{ kr a}uho{bur o{ uhm a}uho{bur od sos}la{bur& Wm'tm ma{fmea}uofoir k}u wm hatmf'u lma{fme a}uofoir rmu> wm oflr nfowhow uo dollow& Mtmf iopu od o}{ lmaem{p umfe uo dollow

òftmfubofp afe im{m whbip od uhm g{o}s&Bu'p mpsm`ballr biso{uafu uhau wm lma{f kmà}pm wm'tm alpo

kmòim bfum{òffmùme bf io{m òislmx warp, afe wm'{mlmatbfg lapubfg ebgbual bis{mppbofp uh{o}gh o}{ `hob`mp& O}{em`bpbofp hatm biimebaum mddmùp wm iar fou km awa{m od& Loonau how imimp ps{mae oflbfm> loon au how o}{ `hob`mp a{md{aime kr whaumtm{ hap kmmf iopu sos}la{ bf uhm sapu whaumtm{ bfe}`me uhm iopu smoslm uo `lb`n, whaumtm{ fi up uhm

}pm{ s{ofilm ro} òfebubofme uh{o}gh s{mtbo}p kmhatbo}{p,s}{`hapmp, {mia{np, mu`&

8 Pmm @lar Phb{nr'p ualn of +Gbf, Umlmtbpbof, afe @ogfbubtm P}{sl}p+:huus://www&megm&o{g/0{e_`}lu}{m/phb{nr38/phb{nr38_bfemx&huil


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Bu bpf'u j}pu ako}u `hob`mp wm ianm oflbfm& Loon au ia{nmu {allbmpafe safb`p uhau a{m addmùme io{m kr whau mtm{rofm mlpm bpeobfg uhaf afr okjmùbtm, fof)spr`hologbàl daùo{p&

O}{ uhbfnbfg bf uoo iafr a{map hap kmòim }fumuhm{me d{oi allpmfpm od okjmùbtm tal}m ouhm{ uhaf uhau od iofmr& Bf uhm sapu,em`bpbofp wm{m la{gmlr g}beme kr fm`mppbur, hakbu, afe a}uho{bur&Smoslm ebe uhbfgp kmà}pm uhmr hae uo, o{ uhmr wm{m uole uo, o{

kmà}pm uhmr ò}lef'u biagbfm afr alum{faubtmp&

[mlbgbof s{otbeme uhm òf`msu}al d{aimwo{np do{ iopu po`bmubmpbf uhm sapu& [mga{elmpp od whmuhm{ uhm{m wap a do{ialebpubfùbof kmuwmmf `h}{`h afe puaum a `mfu}{r ago, bfebtbe}alem`bpbofp wm{m io{m lbnmlr uo hatm kmmf addmùme kr s{bf`bslmpafe tal}mp appo`baume wbuh {mlbgbo}p kmlbmd pha{me, mfe}{bfgs{bf`bslmp afe tal}mp {auhm{ uhaf j}pu uhm }fpuaklm `{opp)`}{{mfup od hbgh)u}{fotm{ po`bal u{mfep, a s{mtalmfu auubu}em odsm{pofal mfubulmimfu,2 afe mfelmpp empb{m&

Whau wm fmme a{m kmuum{ warp uo d{aim osso{u}fbubmp afeeb{mù o}{ owf wbll, o}{ owf auumfubof, o}{ owf pmfpm oda}uofoir, o}{ owf em`bpbofp, po uhm {bpnp a{m io{m assa{mfu,afe po io{m od }p àf gmu kmuum{ au ianbfg uhmpm d{aimp krapnbfg kmuum{ q}mpubofp afe ass{oa`hbfg em`bpbofp ap lma{fbfgmxsm{bmf`mp&

Uo im bu pmmip lbnm uhm phbdu bf ibfepmu {ma`hmp all uhm war uouhm auubu}em wm hatm uowa{ep a`hbmtmimfu& Uhbp foubof{mgbpum{me wbuh im adum{ B {mae af bfum{mpubfg a{ub`lm ako}u uhm

{bpn ia{auhofp {}f od kmbfg {}bfme kr uhmb{ owf p}``mpp& A dmwemàemp ago ia{auhof {}ffbfg wap af okp`}{m aùbtbur, fowia{auhofp a{m apuofbphbfglr sos}la{, afe soumfuballr da`m uhms{oklmi od uoo iafr smoslm wafubfg uo sa{ub`bsaum& 13Bu iaem im wofem{ bd uhaup iarkm {ms{mpmfuaubtm od io{mgmfm{al haza{ep wm {bpn {}ffbfg bfuo kr s{oioubfg uhmbiso{uaf`m od kmbfg po agg{mppbtmlr goal)e{btmf afe

2 Jmaf Uwmfgm'p Gmfm{aubof Im (;334" bp a gooe sla`m uo pua{u, afe@h{bpuoshm{ Lap`h'p @}lu}{m od Fa{`bppbpi (1272" bp a gooe {mibfem{ uhauGmfm{aubof R ebef'u bftmfu pmld)akpo{subof&

13 Kbg Ia{auhofp, Al{maer Sa`nme, Iar Publl G{ow, kr J}lbmu Ia`}{ do{ uhmFmw Ro{n Ubimp (Oùokm{ ;8, ;338":


23/112

@oiiof Apsb{aubofp 17

òf`mbtbfg ofmp lbdm ap a pm{bmp od òismububtma`òislbphimfup&

Poim smoslm ibghu wofem{, How ò}le uhm{m km afr ouhm{nbfe od lbdm? Uhm goal)e{btmf lbdm bp p}`h af mppmfubal`ha{aùm{bpub` od o}{ agm uhau wm app}im bu ò}le fmtm{ hatm

kmmf ouhm{wbpm k}u who hae ubim do{ po iafr goalp uwoo{ uh{mm gmfm{aubofp ago?

P}{m, smoslm bf sapu gmfm{aubofp afe agmp `m{uabflr wafume uo

a`òislbph uhbfgp, uhmr hae abip afe aikbubofp, k}u uhmrwm{mfu gobfg adum{ uhmi ap emlbkm{aumlr (o{ a{kbu{a{blr", o{ wbuhp}`h ta{bmur ap wm eo uoear afe uhmr ebef'u hatm ap iafralum{faubtmp mbuhm{&

Whblm uhm{m a{m slmfur od smoslm who {}f ia{auhofp whopbislr i}pu {}f ia{auhofp, uhm{m a{m alpo smoslm do{ whoi{}ffbfg a ia{auhof bp of a lbpu od a wholm k}f`h od uhbfgp uhmrwafu uo a`òislbph au poim sobfu (alofg wbuh sm{hasp, gmuubfga g{ae}aum emg{mm, lma{fbfg uo slar g}bua{, pmmbfg uhm sr{aibep,`lbikbfg a io}fuabf, w{bubfg a koon, {mub{bfg ma{lr, lma{fbfgafouhm{ lafg}agm"&

Whblm B wap w{bubfg uhbp B do}fe af bfum{mpubfg klog sopu kr[okbf Hafpof ako}u wafubfg uo wafu do{mxaislm, wafubfg uo km auu{aùme uo bfumllbgmf`m, ualnbfg ako}u

kmbfg auu{aùme uo bfumllbgmf`m, k}u aù}allr kmbfg auu{aùme uoloonp: Wm wafu whau bp }pmd}l uo }p, k}u wm wafu uo wafu whauianmp }p loon gooe uo ouhm{p& Wm odumf dool o}{pmltmp bfuo

uhbfnbfg uhau whau wm wafu uo wafu bp whau wm eo wafu, afeuhm{mkr alpo odumf dool ouhm{p bfuo uhbfnbfg wmll od }p& 11

Whau iopu smoslm aù}allr wafu a{m aikbg}o}p q}albubmp lbnm{mpsmù, kmlofgbfg, afe pm`}{bur& Bup ebdfi`}lu do{ ma`h od }p uonfow whau o}{ u{}m aikbubof bp& Bup po emms uhau wm iar fou

km aklm uo pmm o{ a{ub`}laum bu& Iarkm {}ffbfg ia{auhofp,ma{fbfg emg{mmp, afe w{bubfg koonp umfe uo km warp bf whb`hwm u{r uo }fem{puafe, emfifm, afe mxs{mpp o}{ u{}m aikbubof

uh{o}gh u{bal afe m{{o{& Bf uhbp pmfpm, goalp a{m {mdm{mf`m sobfup1;

11 [okbf Hafpof, Wafubfg uo Wafu, otm{òibfgkbap&òi (Oùokm{ ;8,;338"&

1; Ka`ng{o}fe tba @hbs Hmauh, [b`ha{e La{{b`n $ Gmo{gm W}, +Goalp ap


24/112


uhm imafp kr whb`h wm appmpp o}{ owf apsb{aubofp> u{rbfg uoa`hbmtm a goal bp uhm war uo fife o}u how wo{uh)whblm bu bp afe a war uo lma{f how uo `hoopm uhm fmxu pmu od goalp&

Uhbfnbfg ako}u uhbp poim io{m, uhmpm goalp a{mfu ako}uwafubfg uo wafu, uhmr{m ako}u hatbfg uo wafu smoslm hatmuo wafu a`òislbphimfup bf o{em{ uo k}ble p}``mppd}l à{mm{pafe mfjor d}lfillbfg lbtmp& S}{p}bfg goalp ap a lbdmpurlm bp fo lmpp(o{ io{m" talbe uhaf ir lbdmpurlm od s}{p}bfg u{}uh&

Uhm a`hbmtmimfu)`mfu{b` po`bmur hap a`òislbphme a lou od g{mauuhbfgp (afe do{ a lou od smoslm, s}{p}bfg goalp bp ap i}`h lbnmk{mauhbfg ap s}{p}bfg nfowlmegm bp do{ im", k}u B wo{{r uhauwm ibghu km {ma`hbfg a sobfu fou j}pu od ebibfbphbfg {mu}{fp,

k}u b{{msa{aklm eaiagm lbnm koerk}blem{p s}isbfguhmimlmpp wbuh pum{obep o{ fifaf`bal mfgbfmm{p s}isbfg uhmb{òisafbmp wbuh poshbpubàume bfpu{}imfup& Ir wo{{r bp uhauuhbp a`hbmtmimfu)`mfu{b` `}lu}{m hap uanmf otm{ a lou od a{mapuhau wm{m of`m la{gmlr o``}sbme kr smoslm who uoon gmf}bfm

s{bem bf eobfg a jok wmll do{ bup owf panm, afe fow wm'{m lopbfga lou od uhm q}albur afe gmfm{aubtm, p}puabfaklm, po`ballr pha{metal}m uhau àim d{oi uhau& 10Hbghm{ me}àubof bp d}ll od smoslm who a{m oklbgme uo gmu

ka`hmlo{p emg{mmp uhmr eofu aù}allr wafu o{ uhmo{mubàllrfmme& Bu hap io{m uo eo wbuh aeibfbpu{aubtm mxsmebmf`m afea`ò}fuakblbur uhaf lma{fbfg: mfo}gh smoslm hatm emg{mmp uhauhb{bfg iafagm{p àf ianm bu a ibfbi}i {mq}b{mimfu, afe ap bu

kmòimp a {mq}b{mimfu do{ io{m jokp, io{m smoslm gmu emg{mmp,afe of bu gomp&

Au af mtmf hbghm{ lmtml, B uanm bu uhau bu bpf'u p}dfi`bmfu uhau}fbtm{pbur s{odmppo{p km mx`mllmfu uma`hm{p, sappbofaum ako}uuhmb{ p}kjmù> ofm i}pu iabfuabf a pumaer àemf`m od s}klbphmea{ub`lmp, g{afup, saumfup, mu` a`òislbphimfup B dma{ au uhmmxsmfpm od io{m gmfm{aubtm nbfep od wo{n, io{m osmf)mfeme{mpma{`h, afe io{m mddmùbtm uma`hbfg&

[mdm{mf`m Sobfup,+ @ogfbubtm Spr`hologr, 08 (1222": s& 72 ) 132&

10 Of uhbp sobfu, [b`ha{e Pmffmuu'p @}lu}{m od uhm Fmw @asbualbpi (;334" afe@ha{lmp Uarlo{'p Ialabpm od Ioem{fbur (1221" a{m mpsm`ballr sobgfafu&


25/112

@oiiof Apsb{aubofp 12

Af mapr {mpsofpm uo ir òislabfup ibghu km uo `bum {mpma{`hphowbfg uhau goalp umfe uo ianm smoslm hassbm{, io{mp}``mppd}l, io{m g{aubfime, mu`& P}{m, k}u smoslm alpo hatm uo lbtmwbuhbf a po`bmur, afe bd uhm po`bmur dablp, hassbfmpp afe p}``mppwbll km ha{em{ do{ mtm{rofm uo fife&

Whau bd uhm agg{mgaum mddmù od po i}`h a`òislbphimfu bpuhau wm w{m`n o}{ po`bmur kr `haffmllbfg uoo iafr smoslmuowa{ep a`òislbphimfup uhmr ebefu {mallr wafu o{ fmme?Iarkm uhm s{oklmi òimp eowf uo a sa{aeox od `hob`m: wbuhuoo i}`h uo `hoopm d{oi, wm àfu mddmùbtmlr `hoopm au all o{au lmapu wm wofu km paubpfime kr afr sa{ub`}la{ `hob`m do{ tm{rlofg&15Fo iauum{ whau wm `hoopm, aliopu mtm{rofm wm immuwbll hatm poimuhbfg kmuum{& Po wm umfe uo dollow uhm `{owe {}phbfg d{oi k}kklm)uo)k}kklm loonbfg do{ uhm iopu po}ghu)adum{ u{oshbmp&

@all bu a p}sm{k}kklm uhm Goal K}kklm& O}{ po`bmur hap psmfuio{m ubim afe mfm{gr of u{oshbmp uhau a{m uouallr emsmfemfu of

emiafe uhaf of pu}dd uhau gmfm{aump afe p}puabfp tal}mbfemsmfemfulr& Uhm fifaf`bal emtapuaubof wmtm wbufmppme bpfouhbfg òisa{me uo uhm bfumllmù}al, ampuhmub`, afe io{alemtapuaubof uhau ibghu rmu o``}{&

Bu'p wapumd}l bd smoslm eo uhbfgp lbnm gobfg ka`n uo p`hool do{ ag{ae}aum emg{mm bf a p}kjmù uhmr eofu mpsm`ballr à{m ako}u bfo{em{ uo j}is }s bfuo a hbghm{ sar g{aem bf af o{gafbzaubofuhau ianmp uhmi ibpm{aklm& Fou mtm{rkoer wafup a ShE, k}u a

lou od smoslm wafu uo km sm{`mbtme ap uhm ursm od sm{pof whoeomp, o{ uhm ursm od sm{pof who àf a`òislbph uhau& A lou odsmoslm {}f ia{auhofp kmà}pm uhmr wafu uo km sm{`mbtme appoimofm who wafup uhau a`òislbphimfu& Iarkm mtm{rofm{mallr wafup poimuhbfg mlpm, k}u mtm{rofm'p kmmf pos{mo``}sbme u{rbfg uo slar uhm ia{nmu&

Fou oflr eomp uhbp soumfuballr k}{emf uhm bfebtbe}alotm{a`hbmtm{'p d}u}{m kr sla`bfg uhmi of a u{maeibll od empb{mea`òislbphimfup, k}u au poim sobfu bu pua{up uo ebibfbph uhm

tal}m bf uhopm mxsm{bmf`mp do{ uhm smoslm who gmf}bfmlr fmmeuo {}f ia{auhofp o{ fmme uo km bftoltme bf {mpma{`h& Uhmr pua{u

15 Ka{{r P`hwa{uz, Sa{aeox od @hob`m (;335"&


26/112

;3 U{}uh, Wbll $ [mlmtaf`m

uo fife uhm{m a{m uoo iafr mlkowp bf uhm war, uoo iafr smoslmòismubfg do{ uhmpm a`òislbphimfup, afe uhm fi mle kmgbfp uodato}{ uhopm who ass{oa`h bu ap a gaim poimuhbfg uo kmwof afe ia{nme ap af a`òislbphimfu kmdo{m iotbfg of uouhm fmxu of uhm lbpu&

Ofm ibghu a{g}m uhau uhaup {malbur uhaup uhm war uhbfgp a{meofm, uhaup whau à{mm{ bp all ako}u Afe uhaup s{m`bpmlr uhms{oklmi& Bup uhm auubu}em uhau bfaump uhm p}sm{k}kklm odwafubfg uo wafu&

Wafubfg uo wafu bp s{ofiuaklm oflr ap lofg ap mtm{rofm mlpmwafup uo wafu uoo& Of`m mtm{rofm mlpm bf uhm ia{nmu pua{upfig}{bfg o}u uhau uhmb{ lbdm bpfu {mallr bis{otme kr uhm mfelmpp{a`m do{ mtm{)g{maum{ a`òislbphimfup, afe smoslm pua{u loonbfgdo{ q}albuaubtm tal}m afe imafbfg kr u}{fbfg award{oi okjmùbtm u{oshbmp, uhmf o}{ wholm d{aimwo{n odapp}isubofp ako}u à{mm{ afe p}``mpp kapme of ouhm{smoslmp e{maip ò}le pua{u uo òllaspm&

Agabf, uhbp `}lu}{al auubu}em hap a`òislbphme a lou, k}u Bbfum{s{mu mtmfup lbnm uhm fifaf`bal `{bpbp afe bup {mlaumeprisuoip (uhm ooe od ualmfu bfuo fifaf`bal fimlep1=afeapu{ofoibàl sar do{ uhm dmw hbghmpu sm{do{im{p whb`h bpf'uòffmùme uo uhmb{ fi{i'p lofg)um{i sm{do{iaf`m afeo{ebfa{r smoslm uanbfg of uoo i}`h {bpn bf uhm hosm odfifaf`bal d{mmeoi" ap pbgfp uhau uhm{m bp a sobfu au whb`h bu àf'us{og{mpp wbuho}u a d}feaimfual {mpmu& 14

Do{ im uhm {mòtm{r wof'u o``}{ }fubl wm'tm iapum{me fmwbemap afe s{aùb`mp do{ mxm{`bpbfg sm{pofal a}uofoir

kmgbffbfg wbuh o}{ òf`msubofp od ioubtaubof&

Do{ emàemp, o}{ me}àubof prpumi afe bfpubu}ubofp hatmapp}ime uhau goalp afe bf`mfubtmp a{m uhm oflr war uo ioubtaumafe {mwa{e smoslm& D{oi uhm fi{pu ear od p`hool smoslm a{m

1= +Dlo`nbfg uo Dbfaf`m,+ Ha{ta{e @{bipof (Iar)J}fm ;338"&

14 Ap da{ ap B nfow, uhm +{mpmu+ òf`msu pua{ume wbuh Jmdd{mr Biimlu au uhmK}pbfmpp do{ Po`bal [mpsofpbkblbur @ofdm{mf`m bf Fmw Ro{n (Fotmikm{ 4,;338"& N}{u Afem{pof afe [b`ha{e Dlo{bea hatm w{buumf koonp of uhmuhmim: [mpmu (;332" afe Uhm G{mau [mpmu (;313" {mpsmùbtmlr&


27/112

@oiiof Apsb{aubofp ;1

ua}ghu ofm uhbfg akotm all: how uo lma{f kr kmbfg ua}ghu {auhm{uhaf uanbfg uhm bfbubaubtm afe lma{fbfg do{ ofm'p pmld&

]fubl wm pua{u me}àubfg smoslm uo ianm uhmb{ owf em`bpbofp, uo{mògfbzm s{oklmip afe osso{u}fbubmp uhau mim{gm d{oio}upbem (o{ bf kmuwmmf, o{ }s d{oi kmlow" mxbpubfg bfpubu}ubofald{aimwo{np b&m& à{bfg ako}u io{m uhaf whau'p of uhm umpuo{ whau a`hbmtmimfup ubim)òfpu{abfme {m`{}bum{p a{m loonbfgdo{ uhaf gmf}bfm lma{fbfg uhmf wm wof'u kmgbf uo aee{mpp uhm{oou h}iaf òfebubofp au uhm ò{m od uhm glokal mòfoib` `{bpbp&

Bf ouhm{ wo{ep, wm fmme uo pua{u lotbfg lma{fbfg afe ianbfguhbfgp kmà}pm bu'p {mwa{ebfg bf bupmld fou bfpumae odkmbfggoal)e{btmf, k}uap wmll ap kmbfg goal)e{btmf& Bu bpf'u ako}u ofmass{oa`h o{ uhm ouhm{, bu'p ako}u fifebfg afe {mg}laubfg ap}puabfaklm kalaf`m&

Wm àf publl hatm goalp, wm àf publl {}f ia{auhofp (iarkm Bwbll poim ear", wm àf publl òismum tbgo}{o}plr do{s{oioubofp afe B `m{uabflr ass{m`baum uhm{m a{m smoslm do{whoi goalp afe a`òislbphimfup a{m ap mppmfubal ap ebpòtm{rafe bffotaubof a{m uo im k}u wm fmme uo ass{m`baum uhau uhmgoalp a{mf'u bfhm{mfulr gooe, bu'p uhm s{o`mpp od auuabfbfg uhmiuhau wm fife po g{aubdrbfg&

Afe wbuh uhau }fem{puafebfg wm àf ualn ako}u uhm nbfep odfof{btal{o}p a`òislbphimfup uhau pàlm afe àf km pha{me bfòiiof soppmppbofp lbnm nfowlmegm, kr whb`h wm àfmfaklm {auhm{ uhaf mx`l}em ouhm{p afe wbuh uhopm, wm

bis{otm o}{ akblbur uo bemfubdr afe emfifm goalp uhau a{m kmuum{,io{m gmfm{aubtm bftmpuimfup do{ }p otm{ uhm lofg um{i&


28/112

5 A Fmw Lbghufbfg [oe

Bf um{ip od }fem{puafebfg ioubtaubof afe uhm `{maubtm s{o`mpp,uhm puagm wm{m au fow pmmip a lou lbnm smoslmp nfowlmegm odmlmù{b`bur bf uhm ibe)18uh `mfu}{r&

Wm hatm slmfur od mx`mllmfu {mpma{`h k}u fo lbghufbfg {oe uo

àsu}{m afe òfe}ù o}{ biagbfaubofp fo mapr war uoa``}{aumlr bfu}bu how ioubtaubof afe `{maubtbur wo{n& Wm{mj}pu pua{ubfg uo u{}lr àsu}{m afe òfe}ù bu& Iopu od o}{òiiof bfu}bubofp publl pu{}gglm tba olem{ ioemlp, afe uhm{mpfo doàl òf`msu ap uo whau `{maubtbur bp, mxaùlr&

Iafr smoslm afe o{gafbzaubofp hatm a tm{r gooe nfa`n do{ioubtaubof afe `{maubtbur, k}u uhmr pmmi uo hatm a`q}b{me bu krl}`n afe eoggme sm{pbpumf`m uh{o}gh u{bal afe m{{o{ {auhm{ uhaf

mxslb`bu }fem{puafebfg& Wm ualn ako}u bu a lou, pha{bfg iafrgooe okpm{taubofp, slaubu}emp, afe um`hfbq}mp, k}u bu publl ml}empa {mallr s{m`bpm mxslafaubof&

Pbibla{lr, òfpbem{ uhau kmdo{m Kmfjaibf D{afnlbfp daio}p nbummxsm{bimfu, mlmù{b`bafp hae emtmlosme a lou od u{b`np do{gmfm{aubfg psa{np, puo{bfg `ha{gmp bf ja{p, afe òfe}ùbfg iblepho`np uh{o}gh g{o}sp od smoslm holebfg hafep, k}u uhm{m waplbuulm ag{mmimfu ap uo whau mlmù{b`bur wap afe how uo s{o`mmewbuh d}{uhm{ bftmpubgaubofp&17

Ap lbghufbfg uo{m uh{o}gh k}blebfgp afe pu{}`n smoslm emae, buppmmibfglr kbza{{m lmasp afe u}{fp wm{m mxslabfme ap uhm wbll odGoe& B{ofbàllr, smoslm u{bme uo wa{e odd puo{ip kr {bfgbfg`h}{`h kmllp whb`h ebef'u wo{n do{ {mapofp wm nfow wmll& Alou od kmll){bfgm{p ebme, afe mtmf adum{ D{afnlbf'p fifebfgp wm{ms}klb`bzme kmllp wm{m publl kmbfg iaem kma{bfg mfg{atbfgp uhauimio{balbzme uhmb{ ibpg}beme afe odumf emaelr s}{sopm& 18

17 Of p`bmfubfi` sa{aebgip, }pbfg D{afnlbf'p wo{n ap af mxaislm, pmm UhoiapN}hf'p Pu{}ù}{m od P`bmfubfi` [mtol}ubofp, (124;": s& 15 ) 1=&

18 Uhm ofumxu}al bfdo{iaubof bp d{oi Shblbs E{ar'p Pumalbfg Goe'p Uh}fem{:Kmfjaibf D{afnlbf'p Lbghufbfg [oe afe uhm Bftmfubof od Aim{bà (;33="


29/112

A Fmw Lbghufbfg [oe ;0

Uhbp pmmip uo km whm{m wm'{m au wbuh h}iaf fau}{m& O}{ bemapafe s{aùb`mp wo{n poimubimp> ouhm{ ubimp uhmr eof'u afeB'i fou p}{m uhbfgp wo{n o}u kmà}pm od o}{ auumisup uo iafagmioubtaubof afe `{maubtbur o{ empsbum uhopm auumisup& B eofuimaf uo ebibfbph uhm im{bup od poim tm{r `{maubtmo{gafbzaubofp afe aeib{aklm bfbubaubtmp, k}u loonbfg auh}iafbur wbuh a wbem{ lmfp, bu loonp lbnm wm{m ibppbfgpoimuhbfg mppmfubal&

Uhbfn ako}u poim od uhm q}mpubofp wm'tm kmmf emalbfg wbuh bfuhm ;1pu `mfu}{r: Whau eo wm eo ako}u p}b`bem koikm{p? Whaueo wm eo ako}u ò{so{aum ò{{}subof? Whau eo wm eo ako}usotm{ur? Whau eo wm eo ako}u ia{nmu b{{aubofalbur uhau hap{m`mfulr òim tm{r `lopm uo }fem{ibfbfg uhm wholm glokalmòfoir? How eo wm fmgoubaum dab{ ag{mmimfup of `lbiaum`hafgm afe u{aem? Whau eo wm eo ako}u ak}pmp od bfumllmù}als{osm{ur law? How àf wm hmls emtmlosbfg ò}fu{bmp wbuho}uò}fum{s{oe}ùbtmlr kmbfg sm{`mbtme ap u{rbfg uo imeelm wbuhafe mxslobu uhmi? How eo wm {mpoltm io{al afe muhbàleblmiiap bf p`bmf`m?

Iafr od o}{ {mpsofpmp uo uhopm q}mpubofp loon uo im a lou lbnm{bfgbfg `h}{`h kmllp bf a lbghufbfg puo{i& Uhmr odumf hatm{mp}lup uhau a{m s{m`bpmlr ossopme uo whau wm wafu, k}u wmnmms eobfg bu afrwar do{ la`n od afr tbaklm alum{faubtmp,sm{smu}aubfg o}{ dalpm bfu}bubofp wbuh bfumllmù}allr lazremum{ibfaubof uo eo poimuhbfg eaiibu!

Bd poimofm òiibup tbolmf`m agabfpu }p wm òiibu {bghu ka`n whb`h kmgmup io{m tbolmf`m bf {mu}{f& Wm fighu ò{so{aumò{{}subof afe tolaublm ia{nmup kr ianbfg io{m {}lmp> io{m{}lmp ianm smoslm lmpp io{allr {mpsofpbklm afe uhmr kmòimmtmf io{m emum{ibfme afe aemsu au mxslobubfg io{mposhbpubàume {}lmp& Wm hafe o}u iofmr uo uhm soo{ afe bu odumfd}{uhm{ ebibfbphmp uhmb{ akblbur afe wbll uo p}sso{u uhmipmltmp&Wm u{r uo sm{p}aem ouhm{p uo aeosu o}{ s{aùb`mp afe kmlbmdpafe bu ianmp uhmi mtmf io{m pumaedapu bf uhmb{p afe tb`m

tm{pa&12

12 Ir òf`m{fp a{m ò{{oko{aume kr uhm {m`mfu watm od sos}la{ koonp ako}ub{{aubofalbur, mpsm`ballr appo`baume wbuh kmhatbo}{al mòfoib`p: @appP}fpumbf afe [b`ha{e Uhalm{'p F}egm (;338", [okm{u Phbllm{ afe Gmo{gm


30/112


Poimwhm{m bf all od uhbp wm i}pu km ibppbfg poim mppmfubalbfpbghu uhau wbll pmmi oktbo}p uo smoslm a `mfu}{r o{ uwo d{oifow& Whm{m àf wm loon do{ bemap uo g}bem }p a lbuulm io{mmddmùbtmlr? Whau'p o}{ lbghufbfg {oe do{ `{maubtbur afeioubtaubof?

Anm{lod'p Afbial Psb{bup (;332", Eaf A{bmlr'p S{mebùaklr B{{aubofal (;338",afe Pwar kr O{b afe [oi K{adiaf (;338"&


31/112

= Uhm Wmk ap a War od

]fem{puafebfg

O}{ uoolp, aùbtbubmp afe p}{{o}febfgp lbum{allr uma`h }p how uouhbfn&;3Wm òfpuafulr akpo{k imuasho{p afe biagmp uhau go ofuo bfdo{i o}{ bfu}bubof afe {mapof& ;1

Ap lbdm afe wo{n gmu io{m fmuwo{nme afe erfaib` tba uhmWmk, o}{ oflbfm aùbtbubmp alpo s{otbem fmw imuasho{p do{ianbfg pmfpm od uhm mim{gbfg pu{}ù}{mp afe prpumip& Uhm wmkbp kmòibfg a kmuum{ ioeml do{ }fem{puafebfg olem{ apsmùp oduhm wo{le uhau publl kadm }p òislmx apsmùp lbnm ioubtaubof,`{maubtbur, afe òfp`bo}pfmpp&

Emiofpu{aubfg ir sobfu kmpu bp uhm òf`msu od imimp& Pmtmfo{ mbghu rma{p ago uhm um{i wap fofpmfpbàl uo iopu smoslm Bnfmw& ]flmpp ro} hae {mae [b`ha{e Eawnbfp ;; ro} s{okaklrwo}le hatm {abpme af mrmk{ow au uhm p}ggmpubof uhau bemap a{mlbnm gmfmp, pmlmùme afe {ms{oe}`me uh{o}gh `}lu}{m, }pbfg }pap à{{bm{p uo iabfuabf uhmb{ owf p}{tbtal& K}u uhmf Ebgg ,Ro}U}km, Uwbuum{ afe uhm {mpu àim alofg, afe p}eemflr uhmbema ianmp bfu}bubtm pmfpm uo af mfub{m gmfm{aubof wbuh ka{mlrafr mxslafaubof au all&

Fow, fou oflr bp imim a iabfpu{mai òf`msu, k}u smoslm a{m

}pbfg uhm òf`msu uo ianm io{m slaudo{ip afe asslbàubofp uhauwo{n of uhau paim s{bf`bslm& Wbuh uhmpm fmwm{ asslbàubofpwmll gabf io{m mlako{aum imuasho{p afe ioemlp d{oi uhopm,afe po of& D}{uhm{, uhmpm assp a{m dm{ublm g{o}fe do{ {mpma{`h krafuh{osologbpup, po`bologbpup, spr`hologbpup, afe ouhm{ po`bal

;3 Pmm Mbfpumbf'p @lo`np, Sobfà{'p Iasp (;330" kr Smum{ Galbpof do{ a pmfpm odhow ;3uh `mfu}{r p`bmf`m wap addmùme kr 12uh `mfu}{r um`hfologr, m&g& tba

Mbfpumbf'p mxsm{bmf`m wo{nbfg bf uhm saumfu odfi `m&;1 Pmm Gmo{gm Lanodd $ Ia{n Johfpof'p Imuasho{p Wm Lbtm Kr (1283"& Do{

poimuhbfg io{m {m`mfu afe òis{mhmfpbtm {mae Pumtmf Sbfnm{'p Pu}dd odUho}ghu (;337"&

;; [b`ha{e Eawnbfp, Uhm Pmlfiph Gmfm (1274"&


32/112


p`bmfubpup&;0

Uhm Wmk gmfm{aump iappbtm aio}fup od ha{e eaua&Io{m uo uhm sobfu, bup eaua uhaup al{maer ebgbubzme do{ afalrpbpafe tbp}albzaubof& Wm àf }pm bu bf iafr io{m mddmùbtm warp,afe bu eompfu hatm uo km iaf}allr mfum{me bfuo a fmw prpumido{ ma`h psm`bfi` }pm&

Kmrofe uhau, ap wm al{maer nfow, uhm nfowlmegm uhau iar{mp}lu d{oi all uhau {mpma{`h àf km io{m {maeblr a``mppme krafrkoer, ap bup io{m mapblr pma{`haklm afe uhm{mp aò{{mpsofebfg u{mfe uowa{ep osmf a``mpp jo}{falp afe ouhm{alum{faubtmp uo òftmfubofal s}klbphbfg&

Afe bu bpfu j}pu uoearp {mpma{`h wm{m gabfbfg io{m a``mpp uo>wm{m alpo gmuubfg `lopm uo uhm mfub{m hbpuo{r od h}iafnfowlmegm, {bghu au o}{ fifgm{ubsp& Adum{ all, eaua eompfu umlluhm wholm puo{r> poimubimp bu s{mtmfup }p d{oi pmmbfg uhm do{mpudo{ uhm u{mmp& Uanbfg a pums ka`n uo pmm whau smoslm uho}ghu afew{oum ako}u h}iaf d}feaimfualp 133 rma{p ago, ;33 rma{p ago,;333 rma{p ago (kmà}pm poim uhbfgp wbll fmtm{ `hafgm" àf km

tm{r d{}bud}l, bd fou mppmfubal&Afe uhm{mp ofm io{m daùo{ wm àfu do{gmu: bu bpfu j}pu uhm eauaafe bemap uhau a{m òffmùme, wm{m òffmùme& Kmuum{ warp uoòftm{pm afe òllako{aum k{bfg uhm ouhm{ uh{mm emtmlosimfupuogmuhm{ mtmf io{m {b`hlr, ianbfg uhm soppbkblbubmp do{ lma{fbfglbum{allr }fbiagbfaklm& Uhm Wo{le Wbem Wmk wap alwarpbfumfeme uo km a slaudo{i do{ òffmùbfg nfowlmegm afe bemap

kr òffmùbfg smoslm&;5

Uhbp awmpoim fmw war uo wo{n afe lma{f s}up }p bf a wo{le odak}feaf`m afe a}uofoir uhau òismlp }p uo `{maum aikbubo}pfmw bemap afe s{aùb`mp& Uhbfnbfg od @lar Phb{nr'p wmll nfowf`labi uhau wm a{m lbtbfg bf uhm ibeelm od uhm la{gmpu bf`{mapm odmxs{mppbtm àsakblbur bf uhm hbpuo{r od uhm h}iaf {a`m, ;= B hatmuo wofem{ mxaùlr whau bu bp wm'{m all mxs{mppbfg&

;0 I}`h od uhm {mpma{ h uhau wmfu bfuo Fb`holap @h{bpuanbp afe JaimpDowlm{'p {m`mfu koon ako}u uhm mddmùp od po`bal fmuwo{np, @offmùme (;332",wap eofm of Da`mkoon&

;5 Ubi Km{fm{p)Lmm, Wmatbfg uhm Wmk (1222",

;= @lar Phb{nr, Hm{m @oimp Mtm{rkoer (;338": s& 134&


33/112

Uhm Wmk ap a War od ]fem{puafebfg ;7

Ir hosm bp uhau wm'{m alpo bf ofm od uhm iopu s{odo}feshbloposhbàl u{afpdo{iaubofp ap wmll& @ofpbem{ how uhm Wmk bphmlsbfg `{maum a `}lu}{m bf whb`h wm'{m òido{uaklm wo{nbfg,lma{fbfg, afe lbtbfg bf {mal)ubim> wm'{m +akafeofbfg puo`np uomik{a`m owp+>;4 wm'{m lma{fbfg uo uhbfn bf kmua, bis{otbfg uhms{o`mpp {auhm{ uhaf hosmlmpplr u{rbfg uo sm{dmù mtm{r s{oe}ù& ;7Bu bpf'u j}pu uhau uhbfgp a{m `hafgbfg> how uhbfgp `hafgm bp`hafgbfg, afe wm fmme a fmw ioemlp afe toàk}la{bmp uo hmls}p ass{m`baum bu&

Bu wbll all nmms bis{otbfg, ap lofg ap wm nmms ianbfg bu kmuum{&Lbnm afr um`hfologr, uhm Bfum{fmu àf km ak}pme& Bu àf kmwapumd}l, ibplmaebfg mtmf eafgm{o}p& Bu'p alpo uhm kmpu uoolwm hatm do{ fatbgaubfg uhbp hbpuo{bàl u{afpbubof wm'{m lbtbfguh{o}gh& O}{ }fem{puafebfg, lbnm uhm Wmk afe mtm{ruhbfg mlpm,bp a wo{n bf s{og{mpp&

;4 Johf Hagml, Johf Pmmlr K{owf, afe Lafg Eatbpof, +Akafeof Puo`np,Mik{a`m Dlowp,+ HK[ Klogp (Jaf}a{r ;7, ;332":huus://klogp&hk{&o{g/kbgphbdu/;332/31/akafeof)puo`np)mik{a`m)owp&huil

;7 Jmdd Ja{tbp, +S{oe}ù t& s{o`mpp jo}{falbpi: Uhm iruh od sm{dmùbof t& kmua`}lu}{m,+ au k}zzia`hbfm&òi (J}fm 7, ;332"&


34/112

4 ]f`m{uabfur $ Psaubal

Kbap

Bup fau}{al uo u{r bemfubdrbfg a sa{ub`}la{ okjmù ap kmbfg uhmà}pm od poimuhbfg& Wm wafu uo fabl bu eowf afe par, hm{mp uhmà}pm, {bghu hm{m> j}pu fix uhbp afe wm'{m all gooe, o{, hm{m'pwhau ianmp }p òfp`bo}p&&& afe hm{m'p whau pmu uhm }fbtm{pm bfioubof: uhm irpum{r bp poltme of`m afe do{ all!

Rmu, agabf afe agabf, all od uhm à}pmp wm bemfubdr à}pmp oddabl}{m, à}pmp od wa{p, à}pmp od g{mau a`òislbphimfup, à}pmpod fau}{al afe shrpbàl daùp nmms sobfubfg mtmf d}{uhm{ afed}{uhm{ ka`n&

Au poim sobfu ianbfg pmfpm od uhmpm òislmx prpumip gmup uooebdfi`}lu& Bfmtbuaklr bf mtm{r bftmpubgaubof wm puos u{a`bfgà}pal `habfp ka`n bf ubim afe wm pua{u loonbfg au gmfm{alsauum{fp (poimubimp biagbfme ofmp" afe uhmf wm gbtm uhmsauum{f a faim lbnm gooe, mtbl, haum, lotm, g{mme, {mpmfuimfu,alu{}bpi, `hafgm, }f`m{uabfur, `haf`m, o{ poimuhbfg mlpmakpu{aù& Bu'p }fatobeaklm& Poimubimp bu wo{np s{muur wmll> ouhm{ubimp bu eompf'u&

Parbfg uhau mtbl à}pme 2/11 afe g{mme à}pme f}im{o}pfifaf`bal k{maneowfp eompfu mxslabf afruhbfg& Uhmr{m pbislr

faimp wm gbtm sauum{fp od po`bal shmfoimfa& Whmf wm parg{mme à}pme uhm fifaf`bal `{bpbp wm{m pbislr parbfg smoslmp

kmhatbo}{ uh{o}gh uhm fifaf`bal `{bpbp bp òfpbpumfu wbuhkmhatbo}{ wm òftmfbmfulr umfe uo àumgo{bzm ap g{mmer&

Bu'p uhm bfebtbe}al mtmfup uhau a{m {mpsofpbklm, fou uhm àumgo{bmpwm }pm uo ianm pmfpm od uhmi& Rmu wm hatm uo aù of uhm bemapwm hatm, po wm a``msu uhmi afe gmu of wbuh bu howmtm{bism{dmù uhmr iar km au lmapu }fubl wm àf òim }s wbuh

kmuum{ mxslafaubofp&K}u uhmf wm'{m publl lmdu wbuh q}mpubofp ako}u uhm à}pmp od

kmhatbo}{ uhau'p g{mmer, alu{}bpub`, mu`& Uhmpm o}ghu uo km lmdu uopsm`balbzme {mpma{`hm{p uo afpwm{ p`bmfubfi àllr& ]fdo{u}faumlr


35/112

]f`m{uabfur $ Psaubal Kbap ;2

wm àfu addo{e uo wabu do{ uhmb{ afpwm{p& Solbubàl afe mòfoib`q}mpubofp fmme uo km aee{mppme wbuh uhm kmpu nfowlmegm wmhatm fow& Wm hatm uo s{o`mme wbuh uhm bism{dmù nfowlmegmwm hatm&

Afe wm wafu uo s{o`mme wbuh o}{ bism{dmù nfowlmegm&Whmuhm{ ofm umfep uo uanm aùbof o{ umfep uo {m mù of bemap,wm àf'u puos o}{pmltmp d{oi kmlbmtbfg poimuhbfg& Uhm{mp fmtm{a ioimfu wm{m fou eobfg o{ ianbfg uhbfgp, afe wm'{mòfpuafulr mxsm{bmf`bfg ta{bo}p dmmlbfg od auu{aùbof afe{mt}lpbof, empb{m afe ebpg}pu& Afe uhmf uhm{m a{m mtmf io{m

kapb` s{o`mppmp wm uanm do{ g{afume&

Uhbfgp a{m alwarp hassmfbfg& [bghu fow wm{m kouh k{mauhbfg,o}{ hma{up a{m s}isbfg oxrgmf d{oi o}{ l}fgp uo o}{ k{abfp,ianbfg p}{m o}{ fm}{ofp fi{m dapu mfo}gh uo u{afplaum uhm lbghuhbuubfg o}{ mrmp bfuo biagmp afe wo{ep, addmùbfg o}{ pu{maip oduho}ghu afe bf}mf`bfg o}{ bemap&

Mtmf whmf wm ebm uhm{m a{m s{o`mppmp od emàr o``}{{bfg&Imafwhblm uhm slafmu iotmp bf o{kbu whblm uhm k}{fbfg p}fmtaso{aump {btm{p afe pmap whb`h òfemfpmp bfuo `lo}ep uhau a{m

klowf kr wbfep }fubl `hafgbfg umism{au}{mp {mlmapm {abf uhaudallp uo fill {mpm{tob{p afe pu{maip afe fo}{bph uhm slafup uhaugmfm{aum uhm oxrgmf uhau `b{`}laump uo o}{ k{abfp po wm àfuhbfn ako}u uhmpm uhbfgp&

Uhbfn od a whb{lsool uhau do{ip otm{ a e{abf afe sm{pbpup aplofg ap waum{ òfubf}mp uo ow bfuo bu& Fow uhbfn od uhm paim

po{u od ioubof o``}{{bfg bf a h}{{bàfm pmmf d{oi Psa`m, o{ uhmG{mau [me Psou pmmf of J}sbum{'p p}{da`m& ;8 Wm uhbfn afe ualnako}u uhmpm puaklm, fofmq}blbk{b}i o{em{me prpumip ap bd uhmra{m sm{iafmfu, ebp`{mum okjmùp ap bd uhmr ò}le mxbpubfemsmfemfulr k}u uhmb{ mxbpumf`m emsmfep of ofgobfgo``}{{mf`mp: mfm{gr afe iauum{ owbfg kouh bfuo afe o}u oduhmi&

P}`h fofmq}blbk{b}i o{em{me prpumip, àllme ebppbsaubtm

pu{}ù}{mp, a{m tm{r òiiof bf o}{ wo{le& Blra S{bgogbfm wapawa{eme uhm 1277 Fokml S{bzm bf @hmibpu{r do{ hbp {mpma{`h of

;8 Pu}a{u Na}ddiaf, Au Hoim bf uhm ]fbtm{pm (122=": s& ;3 ) ;1&


36/112


uhmpm erfaib` prpumip, afe psmfu i}`h od uhm {mpu od hbp lbdm}{gbfg uhm k{oaem{ p`bmfubfi` òii}fbur uo ass{m`baum umiso{al`ha{aùm{bpub`p&;2

Umiso{albur bp uo}gh uo d}llr ass{m`baum kmà}pm wm }p}allruanm ubim do{ g{afume& Wm mtoltme uo go wbuh uhm ow whblm

k}blebfg pu{}ù}{mp afe uoolp d{oi all uhm klo`np afe kbup odha{e pu}dd a{o}fe }p& Wm mtoltme uo sm{`mbtm afe phasm uhm{bgbe o}ulbfmp od okjmùp whblm bgfo{bfg uhm aikbg}o}p }xuhaup òfpuafulr o``}{{bfg fou j}pu a{o}fe }p, k}u bf }p (afeap }p" ap wmll&

Iopu od whau wm uanm do{ g{afume bf o}{ po`bal afe mòfoib`{malbubmp a{m mbuhm{ ebppbsaubtm pu{}ù}{mp o{ addmùme (b&m& wbuhbf"ebppbsaubtm pu{}ù}{mp> wm àf ualn ako}u uhmi ap bd uhmr'{m polbeuhbfgp, k}u uhmb{ mxbpumf`m emsmfep of òfubf}o}p o``}{{mf`m&Do{ mxaislm, bd mtm{r mòfoib` bfebàuo{ hrsouhmubàllr puarmeau do{ a rma{, bu wo}le fou km kmà}pm mtm{ruhbfg puossme, buwo}le km kmà}pm od òfpuafu s{oe}ùbof, {mtmf}mp nmmsbfg }s

wbuh mxsmfebu}{mp, pumaer u}{fotm{ od mislorimfu, mu`&Lbnmwbpm, mtmf uhm s{otm{kbal piall uowf whm{m fouhbfg mtm{hassmfp afe uhm sos}laubof puarp uhm paim aù}allr òfpbpup odiafr òislmimfua{r o``}{{mf`mp lbnm uhm {hruhip od uhmpmapofp o{ uhm h}iaf koer&

Mtmfro} afe Ba{m fofmq}blbk{b}i prpumip, òisopme od afep}psmfeme kr i}lubslm ebppbsaubtm pu{}ù}{mp: uhm `mllp bf o}{

koebmp a{m fofmq}blbk{b}i prpumip mx`hafgbfg iauum{ afe

mfm{gr wbuh p}{{o}febfg pu{}ù}{mp, o}{ uho}ghup a{mfofmq}blbk{b}i prpumip> po a{m o}{ òii}fbubmp, o}{o{gafbzaubofp, afe o}{ mòfoibmp& Bd bu wapf'u do{ mtmfupòfpuafulr o``}{{bfg uh{o}gh afe a{o}fe }p, wm wo}lef'u mxbpuau all afe bd wm ò}le mxbpu (akp}{elr" wbuho}u o``}{{mf`m, buwo}le km au uhm mxsmfpm od aùbof, pmfpaubof, ibfe, o{ afrd}u}{m whaupomtm{&

Uhmpm s{o`mppmp a{m po òfpuafu, uhmr'{m po mpuaklbphme, po{mg}la{, wm ha{elr mtmf uhbfn od uhmi ap hassmfbfg& Wm

òftmfbmfulr òf`msu}albzm all uhmpm lbtbfg s{o`mppmp ap puaubùhbfgp& Wm emp`{bkm uhmpm s{o`mppmp ap òllmùbofp od sa{up

;2 M&g& bf S{bgogbfm'p wbemlr atablaklm Mfe od @m{uabfur (1227"&


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]f`m{uabfur $ Psaubal Kbap 01

lbnm sa{up od a à{ uhau àf km nmsu of ògfbubtm phmltmp bf o}{ibfep afe o}{ koonp }fubl wm fmme uo appmiklm uhmi, ofm)kr)ofm, bfuo uhmo{bmp&

Lbnm uhm somu pabe,

O}{ imeelbfg bfumllmùIbp)phasmp uhm kma}umo}p do{ip od uhbfgp:))Wm i}{em{ uo ebppmù& 03

Uhmf wm fife o}{pmltmp pu}`n wbuh puaub` ioemlp uhau eof'uiotm afe g{ow uhm war uhbfgp eo bf {mal lbdm, po wm hatm uoapn, Whau ianmp all od uhmpm s{o`mppmp go? Whaubplbdm?Whau bp alu{}bpi? Whau bp ubim? afe wm {oll }s o}{plmmtmp, à{tbfg awar, loonbfg do{ uhm do{`m o{ sa{ub`lm uhauafbiaump uhm wo{le&

K}u wm{m loonbfg do{ uhm w{ofg uhbfgp& Wm pho}lefu kmloonbfg do{ afr uhbfg au all& Bfpumae wm pho}le {mògfbzm uhau kr

òf`msu}albzbfg lbdm ap af appmiklagm od puaub` sa{up wm'tmoibuume, o{ i}{em{me afe pum{blbzme uhm pbislm daù uhauuhbfgp alwarp hassmf, afe uhm foubof uhau uhbfgp àf mxbpuwbuho}u hassmfbfg bp j}pu a hrsouhmubàl òfpu{}ù uhau bp odumf}pmd}l k}u àf'u alwarp km mxslobume&

Uo gmu a kmuum{ pmfpm uhbp kbap afe whau'p {mq}b{me uo ò}fum{ bu,u{r uo biagbfm uhm piallmpu sa{ub`lmp od iauum{& Bd ro}'{m lbnm im,ro} s{okaklr pua{u kr tbp}albzbfg psaubal do{ip uhau a{makpol}umlr pum{blbzme od umiso{al q}albubmp, afe uhmf ro} hbu uhm

s{otm{kbal OF pwbu`h uo pmu uhmi bf ioubof& Uhm{m bp fomisb{bàl o{ {aubofal j}pubfiàubof do{ uhbfnbfg lbnm uhbp, }flmppwm'{m uhbfnbfg ako}u ia`hbfmp afe ouhm{ uhbfgp wm dak{bàumo}{pmltmp& Mtm{ruhbfg uhau o``}{p bf fau}{m (bf`l}ebfg ro}{owf ibfe" hap kouh psaubal afe umiso{al `ha{aùm{bpub`p> uhm{m'pfo war uo nfow whb`h àim fi{pu&

Bd wm allow o}{pmltmp uo biagbfm s}{mlr psaubal okjmùp empsbumuhm daù wm nfow uhau mtm{ruhbfg hap umiso{al `ha{aùm{bpub`p,

whau hassmfp bd wm u{r uhm òfu{apubfg ass{oa`h? U{rbiagbfbfg uhm piallmpu sa{ub`lmp od iauum{ kr òf`msu}albzbfg

03 Wbllbai Wo{epwo{uh, +Uhm Uaklmp U}{fme> Af Mtmfbfg P`mfm, of uhm PaimP}kjmù+ (1728"&


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s}{mlr umiso{al `ha{aùm{bpub`p fi{pu, afe uhmf gbtm uhmi psaubaldo{i&&& B'i fou p}{m bu'p soppbklm uo pua{u& B àf'u mtmf biagbfm as}{mlr umiso{al `ha{aùm{bpub` wbuho}u fi{pu biagbfbfg psaubaldo{ip&

Do{ hm}{bpub` s}{sopmp, bd wm biagbfm a psmù{}i kmuwmmf s}{mpsa`m afe s}{m ubim (whblm foubfg how wm {mlr of afouhm{psaubal biagm uo eo po", ioubof afe kmòibfg wo}le km bf uhmibeelm od uhau psmù{}i> uhmr a{mf'u eb{mùlr ossopme uo {mpu (o{fixbur" afe kmbfg& Ioubof afe kmòibfg bftoltm kouh ubim afepsa`m, whblm fixbur afe kmbfg a{m akpu{aùbofp au uhm mxu{mim mfeod s}{m psa`m& Ubimlbfmp afe ub`nbfg `lo`np wo}le km bf uhmibeelm od uhm psmù{}i uoo uhopm hatm psaubal `ha{aùm{bpub`p&

Bu'p nbfe od af akp}{e mxm{`bpm k}u alpo af mflbghumfbfg ofm,whb`h tbtbelr emiofpu{aump uhau, ap Hmf{b Km{gpof s}u bu,bfumllmù}albzme ubim bp psa`m&&& uhm mlbibfaubof od ubim bp uhmhakbu}al, fo{ial, òiiofsla`m aù od o}{ }fem{puafebfg& 01

Psm`bfiàllr, B àll uhbp psaubal kbap: o}{ umfemf`r uo d{aimòf`msup bf psaubal um{ip, uhm{mkr ebibfbphbfg uhm biso{uaf`mod lbdm'p umiso{al q}albubmp& Psaubal kbap bp whau lmaep }p uo ianmàumgo{bmp afe uaxofoibmp odumf tm{r }pmd}l ofmp, k}upoimubimp sm{fb`bo}plr do{ uhmb{ owf panm& Psaubal kbap bp whaulmaep }p uo u{mau poim àumgo{bmp afe akpu{aùbofp ap bd uhmr a{m{mal uhbfgp uhau hatm aù}al mddmùp bf uhm wo{le, ouhm{ uhafòf`msu}al ofmp&0;

Whmf wm u{r uo }fem{puafe poimuhbfg addmùme kr òislmx

s{o`mppmp (m&g& òfp`bo}pfmpp, ioubtaubof, `{maubtbur, afemtol}ubof", uhm{m'p a umfemf`r uo psmfe a lou od ògfbubtm mfm{grapnbfg k{oae q}mpubofp ako}u Whr?, How?, afe Whau bp&&&? Odumfp}`h q}mpubofp a{m }fafpwm{aklm au lmapu }fubl kmuum{bfdo{iaubof o{ io{m smfmu{aubfg bfpbghu bp atablaklm& Bf p}`hàpmp, lmu'p j}pu par uhbfgp hassmf kmà}pm ubim mxbpup po wm àfdo`}p of iotbfg do{wa{e afe emalbfg wbuh {mal, s{aùbàl, fbuurg{buur emuablp&

01 Pmm Uhm @{maubtm Ibfe, u{& Iakmllm L& Afebpof (1254": s& 12&

0; Uhbp psm`bfi` dalla`r bp allme {mbfiàubof& Alpo pmm Whbumhmae'p foubof od uhm+dalla`r od ibpsla`me òf`{mumfmpp+ bf P`bmf`m bf uhm Ioem{f Wo{le (12;=,1227": s& =1&


39/112

]f`m{uabfur $ Psaubal Kbap 00

Uhbp bp {o}ghlr whau Km{gpof p}ggmpume a `mfu}{r ago: ubim bpwhau bp hassmfbfg, afe io{m uhaf uhau, bu bp whau à}pmpmtm{ruhbfg uo hassmf&00 Bu'p a emlbkm{aumlr osmf war oda`ò}fubfg do{ uhm tm{r iokblbur od kmbfg 05 o{ uhm daù uhaumtm{ruhbfg bf lbdm (eowf uo uhm piallmpu sa{ub`lm" pmmipòfpuafulr ioubtaume uo appm{u bupmld&

Bu'p biso{uafu fou uo bfum{s{mu uhbp tbual s{bf`bslm ap asopu}laubof od poim nbfe od òpib` do{`m, p}kpuaf`m, o{ uhbfg>bu'p s{m`bpmlr uhm ossopbum: bu'p a nbfe od hm}{bpub` sla`mholem{ wmàf }pm uo s{mtmfu dalpm bemap d{oi pmuulbfg kmdo{m kmuum{bfdo{iaubof bp atablaklm& Ap Km{gpof w{oum, bu iar bfemme foumxslabf i}`h, k}u bu bp au lmapu a po{u od lakml adfixme uo o}{bgfo{af`m, po ap uo {mibfe }p od uhbp o`àpbofallr& 0=

Bu'p uh{o}gh o}{ ebpsopbubofp {ms{mpmfume kr psaubal kbap uhaukouh iaum{balbpi afe tbualbpi hatm kmmf ò{{}sume bfuo}fg{o}feme akpu{aùbofp& Iaum{balbpi odumf emgmfm{aump bfuo a

kmlbmd uhau mtm{ruhbfg i}pu km {me}`me uo puaub` doppblp afe

`halnkoa{e ebag{aip ap bd wm ò}le pmm alu{}bpi }fem{ aib`{opòsm, o{ `}u g{mme o}u wbuh a pàlsml& Tbualbpi odumfemgmfm{aump bfuo a kmlbmd uhau uhm{m'p poim nbfe od psb{bus}phbfg afe s}llbfg mtm{ruhbfg kmhbfe uhm p`mfmp&

Foum uhau uhm wo{e kbap eompf'u bislr uhau bup mddmùp a{mfm`mppa{blr fmgaubtm& Bd bu wapf'u do{ o}{ umfemf`r uo òf`mbtmokjmùp afe sauum{fp ap sm{iafmfu mtmf whmf wm àf'u pmmuhmi (pua{ubfg wbuh Ioiir o{ Eaeer slarbfg sman)a)koo

kmhbfe a klafnmu" uhmf wm wo}lef'u hatm gmoimu{r, iauh, o{mtmf af alshakmu uo wo{n wbuh& Of a io{m òislmx lmtml,wbuho}u psaubal kbap wm wo}lef'u hatm p`bmf`m, {mlbgbof,òiim{`m, o{ lmgal prpumip& All od uhmpm {mq}b{m a pmfpm uhaupu{}ù}{al afe sauum{fbpub` akpu{aùbofp a{m {mallr òf`{mum afesm{iafmfu&

Ir sobfu bp uhau wm pho}le nfow uhm lbibuaubofp afe ebpuo{ubofpòfebubofme kr uhau s{aùb`m afe km osmf uo alum{faubtmp whmfu{rbfg uo }fem{puafe fmw `hallmfgmp afe òislmx

00 Uhm @{maubtm Ibfe, u{& Iakmllm L Afebpof (1254": s& ;&

05 @{maubtm Mtol}ubof, u{& A{uh}{ Ibu`hmll (1211": s& 044&

0= @{maubtm Mtol}ubof, u{& A{uh}{ Ibu`hmll (1211": s& 58&


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s{o`mppmp (m&g& òfp`bo}pfmpp, ioubtaubof, `{maubtbur,sm{`msubofp od imafbfg, lotm"&

Uhbp bp io{m biso{uafu fow uhaf mtm{, ap wm u{r uo }fem{puafea hrsm{)òffmùme wo{le bf whb`h glokal mtmfup slar o}u bf{mal)ubim& Wm àf'u app}im afruhbfg bp fixme afrio{m&

Agabf, ap B p}ggmpume au uhm pua{u od uhbp `hasum{, B u{}pu p`bmfubfi `mxsm{up uo fig}{m mtm{ruhbfg o}u mtmfu}allr, k}u bf uhm imaf ubimwm hatm poim pmtm{m `hallmfgmp uhau a{mf'u gobfg uo wabu, afe a

lou od bisaubmfu bemalbpup s{osopbfg pol}ubofp uhau iar à}pmio{m s{oklmip afe emlarp uhaf uhmr poltm òwm{bfg }fem{uhm psmù{m od mtbl afe pho}ubfg eowf im{m à{bàu}{mp odg{mme {auhm{ uhaf aee{mppbfg {mal, òislmx kmhatbo}{p afeuhmb{ {oou à}pmp&

Kr kalaf`bfg psaubalbzme òf`msup wbuh af mq}allr, emlbkm{aumlrdalla`bo}p foubof uhau uhbfgp a{m à}pme kr uhm mxbpumf`m odubim (B'll àll bu uhm umiso{albpu iaxbi", B'i u{rbfg uo iabfuabfuhm kmfmfiup wm gmu d{oi s}{mlr psaubal app}isubofp whblma`ò}fubfg do{ bfmtbuaklr }f`m{uabf afe {afeoi o``}{{mf`mp&Lbnm Km{gpof, B }pm uhbp ap a po{u od lakml adfixme uo o}{bgfo{af`m&

Foum uhau p`bmf`m al{maer eomp uhbp& Uhbfn od foubofp lbnm}f`m{uabfur afe `haf`m, wbuho}u whb`h wm wo}lef'u hatmgooe }fem{puafebfgp od q}afu}i shrpb`p o{ mtol}ubof& Uhmfoubof uhau uhbfgp hassmf kmà}pm ubim mxbpup bp mppmfuballr agmfm{albzaubof od uhopm foubofp& Bu'p }pmd}l do{ kalaf`bfg o}{

psaubal imuasho{p afe emp`{bsubofp, ap wmll ap fm}u{albzbfg, afesopusofbfg uhm fmme uo bemfubdr psm`bfi`, otm{)pbislbpub`,m{{ofmo}plr fixme à}pmp&

Akotm all, uhm umiso{albpu iaxbi hmlsp nmms mxslafaubofposmf uo fmw bfpbghup do{ ass{m`baubfg uhm erfaib` afe òislmxòfebubofp uhau òfpuafulr {mphasm o}{ wo{le& Wm àf par uhmio{m s{m`bpmlr wm'tm emp`{bkme whau poimuhbfg bp bf psaubalum{ip, uhm lmpp wm nfow ako}u whau bu'p gobfg uo eo> lbnmwbpm,

uhm io{m ua`bulr wm ass{m`baum whau'p hassmfbfg, uhm io{m wmpho}le mxsmù wm'll fmme uo a{ub`}laum bf òf`{mum um{ip&


41/112

7 Wbll uo [mlmtaf`m

Au fo wanbfg ioimfu eo uhm pu{maip od uho}ghu afe dmmlbfgpuos owbfg bf o}{ ibfep& Uhm{m'p alwarp poimuhbfghassmfbfg& Wm'{m òfpuafulr òfpbem{bfg warp uo addmù o}{p}{{o}febfgp, wm òfubf}o}plr òf`mbtm a pmfpm od o}{ d}u}{mpmltmp, afe wm'{m alwarp biagbfbfg aùbofp uhau ibghu ianmuhopm uho}ghup {malbur&

Uhm{m eompf'u hatm uo km a psm`bfi` s}{sopm uo uhmpm uho}ghup>uhmr iar pbislr o``}{ kmà}pm wm àf'u puos uhbfnbfg afedmmlbfg, po wm i}pu uhbfn afe dmml poimuhbfg&

Whmf a pbfglm bema pmmip uo pub`n bf ofm'p ibfe, bu bpfu j}pupbuubfg uhm{m lbnm af bfm{u puofm (afe mtmf a puofm eompf'u j}pu pbu,

k}u bp hmle kr af mq}blbk{b}i od do{`mp"& Sm{pbpumfu afe puaklm

bemap a{m aù}allr {md{mphme afe hmle bf sla`m kr uho}ghuppu{maibfg a{o}fe& Mtmf imebuaubfg of fouhbfg bp fou a`mppaubof od uhbfnbfg k}u {auhm{ a `haffmllbfg od òfp`bo}pfmppbfuo {m`}{{mfu afe {mg}laume sauum{fp (m&g& kr do`}pbfg of uhm

k{mauh"&

Ap ebp`}ppme bf uhm s{mtbo}p `hasum{, uhm daù uhau wm umfe uouhbfn od bemap ap òf`{mum, fixme okjmùp bp e}m io{m uo ògfbubtm

kbap uhaf afr {mal mtbemf`m& Uhbp mppar bp af auumisu uo ò{{mù,o{ otm{òim uhopm uo uhbfn ako}u uhbfnbfg, nfowlmegm,

`{maubtbur, afe ioubtaubof io{m mddmùbtmlr&Bf bupmld, uhbfnbfg àf km a war uo mxsm{bmf`m a pmfpm od mdfià`rafe {mlmtaf`m psm`bfiàllr whmf osso{u}fbubmp bf uhmshrpbàl mftb{ofimfu a{mfu ap a``mppbklm o{ d{}bud}l, b&m& whmfuhm{m bp fouhbfg a{o}fe uo aù of, o{ whmf `b{`}ipuaf`mp a{muoo ebdfi`}lu uo mfgagm bf, o{ whmf poim bfpbghu hap j}puo``}{{me uhau gmfm{aump uho}ghup uhau a{m io{m òismllbfg uhafwhau'p hassmfbfg bf uhm {mal wo{le&

Of afouhm{ lmtml, uhm{m pmmip uo km a fau}{al umfemf`r do{smoslm uo bfum{s{mu mtmfup ap kmbfg io{m {mlmtafu uo ofm'p pmlduhaf whau ibghu aù}allr km uhm àpm (mpsm`ballr bd o}uòimp a{msopbubtm"&


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P}`h pmld)`mfu{mefmpp bp }fem{puafeaklm, gbtmf uhau wm{mma`h b{{miotaklr sla`me, mppmfuballr, au uhm `mfu{m od o}{ owf}fbq}m wo{le (o{ d{aim, o{ ho{bzof, o{ whaumtm{ ro} wafu uoàll bu"& Iopu od whau ro} mxsm{bmf`m eomp hatm poimuhbfg uo eowbuh ro} kmà}pm ro}{m uhm ofm daùo{ uhaup òfpuafulr uhm{m&Ro}{m uhm }p}al p}psmù who hassmfp uo km au uhm p`mfm odtb{u}allr mtm{r mtmfu ro} mxsm{bmf`m&

K}u wm lma{f uo ass{m`baum uhau mtmf uho}gh wm hassmf uoalwarp km au uhm `mfu{m od mtm{ruhbfg wm mxsm{bmf`m, o}{ wo{lebpf'u uhm{m kmà}pm od }p, o{ do{ o}{ panm& Wm }fem{puafe uhauuhbfgp hassmf do{ ouhm{ {mapofp, whb`h eofu fm`mppa{blr {mlaumuo }p> k}u uhm{m a{m publl ouhm{ kbapmp s{mtmfubfg }p d{oi ianbfgo}{ mxslafaubofp òislmumlr a``}{aum& Daùo{p lbnm atablakblbur,palbmf`m, afe tbtbefmpp a{m whau emum{ibfm o}{ biimebaummxslafaubofp (whb`h bpf'u uo par wm àf'u lma{f uo gmfm{aum io{mokjmùbtm sauum{fp od uho}ghu uhau hassmf uo km j}pu ap atablaklm,palbmfu, afe tbtbe ap p}kjmùbtm ofmp"& 04

@oftmfubofal ioemlp od ioubtaubof afe `hob`m eofu hafelmuhmpm daùp tm{r wmll& Uhbp bp whm{m uhm Wmk ap a imuasho{

kmòimp io{m }pmd}l& Psm`bfiàllr B }pm uhm òf`msu od{mlmtaf`m mishapbzbfg uhm òffouaubofp òibfg d{oi Googlm'p }pm od{mlmtaf`m ap uhmb{ pàlm do{ {afnbfg wmk sagmp ap aimuasho{ do{ uhm òffmùbofp wm ianm afe uhm imafbfgp wmem{btm d{oi uhmi&

Po`ballr, òiim{`ballr, afe bfumllmù}allr wm òfpuafulr

òfpu{}ù wmkp od òffmùbofp uh{o}gh o}{ lbtmp, u{rbfg uo sla`mo}{pmltmp whm{m uhm òffmùbofp hatm uhm g{maumpu òfubf}memddmù, k}u uhm {mp}lup o{ {mapofp do{ o}{ òffmùbofp a{mpmòfea{r fou mfep)bf)uhmipmltmp, k}u {auhm{ imafp uodo{ibfg {mlaubofphbsp wbuh afe aiofg smoslm, okjmùp, afebemap, uhm s{o`mpp od whb`h bp s}{sopmd}l bf bupmld&

Bup ap bd wm{m ioubtaume kr a nbfe od wbll uo {mlmtaf`m uhauòismlp }p uo s}{p}m uhm iopu imafbfgd}l {mlaubofphbsp& Mtmfsla`bfg o}{pmltmp bf a sopbubof od òfu{apu, umfpbof,

òismububof, eoibfaf`m, afe p}kibppbof bp a war od kmbfg

04 Uhm aàemib` koon uo {mae bpJ}egmimfu ]fem{ ]f`m{uabfur: Hm}{bpub`p afeKbapmp (128;", kr Eafbml Nahfmiaf, Sa}l Plotb`, afe Aiop Utm{pnr&


43/112

Wbll uo [mlmtaf`m 07

òf`msu}allr o{ ògfbubtmlr {mlmtafu uho}gh sm{hasp fou uhmiopu mddm ubtm war (bf uhm paim war uhau mlmù{b bur wbll owuh{o}gh soo{ òfe}ùo{p, bd soo{ òfe}ùo{p a{m uhm oflrimafp atablaklm do{ òfe}ùbof"&

Uhm òf`msu od wbll uo {mlmtaf`m wap uhm afpwm{ uo a s{oklmiuhau hae okpmppme im of afe odd pbf`m ir ma{lr hbgh p`hoolrma{p: Whau ioubtaump }p? Whr eo wm eo whau wm eo? Whau ianmp}p hassr? B ebefu j}pu wafu af bftmfuo{r od ta{bo}p h}fgm{pafe e{btmp> B wafume uo nfow uhm pm`{mu od h}iaf fau}{m&

A pmòfe rma{ }fbtm{pbur ò}{pm sobfume im uo Fbmuzp`hm afehbp òf`msu od wbll uo sowm{&07 Do{ pmtm{al rma{p B {mdm{{me

ka`n uo uhau ap a s{otbpbofal pol}ubof k}u fou ofm uhau wap}lubiaumlr paubpdrbfg&

Iarkm B wapfu paubpfime kmà}pm B ebefu d}llr g{apsFbmuzp`hmp imafbfg (B'i fou p}{m B eo fow, mtmf"& B umfeme uoòf`mbtm bu wbuh mx`mppbtm otm{uofmp od Hokkmp afeIa`hbatmllb, who uhmipmltmp hae alpo kmmf pbislbfime krbfum{s{mubfg puaumimfup lbnm wa{{m od mtm{r iaf agabfpu mtm{riaf08 uoo fa{{owlr& B lbum{allr uoon sowm{ uo imaf okjmùbtmsowm{ otm{ smoslm afe uhbfgp& Alu{}bpi wap uh}p òf`mbtme apa pmlfiph (afe pmld)em`msubtm" nbfe od aù wbuh a pmlfiphs}{sopm (b&m& B wofem{me bd gooe emmep a{m sm{do{ime bf o{em{uo dmml p}sm{bo{ uo ouhm{p, o{ uo ianm ouhm{p bfemkume do{ d}u}{m

kmfmfiup"&

B wap fmtm{ uouallr òffiemfu ako}u uhau pmlfiph do{i}laubof od

h}iaf fau}{m, k}u B alpo wapf'u òido{uaklm {mjmùbfg (o{ mtmfbgfo{bfg" bu im{mlr kmà}pm bu wap }fslmapafulr `rfbàl& B wappubll tm{r i}`h osmf uo uhm soppbkblbur uhau smoslm gabfpoimuhbfg kr kmbfg alu{}bpub`> B {md}pme uo a``msu uhm klbfelrosubibpub` dafuapr uhau poim smoslm a{m odumf j}pu fb`m afe gooe(whblm ouhm{p a{m j}pu mtbl" wbuho}u apnbfg q}mpubofp ap bd fomxslafaubof wo}le km fmmeme o{ mtmf wafume&

Ap ir uhbfnbfg iau}{me (afe ap B aù}allr {mae io{m od

Fbmuzp`hm afe u{bme uo }fem{puafe whau hm w{oum, {auhm{ uhaf

07 Pmm Fbmuzp`hmp Kmrofe Gooe $ Mtbl, mpsm`ballr pmùbofp 10 $ 04&

08 Uhoiap Hokkmp, Lmtbauhaf (14=1, 128= Smfg}bf": s& 18=&


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j}pu aeo{fbfg ir uho}ghup wbuh ibpass{os{baume Fbmuzp`hmafplogafp", B kmgaf uo {mlr lmpp of otm{)pbislm eb`houoibmp (lbnmgooe)mtbl, pmlfiph)}fpmlfiph"> B pua{ume ir owf auumisu au a{mtal}aubof od all tal}mp abime au gmuubfg kmrofe gooe $mtbl&

Uhm s{oklmi wbuh uhm pbislbfime gooe)mtbl a`ò}fup od h}iaffau}{m bp uhau uhmr bgfo{m i}`h od lbdmp umiso{al apsmù& Uhmru{mau smoslm ap ha{e, fixme, wmll)emfifme im`hafbàl }fbup, afeof`m wm òf`msu}albzm smoslm uhbp war, wm dmml òismllme uoauu{bk}um bfhm{mfu, sm{iafmfu q}albubmp& K}u o}{ kmhatbo}{ bpaddmùme kr all nbfep od erfaib`, ofgobfg, p}kjmùbtm s{o`mppmpafe bfum{aùbofp uhau a{m ebdfi`}lu uo emfifm afe òfu{ol, afe wmpho}le km s{msa{me uo aeasu o}{ òf`msubofp a`ò{ebfg uomtmfup slarbfg o}u otm{ ubim&

Po B pu}iklme of uhm um{i {mlmtaf`m uo {msla`m sowm{& Bfir o{bgbfal foumkoon mfu{r d{oi Ia{`h 1, ;33=, B emfifme uhbp}fbfime bema od ioubtaubof, uhm wbll uo {mlmtaf`m, ap uhm

umfemf`r od bfebtbe}alp bp uo sm{pbpu uo af (}fnfowf" mfe odiaxbi}i po`bal {mlmtaf`m smm{)lmtml òffmùbofp&

Googlmp pma{`h mfgbfm aùp ap a imuasho{ do{ uhbp uhmo{r uhmpaim war uhau im`hafbàl mfgbfmp s{otbeme imuasho{p do{ma{lr ;3uh `mfu}{r spr`hologr, afe, do{ uhau iauum{, uhm paimwar uhau olem{ òis}ubfg toàk}la{bmp bf uhm ibe)uo)laum ;3uh`mfu}{r s{otbeme imuasho{p do{ ògfbubtm spr`hologr&

A pbump {afnbfg bf Googlm bp addmùme kr how iafr lbfnp bu hap

uo bu& Uhm io{m lbfnp, uhm io{m biso{uafu bu bp p}ssopme uo km mpsm`ballr whmf uhopm lbfnp òim d{oi pbump uhau alpo {afn hbgh

kr auu{aùbfg a lou od lbfnp uhmipmltmp& 02 Po a p}kpuafubal apsmùod eobfg uhbfgp oflbfm bftoltmp gmfm{aubfg ap iafr lbfnp uo afed{oi ro}{ pbum ap soppbklm, whb`h imafp òfpuafulr }seaubfguhm pbum wbuh òfumfu uhau smoslm wbll fi fe }pmd}l&

Bu bpfu aluogmuhm{ ebddm{mfu d{oi whau B p}psmù Fbmuzp`hm imafu bu mppmfuballr imafp osubibzbfg pmld)appm{ubof k}u

02 O}ulbfme kr La{{r Sagm $ Pm{gmr K{bf (wbuh uhmb{ uhmpbp aetbpo{p, [ajmmtIouwafb $ Um{{r Wbfog{ae" bf +Uhm Sagm[afn @buaubof [afnbfg: K{bfgbfgO{em{ uo uhm Wmk+ (1228", au huus://bls}kp&puafdo{e&me}:8323/5;;/1/1222)44&sed


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{mlmtaf`m `hafgmp uhm òffouaubofp d{oi eoibfaubof afeòfu{ol (whb`h hatm d}{uhm{ kmòim uoo pau}{aume kr im`hafbàlimuasho{p", uo poimuhbfg io{m o{gafb` lbnm òffmùmefmpp afeimafbfg&

Ibfe ro}, òffmùmefmpp afe imafbfg iar hassmf uoiafbdmpu uhmipmltmp ap eoibfaubof afe òfu{ol, k}u uhmr eof'uhatm uo& @offmùmefmpp iar alpo iafbdmpu bupmld ap alu{}bpi,afe poimubimp bu àf o``}{ tba prisauhr, o{ `}{bopbur, o{biagbfaubof do{ mxaislm, òibfg }s wbuh mxslafaubofp do{

kmhatbo}{, ianbfg s{mebùbofp, afe {mhma{pbfg do{ afub`bsaumemtmfup& Uhm nmr bp uhau mtm{ruhbfg a sm{pof eomp g{atbuaump, o{ bpòfe}ùme uowa{ep osubibzbfg o}{ sm{pofal pmfpm od a}uofoirafe pmld)appm{ubof o{, uo sa{ash{apm uhm ]&P& A{ir'p ole{m`{}bubfg plogaf, wm'{m all j}pu u{rbfg uo km all wm àf km&

Bu'p uo}gh uo ass{m`baum uhm s{o`mpp kmà}pm a sm{pof'p puaum odkmbfg bp alwarp kmòibfg poimuhbfg mlpm& Wm'{m alwarpo``}{{bfg& Bu'p ebdfi`}lu uo àsu}{m afe òftmr uhbp wbuh wo{ep

afe biagmp& Ta{bo}p shbloposhm{p gobfg all uhm war ka`n uoG}auaia K}eeha, Lao Uz}, afe Hm{a`lbu}p hatm u{bmemxslabfbfg uhau kmbfg bp kmòibfg, k}u uhmpm umiso{almxslafaubofp fmtm{ pmmi uo pub`n& O}{ psaubal kbap nmmspe{awbfg afe af`ho{bfg }p uo fixme òf`msup& O}{ imuasho{pmtmfu}allr dabl> uo ass{m`baum kmbfg)ap)kmòibfg wm hatm uos{aùb`m }pbfg o}{ owf bfu}bubof afe j}egmimfu&

Do{u}faumlr mtm{rkoer àf okpm{tm uhm s{o`mpp bfum{fallr

(alkmbu wbuh ta{rbfg emg{mmp od a``}{a`r"> wm all mxsm{bmf`m do{o}{pmltmp how poimuhbfg ebdfi`}lu o{ odd)s}uubfg ofm ioimfuàf kmòim pbislm afe empb{aklm tba a dmw bfum{tmfbfguho}ghup afe mxsm{bmf`mp (bf`mfubtmp, {hmuo{b`, {aubofalbzaubof afr bfdo{iaubof uhau `hafgmp a pbu}aubof'p `hob`ma{`hbumù}{m o{ fiufmpp lafepàsm53", o``}{{bfg bf uhm ass{os{baumo{em{, afe tb`m tm{pa&

53 +@hob`m a{`hbumù}{m+ bp ko{{owme d{oi Uhalm{ $ P}fpumbf'p F}egm (;338"

{mdm{{bfg uo how osubofp a{m s{mpmfume uo, o{ +d{aime+ do{ smoslm& +Dbufmpplafepàsm+ bp ko{{owme d{oi kbologr, {mdm{{bfg uo smanp afe tallmrp odosubial mtol}ubofa{r fiufmpp& Uhm of`msu o{bgbfaume wbuh Pmwall W{bghu,+Uhm [olmp od I}uaubof, Bfk{mmebfg, @{oppk{mmebfg, afe Pmlmùbof bfMtol}ubof+ (1201"& Alpo òf`mbtme ap +empbgf psa`m+> pmm Ea{wbf'pEafgm{o}p Bema (1221" kr Eafbml Emffmuu&


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Bu'p biso{uafu uo òf`mbtm uhmpm bf}mf`mp fou pbislr ap s}phmpafe s}llp, k}u {auhm{ ap wallp afe `haffmlp uhau eb{mù, òfe}ù,afe {mg}laum o}{ auumfubof afe mfm{gr ap wm iotm uh{o}gh uhmumiso{al wo{le, wbuho}u mtm{ puossbfg& Wm fmtm{ aù d{oi afbfm{u puaum, afe wm fmtm{ da`m a `hob`m od eobfg poimuhbfgtm{p}p eobfg fouhbfg> wm'{m òfpuafulr, `}{{mfulr bf uhm s{o`mppod eobfg o{ uhbfnbfg poimuhbfg, afe uhm `hob`m bp alwarpaiofg ebddm{mfu warp uo eb{mù o}{ auumfubof afe mfm{gr whb`h bf a lou od àpmp imafp u}{fbfg o}{ auumfubof bfwa{ep, uo

o}{ owf uho}ghup afe puo{bmp, whb`h wm wo{n otm{ }fubl afass{os{baum uho}ghu o{ `b{`}ipuaf`m òismlp }p uo eb{mù o}{mfm{gr ka`n o}uwa{ep agabf&

Whau òismlp }p uo eo ofm uhbfg {auhm{ uhaf poimuhbfg mlpm bpuhm {mlaubtm ebddm{mf`m bf uhm dmmlbfgp od sm{pofal mdfià`r wm dmmlgobfg bfuo uhm em`bpbof& Bf ouhm{ wo{ep, bu'p ap bd wm fmme uo kmòfpuafulr {mibfeme wm mxbpu, afe uhm war wm a`òislbph uhaubp uo òfpuafulr eo uhbfgp afe ianm òffmùbofp uhau s{oe}`mmtbemf`m od o}{ owf mxbpumf`m& Wm ianm `hob`mp uhau osubibzmuhm s{okakblbur od òfubf}bfg uo dmml {mlmtafu afe mddmùbtmuh{o}gh uo uhm fmxu bfpuafu uhm war }be afe mlmù{bàl`}{{mfup alwarp iafagm uo fife whb`hmtm{ {o}um osubibzmpuhmb{ow&

Uhm foubof od mdfià`r wap o{bgbfallr k{o}ghu do{wa{e krspr`hologbpu [okm{u Whbum bf a `lappb` a{ub`lm of whau hm àllmemddmùaf`m ioubtaubof& Whbum do`}pme of `hble{mf afeafbialp mfgagme bf mxslo{aubof afe slar& Hm emum{ibfme d{oi

mxbpubfg mxsm{bimfup afe okpm{taubofp uhau ioubtaubof bf uhopmaùbtbubmp àfu km }fem{puooe bf um{ip od s{bia{r e{btmp(òf`msubofp B wo}le ebpibpp ap uoo p}kjmù uo psaubal kbap"& Hmiaem a àpm do{ òf`mbtbfg ioubtaubof ap io{m od a s{o`mpp bfwhb`h uhm p}kjmù bfum{aùp wbuh ofmp mftb{ofimfu&

Bd afruhbfg bp kmbfg paubpfime bf uhbp s{o`mpp bup o}{ bfu{bfpb`fmme uo dmml mddmùbtm afe k}ble òismumf`m& Uhm wholm foubofu}{fp of uhbp bfpbghu: Emalbfg wbuh uhm mftb{ofimfu imafp

à{{rbfg of a òfubf}bfg u{afpaùbof whb`h g{ae}allr `hafgmpofmp {mlaubof uo uhm mftb{ofimfu& Kmà}pm uhm{m bp foòfp}iiauo{r `lbiax, paubpdaùbof hap uo km pmmf ap lrbfg bf a


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òfpbem{aklm pm{bmp od u{afpaùbofp, bf a u{mfe od kmhatbo}{{auhm{ uhaf a goal uhau bp a`hbmtme&51

Bup af oktbo}p s{m`memfu uo Ibhalr @pbnpzmfuibhalrbp fow)wmll)nfowf òf`msu od ow, whb`h {mdm{p uo uhm s{o`mpp od

kmbfg d}llr akpo{kme bf a `hallmfgbfg)rmu)eoaklm aùbtbur uhau{mq}b{mp òf`mfu{aubof afe pnbll k}u pmmip mddo{ulmpp, bftoltmpgoalp, afe gmfm{aump òfpuafu dmmeka`n afe g{owuh&

@oislmimfubfg kouh mddmùaf`m afe ow bp uhm foubof od

bfu{bfpb` ioubtaubof o{ io{m psm`bfiàllr pmld)emum{ibfaubof uhmo{r emp`{bkme kr Mewa{e Em`b afe [b`ha{e[raf& Ap wbuh uhm bemap od Whbum afe @pbnpzmfuibhalrb, uhmfmme do{ òismumf`m bp mppmfubal bf pmld)emum{ibfaubof uhmo{r&Em`b afe [raf mishapbzme uhm biso{uaf`m od sm{pofala}uofoir b&m& uo {mògfbzm uhau o}uòimp {mp}lu d{oism{pofal em`bpbofp, fou d{oi mxum{fal bfum{dm{mf`m&

Em`b afe [raf alpo bf`l}em uhm fmme do{ {mlaumefmpp, o{o{gafbpib` bfumg{aubof a s{o`mpp od appbiblaubfg d{oi uhmmftb{ofimfu, emtmlosbfg bfum{fal pu{}ù}{mp uh{o}gh a òislmxs{o`mpp od bfumg{aubof afe ebddm{mfubaubof, afe a`òiioeaubfgofmpmld ka`n o}u uo uhm mftb{ofimfu& 5;

Au fi{pu glaf`m uhmpm uhmo{bmp dabl uo aee{mpp pbgfbfi àfu apsmùpod h}iaf spr`hologr afe kmhatbo}{ òfp`bo}p slaffbfgafe emlbkm{aubof, do{ mxaislm k}u B uhbfn wm àf otm{òimuhmpm assa{mfu bfp}dfi`bmf`bmp kr òfpbem{bfg uhau po)àllmebfum{fal mxsm{bmf`m bp òfubf}o}p wbuh mxum{fal mxsm{bmf`m&

Ap Uhoiap P`hmllbfg s}u bu, uhm ibfe ^bpY a òfp}ibfgo{gaf&50

Wm eof'u hatm uo km o}u bfum{aùbfg bf uhm wo{le uo mxsm{bmf`m{mlmtaf`m (uho}gh whmf uhm osso{u}fbur bp {maeblr atablaklm, buumfep uo km uhm iopu mddmùbtm war", kmà}pm wm àf {mibfbp`mafe {mo{gafbzm o}{ uho}ghup uo iabfuabf a pmfpm od {mlmtaf`m

51 [okm{u Whbum, Ioubtaubof {mòfpbem{me: Uhm òf`msu od òismumf m,

Spr`hologbàl [mtbmw, 44 (Pmsumikm{, 12=2"&5; Pmm @hasum{ = od Em`b $ [raf'p Bfu{bfpb` Ioubtaubof afe Pmld)Emum{ibfaubof

bf H}iaf Kmhatbo{ (128="&

50 P`hmllbfg, +Uhm Ibfe Ap a @ofp}ibfg O{gaf,+ s}klbphme bf @hob`m afe@ofpmq}mf`m (1285"&


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empsbum uhm akpmf`m od mxum{fal pubi}lb& Whmf mxum{fal`b{`}ipuaf`mp a{mf'u paubpdrbfg o}{ fmme uo dmml mddmùbtm afe{mlmtafu, wm iar publl nmms o}{pmltmp o``}sbme kr {m)bfum{s{mubfg o}{ imio{bmp afe do{ibfg fmw appo`baubofp bf o}{ibfep&

Wm {mibfe o}{pmltmp od uhbfgp uhau hassmfme uo }p bf uhm sapu,wm afub`bsaum uhbfgp uhau ibghu hassmf uo }p bf uhm d}u}{m, afewm òf`mbtm puo{bmp afe {mapofp uhau sla`m uhbfgp bf {mlaubof uoma`h ouhm{ afe o}{pmltmp bf {mlaubof uo uhmi afe wmemtmlos a pmfpm od o}{pmltmp ap kmbfg {mlmtafu uh{o}gh puo{bmpafe uhmo{bmp uhau wm òfpuafulr iabfuabf uo appbiblaum afea`òiioeaum fmw mxsm{bmf`mp&

Kouh bfu{opsmùbof afe misb{bàl {mpma{`h bfebàum uhaueare{maibfg afe ouhm{ ògfbubtm mxsm{bmf`mp àf dmml apd}lfillbfg ap {mal mtmfup& Eaf A{bmlr afe Ib`haml Fo{uofe}kkme uhbp s{o`mpp òf`msu}al òfp}isubof, emp`{bkbfg bu appo òismllbfg uhau smoslm a{m mtmf wbllbfg uo pa`{bfi`m uhm

q}afubur afe q}albur od {mal, shrpbàl òfp}isubof do{ uhm panmod a puo{r o{ af bema& Uhmr p}ggmpu pmtm{al mxaislmp: k}rbfglmpp)dato}{me dooe do{ uhm panm od ta{bmur, kmbfg pme}`me krs{oe}ù dmau}{mp uo k}r bis{aùbàl emtb`mp, fou {msmaubfgpsm`bal mxsm{bmf`mp do{ uhm panm od s{mpm{tbfg imio{bmp, dmmlbfgebpg}pu e}m uo biagbfme òfuaibfaubof, `ha{buaklm gbtbfg, afeuh{bll)pmmnbfg&55

Mtmf p}b`bem fiup bfuo uhbp ioeml5= ir bfum{s{muaubof od bu, au

lmapu (sm{hasp fou A{bmlr $ Fo{uof'p foubof od òf`msu}alòfp}isubof, whb`h B imfubof im{mlr do{ ò{{oko{aubof"& Bu'pbiso{uafu uo òf`mbtm p}b`bem fou ap af ossopbubof o{ emfbal odlbdm, k}u ap a nbfe od ò{{}sume a

truth will & relevance: essays for a generative age

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