truck tyre basics

8/7/2019 TRUCK TYRE BASICS

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MOHD HAIZAL FARIS BIN JAAFAR 57275110036

MOHD SYARIL AZMAN BIN MOHD KHIDZARI 572741100


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John Boyd Dunlop registered this pneumatictyre with the British Patent Office in 1888 and

is therefore generally considered to be itsinventor. Whether he was the first person or the

second to register this patent - the pneumatic

tyre is now an indispensable feature of ourmotorised society.

Complex tyre behavior is a direct result of thetyre construction.


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The two main functions of the tyre, is force

generation in the road plane and suspension

of the vehicle mass. More areas such as comfort, traction and

cornering are take into account when the

combination of components for the tyre is tobe selected and calculated.


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Market surveys carried out in Europe reveal thatnowadays more than three quarters of all freight

is transported by truck.


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It was a further thirty years after the invention of

the pneumatic tyre for the first crossply tyres to

be developed for commercial vehicles. There are very distinct differences in the

construction of radial and crossply tyres.

The carrying air container on crossply tyre is

made from criss crossing layers of rubberizedfabric, in radial tyres it is form by radially running

plies (casing plies) of rubberized cord.


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On firm road surfaces the radial tyre is superior to thecrossply tyre

Its good self cleaning tread pattern; its stiffer sidewalls

also enhance resistance to tipping on vehicles with a highcentre of gravity


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1 Tread strip Material Rubber compound

Function The tread strips has to provide high wear

resistance and good grip under all roadconditions. In some instances the tread

strip combines two different materials(cap and base); the basis is there to

minimise the tread temperature and therolling resistance.

x Pic


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2 Multi-ply steel belt Material Steel cords embedded in rubber

compound Function Enhances driving stability, reduces rolling

resistance and gives the tyre its long

service life. Restricts casing growth andincreases the tyres structural strength.

x Pic


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3 Steel casing Material Steel cord

Function Gives the tyre its structural strength andits deflection characteristics; substantiallydetermines driving comfort.

4 Inner lining Material Rubber compound

Function Major factor in preventing diffusion of airand moisture in tubeless tyre.

x Pic


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5 Sidewall Material Rubber compound

Function Protects from lateral scuffing and theeffects of the weather

6 Bead reinforcement Material Nylon, aramide, steel cord

Function Securing the end of the steel cord ply onthe bead core. Reinforcing the beadagainst high shear forces.

x Pic


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7 Bead core Material Steel wire embedded in rubber compound

Function Ensures the tyre sits firmly on the rim.

x Pic


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Designations on the tyre meet both the USstandard FMVSS 119 and the European standardECE R 54, and refer to tyre characteristics.

Explanation DOT =US Department ofTransportation ETRTO =The EuropeanTyre and RimTechnical

Organisation, Brussels ECE = Economic Commission for Europe (UN

Institution inGeneva) FMVSS = Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard

Code & Name:ECE R54-2005 UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNINGTHE APPROVALOF PNEUMATICTYRES FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ANDTHEIRTRAILERS


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1Manufacturer(brand name or logo)

1aTread patternreference

2Sizedesignation315 = tyre width in mm80 = aspect ratio (sectionheight to section width) =80%R = radial construction22.5 = rim diameter (code)

3Servicedescription

consisting of :154 = load index for singlefitment150= load index for dual fitmentL = code letter for speed rating

Fig

4Countryofmanufacture

5USloaddesignationof single/dual fitment and indicationof max. inflation pressure in psi(1 bar = 14.5 psi)

5a Loadrangein accordance with US standard

6 Dataas perUSsafetystandardon inner construction or number ofplies, in this case

Tread:under the tread there are fivesteel cord plies (including carcass)Sidewall:viewed from the side thereis one steel cord ply (in this case thecarcass ply)


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7TWI (TreadWear Indicator)

8 Recommendedapplicationonly ContinentalTruckTyres

9 RegroovableThe manufacturer has designedthe tyre for regrooving

10TubelessTubeType

Fig

11E= tyres complies withvalueset forth in ECE-R 54

4= country code for thecountry in which theapproval number was issued(here: 4 =Netherlands)

12 DOT

13Manufacturercode:

Tyre factoryTyre sizeTyre model Date of manufacture


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Tread depth The main grooves on truck tyres have to have a tread depth of at least 1 mm,

1.6 mm or 2 mm, depending on the law in each country.

On tyres with wear indicators (TWI =Tread Wear Indicators), the tread depth

should be measured in the grooves where the wear indicators are located.

Tyre inflation Tyre pressure should be checked every 2 weeks, at the latest every 4, on the

cold tyre. Spare tyres must also be checked.

Under inflation leads to

Increased flexing, which makes the tyre overheat and may cause tyrefailure;

Increased wear = shorter service life;

Higher rolling resistance and subsequently increased fuel consumption;

Irregular wear.


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Regrooving Tyres which can be regrooved are designated REGROOVABLEon the sidewall

area.

These tyres feature an additional rubber layer between the belt sector and

the tread grooves, which is currently between 2 and 4 mm depending on thetyre size and tread pattern.

This rubber layer can be used to achieve a longer tyre service life by having thetyre regrooved once the appropriate wear limit is reached on the original

tread pattern. A basic continuous layer of 2 mm must still cover the belt.

Storing tyres Tyres should be stored in cool, dry, dark and moderately ventilated rooms.

Tyres which are not fitted on rims should be stored standing up. Avoid contactwith fuel, lubricants, solvents and chemicals.

Tyres age more quickly if exposed to direct sunlight or heat.

truck tyre basics

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