tropical horticulture - texas a&m university · pdf filemangoes 28,730 pineapple 15,723...

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PineapplesPineapplesFamily Family BromeliaceaeBromeliaceaeGenus Genus AnanasAnanasSpecies Species comosuscomosus

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

ReadingReading

Pineapple Cultivation in HawaiiPineapple Cultivation in Hawaii•• Bartholomew, Bartholomew, RohrbachRohrbach, and Evans, and Evans•• University of HawaiiUniversity of Hawaii•• Cooperative Extension ServiceCooperative Extension Service•• F&NF&N--77•• October, 2002October, 2002•• pdf file on web pagepdf file on web page


Herbaceous Herbaceous PerennialPerennial


Flower descriptionFlower description

InflorescenceInflorescence•• 100100--200 flowers200 flowers

FlowerFlower•• Perfect with floral bractPerfect with floral bract•• Three fleshy sepals and Three fleshy sepals and

petalspetals•• Six stamensSix stamens•• Inferior ovary with 3 Inferior ovary with 3

loculeslocules


Flower descriptionFlower description

Commercial clones Commercial clones are self incompatibleare self incompatible•• Set Set parthenocarpicallyparthenocarpically

–– Only one cultivar Only one cultivar planted in a fieldplanted in a field

•• Pollinated by Pollinated by hummingbirds hummingbirds

–– Can produce seed if Can produce seed if cross pollinatedcross pollinated


Fruit DescriptionFruit Description

Terminal FruitTerminal FruitCrown Crown -- leafy leafy apical shootapical shootMultiple fruitMultiple fruit•• White to Yellow White to Yellow

fleshflesh•• 1010--18% brix18% brix•• 0.5 0.5 -- 1.6% acidity1.6% acidity

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Pineapple is a Multiple Pineapple is a Multiple FruitFruit

Many flowers on Many flowers on one inflorescenceone inflorescenceMultiple fruitMultiple fruit•• Fusion of berryFusion of berry--

like like fruitletsfruitlets•• Bases of sepals Bases of sepals

and bractsand bracts


Probably domesticated by the Probably domesticated by the TupiTupi--Guarani Guarani people in the people in the ParanáParaná--Paraguay Paraguay river drainage areariver drainage area


Probably domesticated by the Probably domesticated by the TupiTupi--Guarani Guarani people in the people in the ParanáParaná--Paraguay Paraguay river drainage areariver drainage area

Spread through the tropical Americas and Caribbean before Columbus arrived in 1493

Columbus 1493

Carried on ships as protection against scurvy

Early 16th century


Tropical Fruit ProductionTropical Fruit Production

Crop Production (1000s mt)

Banana 72,167

Plantains 25,309

Mangoes 28,730

Pineapple 15,723

Papaya 5,878

FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002


Pineapple ProductionPineapple ProductionRegion 1,000s mt %

Africa 2,620 17%

Asia 8,347 53%

Americas 4,455 28%

USA (Hawaii) 301 2%

Total 15,723



Pineapple ProductionPineapple Production

Region Major producing countries(1,000s mt)

Africa Nigeria (880), Kenya (606), Ivory Coast(241), Congo (193), South Africa (164)

Asia Thailand (2,081), China (1,249), India(1,073), Philippines (1,605), Indonesia

(431)Americas Brazil (1,370), Costa Rica (956), Mexico

(578), Colombia (331), Venezuela (321),Ecuador (202)


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Now Produced throughout the Now Produced throughout the TropicsTropics

P P

PP

P P

PP

P PP P

P

Hawaii

P

P


Pineapple Production and Pineapple Production and Yield Yield

Region 1,000s mt Mt/ha

Africa 2,620 12.1

Asia 8,347 19.5

Americas 4,455 22.0

USA (Hawaii) 301 37.3

Total 15,723



Adaptation: TemperatureAdaptation: Temperature

Average yearly temperatureAverage yearly temperature•• 6565--79° F79° F

Poor growthPoor growth•• Below 55Below 55--60° F60° F•• Above 95° FAbove 95° F

Optimum growth conditionsOptimum growth conditions•• Cool nights with sunny daysCool nights with sunny days•• Day temp 70 Day temp 70 -- 85° F85° F


Adaptation: RainAdaptation: Rain

Drought tolerant plantDrought tolerant plant•• Leaf adaptationsLeaf adaptations•• CAM type plantCAM type plant

Grown in range of rain conditionsGrown in range of rain conditions•• 24” (600 mm) 24” (600 mm) -- works well if even works well if even

distributiondistribution•• 150” (3600 mm) per year150” (3600 mm) per year


AdaptationAdaptation

SoilSoil•• Acid soil, pH 4.5 to 5.6Acid soil, pH 4.5 to 5.6•• Good drainageGood drainage•• FertilityFertility

–– Best production at high fertilityBest production at high fertility–– Tolerates low fertilityTolerates low fertility–– Tolerates high levels of ALTolerates high levels of AL+3+3 and and MnMn+2+2

•• High OM and K desirable for best High OM and K desirable for best yieldsyields


Propagation of the PineapplePropagation of the PineappleVegetative propagationVegetative propagation

CrownsCrownsSlipsSlips

HapasHapasSuckersSuckers

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Propagation Propagation -- CrownsCrowns

Crowns preferredCrowns preferred•• Preformed roots and good reservesPreformed roots and good reserves•• Best grade by weight to reduce variabilityBest grade by weight to reduce variability

Cannery byproductCannery byproduct•• Twisted off at fruit harvest timeTwisted off at fruit harvest time•• Dried or dipped in fungicideDried or dipped in fungicide•• Trimmed, weighedTrimmed, weighed•• Better roots than slipsBetter roots than slips

Fresh pineapples marketed with crownsFresh pineapples marketed with crowns


Pineapple Crowns for Pineapple Crowns for PlantingPlanting


Propagation Propagation -- SlipsSlips

Rudimentary fruit with crownRudimentary fruit with crown•• From axis of leaves on fruit stalkFrom axis of leaves on fruit stalk•• Curved at base Curved at base --

–– Visible when fruit 1/2 developedVisible when fruit 1/2 developed

After harvesting the fruitAfter harvesting the fruit•• Allow to develop another 4Allow to develop another 4--5 months5 months

StorageStorage•• Can store for 1 year up side down in sunCan store for 1 year up side down in sun•• Best yield if plant within 1 monthBest yield if plant within 1 month


CrownCrown

SlipsSlips

Slips allowed to develop 4-5 months after fruit harvest before using


Propagation Propagation -- SuckersSuckers

From axillary buds on stemFrom axillary buds on stem•• Begin to grow during floral differentiationBegin to grow during floral differentiation

Cut from stem after fruit harvestCut from stem after fruit harvest

Larger than crowns/slips when Larger than crowns/slips when collectedcollected•• Floral precocity Floral precocity →→ uneven harvestuneven harvest


Sucker versus a CrownSucker versus a Crown

SuckerCrown

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Time to Harvest varies with Time to Harvest varies with Planting MaterialPlanting Material

0 5 10 15 20 25

Suckers

Slips

Crowns

Months to Harvest

Uneven Fruiting and Increased Harvest Cost


Up side Down Propagation MaterialUp side Down Propagation MaterialDrying in the sunDrying in the sun


Growing Cycle Growing Cycle -- 3 harvests3 harvestsHawaii Hawaii -- 2020--22 degrees north22 degrees north

19 25 28 321st Ratoon Crop

Force1st Ratoon Sucker Development Flower Harvest

33 39 42 462nd Ratoon Crop

2nd Ratoon Sucker Development Force Flower Harvest

1 11 14 18

Plant Growing Force Flower Harvest

Planted CropPlanted Crop


Crop CycleCrop Cycle

Planted year round Planted year round •• Forced 9 Forced 9 -- 1313 mosmos laterlater

Plant crop duration Plant crop duration •• In Hawaii In Hawaii (20(20--22 degrees north)22 degrees north)

–– 1515--20 months 20 months

•• More tropical areas where warmerMore tropical areas where warmer–– 11 11 -- 14 months14 months


RatoonRatoon CropCrop

Forced 5Forced 5--7 months post plant harvest7 months post plant harvestRatoonRatoon fruits fruits •• SmallerSmaller•• Sweeter, less acidic, more aromaticSweeter, less acidic, more aromatic

SecondSecond ratoonratoon crop possible ifcrop possible if•• Soil is fertile and low nematode Soil is fertile and low nematode


Smaller Fruit Size with Smaller Fruit Size with Each CropEach Crop

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Fruit SizeFruit Size

Largest size for Largest size for processorsprocessorsRegulate size by Regulate size by the timing of the timing of flower forcingflower forcingFresh market Fresh market •• Forced earlierForced earlier•• Ratoon Ratoon cropscrops


Pineapple fruit size is related to size of Pineapple fruit size is related to size of plant at time of flower inductionplant at time of flower induction

05

101520253035

1 2 3 4 5

Fruit weight (lbs)

Num

ber

of le

aves

‘Smooth Cayenne’ fruit wt = plant wt at time of flowering

3.5 lbs

25leaves


ForcingForcing

Ethephon Ethephon •• EthlyleneEthlylene--releasing compoundreleasing compound•• Most common growth hormone usedMost common growth hormone used

Why force?Why force?•• Uniformity Uniformity •• Regulate harvestRegulate harvest

Forcing easier if:Forcing easier if:•• Done near normal flowering timeDone near normal flowering time•• Lower N & less vigorLower N & less vigor

•• Cool temp (< 24Cool temp (< 24ooC night tempsC night temps))Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

PlantingPlanting

Double rowsDouble rows•• Pineapple for processorPineapple for processor•• 122 x 60 x 28 cm (4 x 2 x 1 ft)122 x 60 x 28 cm (4 x 2 x 1 ft)

Plant density regulate fruit sizePlant density regulate fruit size•• Canning, 58,700/ha Canning, 58,700/ha •• Fresh, 75,000/haFresh, 75,000/ha

–– Fruit size decrease by 300 gm (0.7 Fruit size decrease by 300 gm (0.7 lbslbs))


Cultural Care in HawaiiCultural Care in Hawaii(Not equatorial climate)(Not equatorial climate)

Fumigate/fertilize Fumigate/fertilize preplantpreplantBlack plastic mulchBlack plastic mulch•• NematicidesNematicides under under polypoly•• Increases soil temp in rooting zoneIncreases soil temp in rooting zone•• Conserves moisture and weedsConserves moisture and weeds

Drip irrigationDrip irrigation


FertilizerFertilizer

Nutrient requirementsNutrient requirements•• High N, K, and Fe High N, K, and Fe •• Low requirement of P and CaLow requirement of P and Ca

Nutrient schedulingNutrient scheduling•• Less required for first 5 monthsLess required for first 5 months•• Peak 2 Peak 2 -- 4 months before forcing4 months before forcing

–– Need dark green leaves at forcing for best Need dark green leaves at forcing for best productionproduction

•• Minimal during flowering/fruitingMinimal during flowering/fruiting

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Pesticides and fungicides sprayed as Pesticides and fungicides sprayed as necessarynecessary


Pineapple HarvestPineapple HarvestHarvest as shell color changes from green to yellow at baseHarvest as shell color changes from green to yellow at base


Pineapple HarvestPineapple Harvest







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CultivarsCultivars

‘‘Smooth Cayenne’Smooth Cayenne’Origin Origin -- not clear not clear


Distribution of Cayenne PineappleDistribution of Cayenne Pineapple

1820

1835

1860

1858

1897

Hawaii1885

1893

Hawaii


Cayenne Cayenne -- most importantmost important

ProcessingProcessing•• Cylindrical for CanningCylindrical for Canning•• Leaves Leaves -- no spines, slips fewno spines, slips few•• Large fruits 2.5 Large fruits 2.5 -- 3.5 Kg (5.53.5 Kg (5.5--7.77.7 lbslbs))

Common in USA grocery storesCommon in USA grocery storesMarginal for fresh marketMarginal for fresh market•• Too high in acidToo high in acid•• Skin is thin so bruise easilySkin is thin so bruise easily


Red Spanish Red Spanish -- 2nd2nd

Well adapted for shipping freshWell adapted for shipping fresh•• 22--4 4 lbslbs•• Pale yellowPale yellow

Grown in Cuba and Puerto RicoGrown in Cuba and Puerto RicoPlantPlant•• Hardy, spiny leavesHardy, spiny leaves•• Many slips Many slips


Sugar Loaf typesSugar Loaf types

Widely grown in tropical AmericaWidely grown in tropical America•• Sweetest of whiteSweetest of white--fleshed formsfleshed forms•• Lower acid than CayenneLower acid than Cayenne•• Many have small fruit (1/2 Many have small fruit (1/2 -- 1 kg)1 kg)

–– Kona Sugarloaf Kona Sugarloaf has fruit 2has fruit 2--2.5 kg size2.5 kg size

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Post Harvest Post Harvest -- StorageStorage

Partially ripe Partially ripe •• 50 50 -- 5555ooFF

Ripe pineapples Ripe pineapples •• 4545ooFF•• RH 85 RH 85 -- 90%90%

Exposure sub 45Exposure sub 45ooF F →→ chilling injurychilling injury


Any Questions about Any Questions about Pineapple?Pineapple?

tropical horticulture - texas a&m university · pdf filemangoes 28,730 pineapple 15,723...

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