tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes tan truong biol 503 may 4, 2010
Post on 23-Jan-2016
219 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes
Tan TruongBIOL 503
May 4, 2010
![Page 2: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Galvanotropism – growth in response to external electric field • Thigmotropism – growth in response to contact• Chemotropism – growth in response to chemicals• Geotropism/gravitropism – growth in response to gravity• Heliotropism/Phototropism – growth in response to sunlight• Hydrotropism – growth in response to water• Thermotropism – growth in response to temperature changes• Specific Host Tropism (amphotropism, neurotropism, etc.)
Tropism
![Page 3: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Galvanotropism
C. albicans hyphal reorientation upon applied current
(Brand et al., 2007)
![Page 4: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Thigmotropism
C. albicans hyphal reorientation upon surface ridge contact
(Brand et al., 2007)
![Page 5: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Neurospora crassa chemotropic attraction (Mak-2 localizing to CAT)
Chemotropism
(Gleissner et al., 2009)
![Page 6: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Phycomyces exhibiting phototropism
Phototropism
(Bergman et al., 1969)
![Page 7: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Candida albicans - thin-walled, small budding yeast
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae – model organism
• Candida glabrata – non-dimorphic, haploid yeast; opportunistic pathogen; Candidemia
Fungal Species
![Page 8: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Outline
![Page 9: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Outline
![Page 10: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Outline
![Page 11: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Outline
![Page 12: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Outline
![Page 13: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Outline
![Page 14: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Outline
![Page 15: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Outline
![Page 16: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Outline
![Page 17: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Outline
![Page 18: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Environmental cues can induce tropism
• Environmental cues can promote the uptake of other environmental cues, which can induce directional growth
• Strategically-positioned receptors can facilitate tropism
Hypotheses
![Page 19: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 20: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 21: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 22: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
(Ozeki-Miyawaki et al., 2005)
Stretch described by (Murase et al., 2001)
Figure 1: S. cerivisiae Mid1 is a stretch-activated Ca2+ channel
![Page 23: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Figure 2: Extracellular Ca2+ affects cathodal emergence of C. albicans hyphae
(Brand et al., 2007)
![Page 24: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure 3: Thigmotropic response is attenuated in C. albicans Ca2+–signaling –pathway mutants
(Brand et al., 2007)
![Page 25: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
(Brand et al., 2007)
Figure 4: Proposed model for Ca2+ uptake in galvanotropic and thigmotropic growth
![Page 26: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 27: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 28: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 29: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 30: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
(Miyazaki et al., 2010)
Figure 5: Calcineurin is important for C. glabrata azole resistance
Cnb1 = Calcineurin B subunit
![Page 31: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
(Karababa et al., 2006)
Figure 6: Calcineurin & Crz1 regulate the expression of C. albicans Ca2+-dependent genes
Cna = Calcineurin A subunit
![Page 32: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 33: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
(Kang et al., 2001)
Figure 7: S. cerevisiae Bud5 interacts with Axl2
S10 = soluble fraction
a = haploid yeasta/α = diploid yeastb = untagged protein
b b
![Page 34: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
(Marston et al., 2001)
Figure 8: Bud5 localizes at pre-bud sites in both haploid and diploid S. cerevisiae cells
Bright field im
agesha
ploi
ddi
ploi
d
![Page 35: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
(Marston et al., 2001)
Figure 9: S. cerevisiae Bud2 & Bud5 localize at pre-bud sites
![Page 36: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 37: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 38: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Figure 10: Rsr1 & Bud2 are important for actin patch polarization in C. albicans
(Hausauer et al., 2005)
Stained with Alexa phalloidin (actin)DIC microscopy
![Page 39: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Figure 11: C. albicans Rsr1 & Bud2 are important for hyphal morphogenesis
(Hausauer et al., 2005)
![Page 40: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 41: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 42: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 43: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Figure 12: Yeast Two-Hybrid (Y2H) Screening
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-hybrid_screening
![Page 44: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
(Barale et al., 2004)
Figure 13: S. cerevisiae Cdc24 interacts with both Far1 & Bem1
![Page 45: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
![Page 46: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
(Barale et al., 2004)
Figure 14: S. cerevisiae Cdc24 responds to α-factor
![Page 47: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 48: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
GST-
(Mionnet et al., 2008)
Figure 15: S. cerevisiae Cdc24 associates with Cdc42
![Page 49: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 50: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Re-cap
![Page 51: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
(B)
(A)
(Oehlen et al., 1996)
Figure 16: S. cerevisiae Ste2 regulates far1
![Page 52: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
Conclusion
![Page 53: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
• Environmental cues can induce tropism
• Environmental cues can promote the uptake of other environmental cues, which can induce directional growth
• Strategically-positioned receptors can facilitate tropism
Take-Home Messages
?
![Page 54: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
(Brand & Gow, 2009)
![Page 55: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
(Brand et al., 2007)
Proposed model for Ca2+ uptake in galvanotropic and thigmotropic growth
![Page 56: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes
Tan TruongBIOL 503
May 4, 2010
?¿
![Page 57: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
BibliographyBarale, S., McCusker, D., Arkowitz, R.A. (2004) The exchange factor Cdc24 is required for cell fusion during yeast mating. Eukaryotic Cell 3, 1049-61
Bergman, K., Burke, P., Cerda, E., David, C., Delbruck, M., Foster, W., Goodel, E., Heisenberg, M., Meissner, G., Zakokar, M., Shropshire, W. (1969) Phycomyces. American Society for Microbiology 33, 99-157
Brand, A., Gow, N. (2009) Mechanisms of hypha orientation of fungi. Science Direct 12, 350-357
Brand, A., Shanks, S., Duncan, V., Yang, M., Mackenzie, K., Gow, N. (2007) Hyphal Orientation of Candida albicans is Regulated by a Calcium Dependent Mechanism. Current Biology 16, 347-352
Brand, A., Vacharaksa, A., Bendel, C., Norton, J., Haynes, P., Henry-Stanley, M., Wells, C., Ross, K., Gow, N.A.R., Gale, C.A. (2008) An Internal Polarity Landmark Is Important for Externally Induced Hyphal Behaviors in Candida albicans. Eukaryotic Cell 7, 712-20
Casamayor, A., Snyder, M. (2002) Bud-site selection and cell polarity in budding yeast. Current Opinion in Microbiology 5, 179-86
Davies, J.M., Stacey, A.J., Gilligan, C.A. (1999) Candida albicans hyphal invasion: thigmotropism or chemotropism? FEMS Microbiology Letters 171, 245-9
Flesslssner, A., Leeder, A., Roca, M., Read, N., Glass, N. (2009) Oscillatory recruitment of signaling proteins to cell tips promotes coordinated behavior during cell fusion. PNAS 106, 19387-19392
Hasan, S., Delfosse, E.S., Aracil, E., Lewis, R.C. (1992) Host-specificity of Uromyces heliotropii, a fungal agent for the biological control of common heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum) in Australia. Annals of Applied Biology 121, 697 - 705
Hausauer, D.L., Gerami-Nejad, M., Kristler-Anderson, C., Gale, C.A. (2005) Hyphal Guidance and Invasive Growth in Candida albicans Require the Ras-Like GTPase Rsr1p and Its GTPase-Activating Protein Bud2p. Eukaryotic Cell 7, 1273-1286
Hida, H., Nakamura, H., Ono, T., Okumura, M., Anraku, Y. (1994) MID1, a Novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gene Encoding a Plasma Membrane Protein Is Required for Ca2+ Influx and Mating. Molecular and Cell biology 14, 8259-8271
![Page 58: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Kang, P.J., Sanson, A., Bongyong, L., Park, H.O. (2001) A GDP/GTP Exchange Factor Involved in Linking a Spatial Landmark to Cell Polarity. Science 292, 1376 – 1378
Karababa, M., Valentino, E., Pardini, G., Coste, A.T., Bille, J., Sanglard, D. (2006) CRZ1, a target of the calcineurin pathway in Candida albicans. Molecular Microbiology 59, 1429-51
Marston, A.L., Chen, T., Yang, M.C., Belhumeur, P., Chant, J. (2001) A localized GTPase exchange factor, Bud5, determines the orientation of division axes in yeast. Current Biology 11, 803–807
Mionnet, C., Bogliolo, S., Arkowitz, R. (2008) Oligomerization Regulates the Localization of Cdc24, the Cdc42 Activator in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 283, 17515-17530
Murase, K., Naruse, K., Kimura, A., Okumura, K., Hayakawa, T., Sokabe, M. (2001) Protamine augments stretch induced calcium increase in vascular endothelium. Journal of Pharmacology 134, 1403-1410
Oehlen L.J.W.M., Mckinney, J.D., Cross, F.R. (1996) The Exchange Factor Cdc24 Is Required for Cell Fusion during Yeast Mating. Eukaryotic Cell 11, 1049–1061
Ozeki-Miyawaki, C., Moriya, Y., Tatsumi, H., Iida, H., Sokabe, M. (2005) Identification of functional domains of Mid1, a stretch-activated channel component, necessary for localization to the plasma membrane and Ca2+ permeation. Experimental Cell Research 311, 84-85.
Sbrana, C., Giovannetti, M. (2005) Chemotropism in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Mycorrhizae 15, 539-45
Schimek, C., Eibel, P., Grolig, F., Horie, T., Ootaki, T., Galland, P. (1999) Gravitropism in Phycomyces: a role for sedimenting protein crystals and floating lipid globules. Planta 210, 132-42
Watts, H.J., Véry, A.A., Perera, T.H., Davies, J.M., Gow, N.A. (1998) Thigmotropism and stretch-activated channels in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Microbiology 144, 689-95
Zhou, X.L., Stumpf, M.A., Hoch, H.C., Kung, C. (1991) Mechanosensitive Channel in Whole Cells and in Membrane Patches of the Fungus Uromyces. Science 15, 85-92
Bibliography
![Page 59: Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes Tan Truong BIOL 503 May 4, 2010](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649d535503460f94a2ed60/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Any Questions?