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Trombose, en nu? Sylvia Snauwaert MD,PhD 9 feb 2019

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Page 1: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Trombose, en nu?

Sylvia Snauwaert MD,PhD9 feb 2019

Page 2: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Figure 1 Illustration of the blood clotting process showing the four main steps of haemostasis(vasoconstriction, primary haemostasis, secondary haemostasis and fibrinolysis). Slatter D. Textbook of small animal surgery. W. B. Saunders0721686079; 2003.

Page 3: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings
Page 4: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Endotheel

arteriën venen

thrombus rijk aan

bloedplaatjes

Endotheel

thrombus rijk

aan fibrine

Page 5: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Endotheel

arteriën venen

anti- aggregantia

(aspirine, plavix ,

brilique, …)

Endotheel

anticoagulantia

(heparine, VKA,

DOAC, …)

Page 6: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Trombose, wie en waarom?

Page 7: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

FACTS

DVT incidentie 70–140 cases/100,000 person-year

Bij 25-50% van de eerste DVT episodes is geen

voorbeschikkende factor aanwezig. VEELAL DUS WEL.

Distale DVTs meer gerelateerd met transiënte

voorbeschikkende factoren (denk chirurgie) en

proximale meer met chronische factoren (denk bv

maligniteit)

Incidentie ~leeftijd.

Mazzolai et al. Eu Heart Journal, 2017 (ESC guidelines on acute DVT)

Page 8: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Belang?

Vroege complicaties: uitbreiding en recurrentie van DVT/naar PE

Lange termijnscomplicaties: Post-trombotisch syndroom(PTS):

chronische veneuze klachten secundair aan DVT.

Bij 30-50% van de pt < 2 jr na proximale DVT.

Risicofactoren:

recurrente DVT

proximale DVT

Obesitas

residuele veneuze obstructie

inadequate therapie

Mazzolai et al. Eu Heart Journal, 2017 (ESC guidelines on acute DVT)

Page 9: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Therapie?

Page 10: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Anti-aggregantia

Aspirine

Phospodiësterase inhibitoren : dipyridamole

Combinatie ASA + PI : Aggrenox

Thienopyridines : Ticlid, Plavix, Brilique

Gp IIbIIIa inhibitoren : Reopro, Aggrastat, Integrilin

Anticoagulantia

Heparine / LMWH

VKA : Sintrom, (Marevan?), Marcoumar

F Xa inhibitoren : Xarelto, Eliquis, Lixiana, Arixtra

F IIa inhibitoren : Pradaxa

Fibrinolytica

Actilyse, Actosolv, Metalyse

Page 11: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Aangrijpingspunten anticoagulantia

Benzon et al, 2013

Edoxaban

Page 12: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Guidelines:

CHEST guideline (American): antithrombotic therapy

for VTE disease, CHEST (regular updates)

Joint consensus on diagnosis and management of

acute deep vein thrombosis from the European

society of cardiology, European Heart Journal 2017

Page 13: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Mazzolai et al. Eu Heart Journal, 2017 (ESC guidelines on acute DVT)

Page 14: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Initiële aanpak

Patients with proximal DVT should be anticoagulated for at least 3-months.

Patients with isolated distal DVT at high-risk of recurrence should be anticoagulated, as for proximal DVT; for those at low risk of recurrence shorter treatment (4–6 weeks), even at lower anticoagulant doses, or ultrasound surveillance may be considered.

In the absence of contraindications, DOACs should be preferred as first-line anticoagulant therapy in non-cancer patients (??).

Compression therapy associated with early mobilization and walking exercise should be considered to relieve acute venous symptoms.

Mazzolai et al. Eu Heart Journal, 2017 (European Society of Cardiology guidelines on acute DVT)

Page 15: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Distale DVT

Mazzolai et al. Eu Heart Journal, 2017 (European Society of Cardiology guidelines on acute DVT)

Page 16: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

To compress or not to compress?

Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54

Elastic compression stockings efficacy has been challenged by the SOX trial.55 A total of 806 patients with proximal DVT have been randomized to either 30–40 mmHg or placebo (<5 mmHg) stockings. Cumulative 2 years PTS incidence was similar (52.6% vs 52.3%; HR= 1.0). No difference in PTS severity or quality-of-life was observed.55 However, compliance definition (stockings wearing for ≥3 days/week) was significantly lower than in previous studies (56% vs ≈90%).56 Although role of stockings in PTS prevention may be uncertain, their use remains a reasonable option for controlling symptoms of acute proximal DVT.57

Caution should be used in patients with severe peripheral artery disease.

Mazzolai et al. Eu Heart Journal, 2017 (European Society of Cardiology guidelines on acute DVT)

Page 17: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

DOAC of vit K antagonist?

Van Es et al. Blood 2014

Page 18: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Van Es et al. Blood 2014

Page 19: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Van Es et al. Blood 2014

Page 20: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

From: Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European society of cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular

diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function

Eur Heart J. Published online February 17, 2017. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx003

Eur Heart J | Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2017. For permissions, please email: [email protected].

Praktisch

Page 21: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Simpel, dus … Altijd DOAC?

NIET wanneer

Zwangerschap en borstvoeding

Mechanische hartkleppen waarvoor antico nodig

Antifosfolipidensyndroom (cfr ook TRAPS trial)

Ernstige nierinsufficiëntie cfr bijsluiter elk product

Ernstig leverfalen (CHILD PUGH klasse B/C)

Ernstige trombocytopenie < 50000/µl

Actieve maligniteit 2018 NEW

Page 22: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

• GEEN routine monitoring nodig

– Voorspelbaar farmacodynamisch profiel

– Beperkt aantal medicamenteuze interacties

– Geen voedselinterferentie

• WEL nuttig bij:

– Trombotische complicaties onder therapie

– Bloedingsproblemen onder therapie

– Urgente ingrepen/ antidoot toediening?

– Specifieke patiëntenpopulaties : extreem lage of hoge BMI (< 50 kg of > 100

kg)

Zie ook : Voordracht Dr. J. Emmerechts 03/2017 Hematologie Symposium

Tran et al, Internal Medicine Journal 2014Cuker and Siegal, Hematology 2015

Simpel, dus … niet monitoren?

Page 23: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

For proximal DVT and/or PE, 3-months anticoagulation is the bestoption if transient and reversible risk factors were present.

In all other patients, prolonging anticoagulation protects from recurrence (70–90%), but exposes to risk of unpredictable bleeding complications.Decision to discontinue or not anticoagulation should thereforebe individually tailored and balanced against bleeding risk, takingalso into account patients’ preferences.

Wat na 3 maand?

Mazzolai et al. Eu Heart Journal, 2017 (European Society of Cardiology guidelines on acute DVT)

Page 24: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Wie levenslang behandelen?

IN PRAKTIJK MEESTAL:

Hereditaire trombofilie + 1 event (niet levensbedreigend): idem aan andere pt qua duur, maar nadien laagdrempelig preventie maatregelen!!

Hereditaire trombofilie + 2 of meer events: levenslang antico

Geen trombofilie doch 2 of meer DVT: levenslang antico

Levensbedreigende events: levenslang antico

Maligniteit: verlengde antico zolang actieve kanker in functie van bloedingsrisico

Antifosfolipidensyndroom: levenslang antico

Continuing indefinite anticoagulation with the same drug administeredduring the first months is the best option for patients • with multiple VTE episodes or strong VTE familial history• those with major thrombophilia• longstanding medical diseases at high thrombotic risk.

Indefinite anticoagulation can also be considered in patients• with first episode of unprovoked VTE, especially in those with severepresentation, provided they are at low bleeding risk.

Mazzolai et al. Eu Heart Journal, 2017 (European Society of Cardiology guidelines on acute DVT)

Page 25: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Twijfel over verlengde antico?

Aspirin (nvdr: or low dose DOAC) may be considered

for extended treatment if full anticoagulation is

contraindicated? Cfr EINSTEIN CHOICE

Regular (at least yearly) assessment of compliance

and benefit/risk balance should be performed in

patients on extended treatment.

At anticoagulation discontinuation, venous US should be performed to establish a baseline comparative

exam in case of recurrence.

Mazzolai et al. Eu Heart Journal, 2017 (European Society of Cardiology guidelines on acute DVT)

Page 26: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Aspirine of low dose DOAC voor intermediair risico na 6md eerdere therapie?

Weitz et al. NEJM 2017 EINSTEIN CHOICE

Page 27: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Weitz et al. NEJM 2017 EINSTEIN CHOICE

Page 28: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

VTE en kanker (‘cancer-associated thrombosis’ of ‘CAT’)?

LMWH waren goud standaard tot recent

Nieuwe evidentie voor DOAC bij behandeling van CAT

(Hokusai VTE, SELECT-D trial en nog vele ongoing)

DOAC zijn effectief (lager risico op terugkeren trombose)

Licht verhoogde bloedingsrate met voornamelijk gastro-

intestinale bloedingen, zonder fatale bloedingen en met

minder intracraniële bloedingen.

Subanalyses tonen hoger risico bij patiënten met gastro-

intestinale tumoren (slokdarm, maag, …)

Page 29: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Raskob et al., NEJM 2018. Hokusai VTE trial

LMWH vs DOAC bij kanker

Page 30: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Raskob et al., NEJM 2018. Hokusai VTE trial

Page 31: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Slide : Courtesy of Dr. C. Ay, BSTH 2018

Page 32: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Oppervlakkige tromboflebitis

Weinig evidentie, lage kwaliteit van studies, amper RCT’s

Opties:

LMWH: hogere/lagere dosis

Fondaparinux

NSAIDs

Topische behandeling

Compressie

DOAC low dose??

American college of CHEST physicians:

“ either a prophylactic dose of fondaparinux or a prophylactic doseof LMWH for 45 days (however… no association of LMWH withprevention of VTE when used to treat ST)”

Cochrane Library 2018 Nisio et al.

JAMA 2018 Nisio et al.

CHEST 2016, Kearon et al.

Page 33: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Zwangerschap?WAT?

Geen DOAC!

(VKA in tweede trimester?)

LMWH! Anti-Xa bepaling

niet standaard, wel bij

forse

gewichtsschommelingen,

zeer hoog risico,

obesitas,…

Hoeveel en hoelang?

Bron: RCOG

Page 34: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Bron: RCOG

Page 35: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings
Page 36: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

En dan, trombofiliescreening???

PBO + bloeduitstrijkje

MPN? (JAK2/CALRC/…)

DIC? (fibrinogeen)

HIT (heparine/LMWH gebruik)

PNH (flowcytometrie FLAER)

Trombofiliepanel

i. Wat testen?

Page 37: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Trombofiliepanel

AT deficiëntie, aanvullend genetica

Prot C deficiëntie, aanvullend genetica

Prot S deficiëntie, aanvullend genetica

Als APC-R afwijkend → factor V Leiden mutatie noodzakelijk

Factor II mutatie

Factor VIII elevatie

Antifosfolipiden : LAC, ACL-AL, beta-2-GP-AL → niet erfelijk!

Page 38: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Optimale timing

Liefst > 2 weken

na stop van alle

anticoagulantia

Page 39: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Indicatie trombofiliescreening

Patiënten met VTE die voordeel kunnen hebben bij een

trombofiliescreening

Patiënten met familiale voorgeschiedenis van VTE

Minstens 1 eerstegraadsverwant met VTE vóór LT van 45 tot 55j (geen APLS, gezien niet hereditair)

Patiënten zonder familiale voorgeschiedenis van VTE

Patiënten jonger dan 55 j (cfr terugbetalingscriteria labotesten)

Patiënten met recurrente trombosen

Vrouwen met significante obstetrische antecedenten

Patiënten met huidnecrose op VKA → prot C def (prot S def, FVL)

Patiënten met trombose in ongewone lokalisatie

hepatische en portale venen (ook testen voor PNH / MPN!)

mesenterische venen

cerebrale venen.

Page 40: Trombose, en nu? - fonds-hematologie.be · To compress or not to compress? Goal of compression is to relieve venous symptoms and eventually prevent PTS.54 Elastic compression stockings

Peri-operatief

http://www.kgbn-

habo.be/system/files/best

anden/documenten/LMN

_POB%20versie%202017%2

0-%20def._0.pdf