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TRL NewsApril 2003

TRL to deliver first UK truck simulatorAs part of an initiative sponsored by the Departmentfor Transport via the Road Haulage ModernisationFund, TRL will construct, host and operate the first everUK Truck Driver Training Simulator (TDTS).

Truck simulators can assist a trucking business inmaximising productivity and minimising costs byproviding a cost-effective training and potentialrecruitment solution. They provide opportunities to:

• Put drivers in situations impossible to demonstratein reality due to the risk to personnel, equipmentor other road users: e.g. rollover, icy roads, tyreblow out, brake failure etc.

• Monitor driver activity and response to differentissues such as use of brakes, accelerator andgears and road positioning, response to signalsand instructions.

• Repeat scenarios identically until the correctbehaviour is demonstrated. This enablesdrivers to gain a clear understanding of theresults of their actions.

• Tailor situations and lessons to the needs ofindividual drivers.

• Provide orientation on new equipment or improvenew route or site familiarity.

TRL recognises that there are significant challenges tothe logistics industry such as shortages of skilled drivers,an ageing driver pool and an inability to attract wellqualified young people into the industry.

Simulators, often associated with the sophisticatedtraining needs of airline pilots, are now being usedextensively in the trucking communities throughoutEurope and North America. The TDTS will providetruck drivers throughout England with an opportunityto access this technology.

The facility which will be based in TRL’s SimulationCentre is expected to be fully operational by Novemberthis year. Over 600 commercial vehicle drivers andtheir companies will assist in validating the trainingexperience provided. A critical challenge will be howto secure sufficient numbers of driver trainees for theresearch programme. Commitment from the haulageindustry is essential and it is crucial that drivers andcompanies register their interest to participate withTRL at the earliest opportunity.

A truck simulator provides a “real” experience; itduplicates the operation of a vehicle and reproducesa world outside. Simulators generate an opportunityto train and assess current or new drivers through arange of complex simulated experiences and events.Scenes are delivered with sufficient reality to ensurethat the driver becomes truly immersed in theexperience.

Both internal and external information is accuratelyreproduced ensuring drivers feel as if they are sittingin the cab of their own vehicle. Quality audio andvisual systems contribute to making the experience asreal as possible. The simulator is programmed to moveto replicate the impact of acceleration, braking andgradients or the effect of particular loads.

Whilst simulators are unlikely to provide the completeanswer to these concerns, simulation technologyprovides an important tool in supplementing andmodernising traditional driver training practice. Thisin turn produces specific opportunities to attract newrecruits, monitor and improve current driverperformance and enhance overall driver development.

To register your interest or to request furtherinformation, please contact the dedicated hotline on

01344 770555 or email; trucksim@trl.co.uk

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Reports

TRL536 Resurfacing a motorway with porous asphalt:effects on rural noise exposure and communityresponse £55

TRL544 Sustainable livelihoods, mobility and access needs(For this report please apply to S Stoneman(01344 770187)

TRL546 Intelligent monitoring of jack arch structures £40

TRL548 Vehicle-activated signs - A large scale evaluation£25

TRL549 Drivers’ perceptions of cyclists £40

TRL550 Analysis of the stability of masonry-faced earthretaining walls £40

TRL551 Criminal and motoring offences of drink/driverswho are High Risk Offenders £25

TRL556 MS4 off-road research summary report £25

TRL557 Durability of thin asphalt surfacing systems:Part 1 initial findings £30

TRL561 Adolescent road user behaviour: A survey of11- 16 year olds £20

TRL563 The threat posed by unrestrained rear seat carpassengers £20

TRL564 Road design measures to reduce drivers’ speed via‘Psychological’ Processes: A Literature review £25

ORN19 A guide to the design of hot mix asphalt in tropicaland sub-tropical countries £10. (For this reportplease apply to S Stoneman (01344 770187)

TRL Journal of Research 2002 - Volume 5, Number 3 £25

Current Topics in Transport

CT19.3 Bus priority measures update (2000-2002) £20

CT51.2 Shopping centres and transport update (1998-2002)£20

CT80.2 Driver behaviour update (2001-2002) £20

CT90.3 Intermodal freight transport update (1999-2003)

CT94.2 Street l ighting and vehicle l ighting update(2000-2002) £20

CT105.2 Soil mechanics/sett lement studies update(2000-2003) £20

CT120.2 Traffic monitoring and incident detection update(2001-2002) £20

CT128.1 Bridge assessment and testing update (2000-2002)£20

CT148 Law enforcement and legal aspects of intelligenttransport systems (1995-2002) £20

To order TRL reports or Current Topics, contact the PublicationsUnit:

Anne Tunbridge (0783 or Janet Brown (0134info@trl.co.uk

For Library membership schemes or full retrospective searches,contact:

Sarah Groombridge (0146info@trl.co.ukTRL Website: www.trl.co.uk

This information, plus a lot more (including abstracts of thesereports) is available from TRL’s website at: www.trl.co.uk

TRL Publications:December 2002 - February 2003

Ensuring the safety ofwheelchair occupants invehiclesAccessibility regulations drafted under the DisabilityDiscrimination Act (1995) will ultimately ensure thatall forms of land-based public transport becomeaccessible to wheelchair users. Ensuring the safety ofwheelchair occupants in vehicles is a projectcommissioned by the Department for Transport. Its aimis to identify necessary changes in vehicle legislation/practice to ensure people travelling seated in theirwheelchair are given at least the same level ofprotection in the event of an accident as otherpassengers. The project covered private vehicles, taxis,minibuses, coaches and urban buses. The safety of awheelchair user travelling in an urban bus undernormal operating conditions was also investigated.

Computer simulation modelling was used to identifythe key factors likely to affect injury severity. Dynamicimpact tests were then carried out, using theappropriate crash pulse for each vehicle type, toinvestigate these factors further and to test possiblesolutions. In each case a vehicle seated occupant wasalso tested to determine a comparable level of safetywith the wheelchair occupant.

Wheelchair seated occupant with a head and backrestraint

The research concluded with recommendations, forexample:

• Additional safety features in vehicles (eg theaddition of a head and back restraint compliantwith ECE Regulation 17 to reduce head andneck injuries);

• requirements for restraint systems to ensure boththe occupant and their wheelchair aresufficiently restrained; and

• space requirements to ensure the occupant isappropriately protected from injury likely to besustained from their surroundings

A full report on the project will be published shortly.Copies will be available both from the TRL InformationCentre and from the DfT website, www.dft.gov.uk

Contact: Marianne Le Claire 0980Contact: Peter Bignell 0125 to arrange dynamic

tests of wheelchairs and tiedownsenquiries@trl.co.uk

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INFRASTRUCTUREDirector - David Powell ( +44 (0)1344 770492

SAFETY & ENVIRONMENTDirector - Tim Gamon ( +44 (0)1344 770009

TRANSPORTATIONDirector - Nigel Eastwood ( +44 (0)1344 770065

INTERNATIONALDirector - Stuart Colwill ( +44 (0)1344 770821

GENERAL ENQUIRIES( +44 (0)1344 770007 8 enquiries@trl.co.uk

TRL SCOTLANDMike Winter( +44 (0)131 455 5182Fax: +44 (0)131 455 5188Redwood House, 66 Spylaw Road, Edinburgh EH10 5BR

TRL Contacts

Filter Drain MaintenanceThere are about 10,000 kilometres of filter drainsaround Britain’s trunk road and motorway network.Problems of standing water caused by clogging, andaggregate displacement from vehicles leaving thecarriageway, are considerable. In particular, stonescatter presents a major safety hazard with significantclean-up costs to the Highways Agency and policeforces nationwide. These problems combine togetherto reduce pavement life and increase maintenanceand renewal costs.

TRL has investigated an innovative system that recyclesand stabilises the top 600mm of filter material on-site.The recycled material can meet the specified grading,and is almost entirely free from detritus which canbe disposed of on-site in a controlled andenvironmentally-friendly way. Stabilisation is achievedby installing StableDrain®, a reinforcement prduct,within the reinstated filter material. The system providesa safe and cost effective solution, returning the drainto a fully functional state. Heavy goods vehicles maytraverse the drain without loss of control or sinkinginto the drain. Importantly, it is possible for the wholeoperation to be carried out in safety from the hard-shoulder, thus maintaining a free flow of traffic on themotorway network.

The system known as StoneMaster® and developedby Carnell Contractors Limited, has been monitoredby TRL on the M1 in Leicestershire and subjected totrafficking trials on TRL’s test track.

Contact: Guy Watts 0367, enquiries@trl.co.uk

Stabilising highway slopesusing bioengineering

The failure of the shallow slopes adjacent to highways,i.e. soil movements resulting from instability, causeswidespread and costly maintenance problems. Currentslope stabilisation techniques involve using a varietyof proven hard engineering approaches, such asgranular replacement, soil nailing/piling, or the useof geosynthetic reinforcement. An alternativebioengineering technique makes use of live willowpoles that are installed to depths of approximatelytwo metres into clay slopes. The live poles provideimmediate reinforcing action and subsequently growto provide the long-term benefits (e.g. prevention oferosion, root reinforcement and moisture modification)associated with established trees. As the techniqueappears to offer significant benefits in terms of ecology,aesthetics, sustainability and finance, validationresearch was required prior to its application on UKhighway slopes. TRL was commissioned by theHighways Agency to develop an installationmethodology and to trial the technique over a numberof years to verify the potential engineering benefits.

In association with bioengineering partnerGeostructures Consulting, previous world-wideexperience of the use of live willow poles was collatedas part of a literature review, and adapted to form adraft specification for the installation of live willow polesinto highway slopes (see TRL Report 508). In spring2000 and 2001, some 900 live willow poles wereinstalled at four trial sites on the UK network. The twocuttings and two embankment sites are monitoredregularly for above ground growth, soil moistureregime and in situ root development via miniaturevideo cameras placed down transparent access tubesat selected locations. Towards the end of the project,a number of poles will be exhumed to assess the extentof their root systems. The results of the field trials willenable the preparation of a standard procedure forusing the live willow technique as a routine methodfor prevention of shallow slope failures.

Contact: Donald MacNeil 0526enquiries@trl.co.uk HGV attempting to drive off unreinforced drain

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of signs were also investigated to determine optimumarrangements.

TRL is now looking at exactly how signals and signsare observed by drivers, again on behalf of RailwaySafety. Subject to risk assessment, eye-trackingequipment will be used to monitor train drivers’ visualstrategies on specifically chosen routes. The cognitiveprocesses behind these strategies and the outcomeswill also be examined. The objective is to enable therail industry to improve driver training and theinterfaces with visual data outside, and possibly inside,the cab. TRL’s long-term strategy is to develop itsalready impressive capabilities into a world-classcentre for simulation research and training both inrail and other transport modes.

Many other aspects of TRL’s human factors work arerelevant, including studies into impairment and itsrecognition. Another aspect of operational safety towhich TRL has contributed is a review of current andfuture rail technology and its potential to emitelectromagnetic waves. These can potentially disruptnot only the television and radio broadcasting spectrum(which is the responsibility of the RadiocommunicationsAgency, TRL’s client for the work) but other operatingsystems within the train itself and important signallingsystems. Regulations exist to cover these requirementsbut it is important to consider future needs to ensurethe safe operation of the rail network.

Critical issues face our changing rail industry, issueswhich need to be tackled effectively, whilst controllingthe impact of cost. Increasing demand for rail travel isdriving the need for capacity utilisation and new rollingstock, and reinforcing the need for effectiveinfrastructure management. Allied to this is the pressureto improve service and punctuality, the drive forcontinued improvement in safety and reliability and acontinuous reappraisal of how the industry shouldtackle operational issues most effectively.

All these aspects combine to produce constant freshchallenges for rail professionals. With its unique setof transferable knowledge and skills, TRL is alreadyundertaking a wide range of work for the rail sectorto help it address some of these challenges.

SafetyHistorically, the focus of safety research in the railindustry has been on avoiding accidents. Driveradherence to signage is an important factor inoperational safety. To ensure effective communicationof information, TRL, on behalf of Railway Safety, hasrecently evaluated the potential of new signagematerials as alternatives to currently specifiedmaterials. Using specialist software and a testing rigdesigned by TRL to validate the results, the latestmicro-prismatic and retro-reflective materials wereassessed in terms of aspects such as luminance,chromaticity and glare. The intensity and distributionof the light output of train lamps and the positioning

TRL and Rail“Britain’s railway has suffered from decades of continual under-investment, a shortfall that has been magnifiedby recent growth. This is something I am determined we put right. Notwithstanding this, since privatisationpassenger ridership has increased by 36%, over 20% more trains are running, and there is nearly 50% morefreight carried on our railways rather than clogging up our roads.”

Richard Bowker, Chairman, Strategic Rail Authority, January 2003

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Over recent years, therail industry has begun toadopt the principles ofpassive safety (ie

protecting occupantsin an impact) into railvehicles. TRL has been

a world leader in roadvehicle passive safetyfor many years and

this experience can provide significant benefits to therail industry. TRL is using its understanding of humaninjury, its impact testing facilities and its expertise innumerical modelling and simulation to increase driverand passenger protection. This work includes thecrashworthiness of rail vehicles, the use of energyabsorbing structures, safe vehicle interior design,restraint design, occupant crash kinematics, and injuryprediction and analysis. One recent project involvednumerical modelling and design advice for a new railseat to meet proposed ATOC (Association of TrainOperating Companies) crashworthiness standards.

Accident InvestigationTRL’s experts can rapidly preserve complex incidentscenes, such as the Selby accident, using state-of-the-art laser scanning equipment. Scanning produces athree-dimensional model of an environment or object,from which scene plans and precise measurementscan be obtained. TRL’s specialist skills in computermodelling, simulation and reconstruction technologiesenable further analysis of the scanned data toinvestigate accident characteristics, causation and toproduce visualisations of incident sequences.

Scan of the Selby accident scene

experience of developing cost-effective maintenancestrategies based on whole-life costing and theallocation of costs to road freight vehicles. A betterunderstanding of the true costs of road and rail freightvehicles will support the selection of routes with thelowest environmental impact. The work is expected toencourage the development and use of moreenvironmentally-friendly vehicles and infrastructures.

These themes of environmental consideration andsustainability are key. Another ongoing project seesthe TRL Structures Hall being used to assess aninnovative way of recycling plastic. The WalesEnvironment Trust are supplying rail sleepers composedof different plastic mixes, which are undergoingloading tests to ascertain their performance. The projectis funded under the Landfill Tax Credits Scheme byBiffAward with a 10% contribution by NationalRailway Supplies.

BridgesTRL has been examining software for the analysisand assessment of masonry arch bridges.Recommendations have been made to Network Railon the suitability of particular programs for differentlevels of assessment and structural geometry. TRL hasalso used its experience of road bridges to assistMouchel in their work for Network Rail onspecifications for waterproofing rail bridges.

Looking forward, there is huge scope for fresh ideasto meet the changing needs of the rail industry in the21st century. Of potential are innovative techniquesfor structural condition assessment and monitoring tominimise track access and hence increase safety; theexploitation of new technology, for example inpassenger communication systems; integrating rail withother transport modes; economic assessment,performance indicators and best practice, of whichTRL has experience in the aviation and freight logisticsfields…..the list goes on.

In presenting ambitious new targets for improvingEurope’s railways, the European Rail ResearchAdvisory Council said, “the most important aspect….isthat research is highlighted as a priority based on avision of what rail will be like in 2020.”

TRL’s ever-evolving capabilities can help the railindustry achieve this vision.

Contact: Robert Flenley 0007, enquiries@trl.co.uk

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TrackThe Footprint project aims to characterise the dynamicinteraction between a road or rail freight vehicle andits infrastructure, so that its economic performance andenvironmental footprint can be defined. Noise,vibration and dynamic loading are all included inidentifying a vehicle’s environmental footprint. TRL, witha number of organisations involved through theEUREKA initiative (a Europe-wide network for marketorientated, hi-tech industrial research anddevelopment), is using its modelling expertise todevelop a cost allocation model for rail freight vehiclesthat takes account of all the costs imposed by thevehicles. This work builds on TRL’s roads-based

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TRL in AfricaTRL’s close association with Africa dates back to1955 when its leading edge research in transportfor the UK Government’s aid agency (now theDepartment for International Development) and otheraid agencies began. TRL has worked in most ofthe Anglophone and many of the Francophonecountries, opening, at various times, offices in Kenya,Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Uganda andZimbabwe. The research has covered a wide rangeof topics within the main themes of:• reducing road accidents and improving road

safety

• reducing the cost of road infrastructure and thecost of vehicle operations

• improving the provision of cost-effectivetransport

• increasing the efficiency of national andregional transport systems,

whilst enhancing the understanding of engineeringand geotechnical science and promotingenvironmentally sensitive development of non-renewable natural resources.

Throughout most of this time the aid agencies havefocussed primarily on overall economic developmentand this has influenced both the aid projects themselvesand the research that has been commissioned tosupport them. TRL’s pioneering work in several areas,for example, in road pavement engineering and intransport economics, is well known and has beenpublished in a series of guidance documents andmanuals in the Overseas Road Note series. In recentyears, the international aid programme has beentargeted more directly at reducing the poverty of thepoorest people in the world and this has shifted thefocus of the research.

Rural RoadsDuring the last few years TRL, with various partners,has been carrying out a series of research projects todevelop innovative approaches to the planning,design, construction and maintenance of rural roadsin Southern Africa. A current project funded by theBritish, Norwegian and Swedish aid organisations andcommissioned by the Southern African Transport andCommunications Commission is to combine the resultsof this earlier research together with additional localknowledge to create guidelines that are acceptableacross the region. This is being achieved in

partnership with national stakeholders from 14countries to ensure that the final product fully reflectsthe needs of the region. It is anticipated that when therecommendations in the guidelines are applied, costsavings in the range ú10 - 15 million per annum canbe made. The final draft of the guidelines has beencompleted and publication is expected shortly.

Labour-based techniquesLabour-based methods using techniques andequipment that are often quite different to conventionalroad building approaches provide a cost effective andsuccessful approach for the construction andmaintenance of much of the rural road network. Theapproach also provides a means of achieving widersocio-economic objectives including the developmentof small contractors, employment creation and povertyreduction. TRL in partnership with the InternationalLabour Organisation is implementing a programmeto improve the overall provision of rural roads throughlabour-based techniques. The programme is beingundertaken in Ghana, Uganda and Zimbabwe withsupport from DFID and the Danish aid agency, and itwill be extended to a further three countries over thecoming year.

The International Focus GroupClosely connected with TRL’s research in Africa is theformation of the International Focus Group (IFG) - apartnership of institutions and practitioners fromdeveloping countries committed to the provision ofsustainable transport for the poor. The group continuesto grow with a vision to be the leading platform forarticulating and disseminating information on ruralroad engineering within the context of povertyreduction and for identifying research needs. After itsinaugural meeting at TRL in January 2002, theprogramme has continued with further meetings inCambodia and Ghana. Membership now extends toabout twenty countries. Communication of its work isthrough production of a newsletter, CD-ROMs and itswebsite: www.transport-links.org/ifg.htm

Contact: Stuart Colwill 0821, enquiries@trl.co.uk

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Contracts recently won

Department for Transport

•Development of the Vehicle Inspectorateaccident database: Phase 2

• A study to improve the control of PUFFINpedestrian crossings within the SCOOT UTCSystems

•A review of UK starting amber timing attraffic lights

•Assessing test procedures and newtechnologies to measure vehicle noise

•A project looking at measures to reduceover-height vehicles striking bridges

•Research into the experimental provision of ashared cycle and motorcycle advanced stopline

Highways Agency

•Provision of accident data and analyses insupport of the HA safety strategy

•A project to look at pavement conditionassessment techniques, long life pavementsand value management for road schemes

•Production of a Sustainable ConstructionHandy Guide

•An extension to the fatigue performance oforthotropic decks project

•The production of a specification for thinsurfacing on bridge decks

Other contracts

•Development of Indicators for secondary andrecycled aggregates markets, whole life costsof secondary and recycled aggregates anddevelopment of new materials for secondaryand recycled aggregates, all on behalf of DTIand WRAP

•Crack and seat pavement maintenance on theM11, on behalf of URS-Carillion

•An extension to the anchor bolt testing projectfor Cleveland Bridge

•A review of pedestrian accessibility in Eltham,South West London for Greenwich Council

•Research into rural accessibility indicators andthe development of an accessibility assessmentmethodology for the Countryside Agency

•Looking at the performance of standard widthcycle lanes on substandard width roads forCamden Council

Personalised Travel PlanningBracknell Forest Borough Council has commissionedTRL Limited to assist them in the development andimplementation of their Personalised Travel Planningproject – “Travelling Your Way”. Bracknell ForestBorough Council is one of the 14 successful localauthorities who bid to the Department for Transportfor funds to explore the potential of Personalised TravelPlanning.

Personalised Travel Planning has been found to bevery effective in helping individuals to change theirtravel behaviour through the promotion of alternativeforms of transport. Similar projects in Australia haveexperienced a 14% reduction in car trips, whilst in theUK, pilots schemes in Frome and Gloucester have seenreductions in car trips of up to 9% (Gloucester).

Traffic Software WorkshopsSCOOTA two day workshop14-15 May 2003

For details contact TRL’s Software Bureau 0758softwarebureau@trl.co.uk

£50,000 has been granted to Bracknell Forest BoroughCouncil, who through the assistance of TRL Limitedwill test the use of individualised marketing and willfocus upon life style changes, such as changes ofemployment, moving house and retirement asopportunities to change travel behaviour. The projectwill be conducted in partnership with the BracknellForest Business Travel Forum, comprising of companieswithin the Borough who are committed to reducingthe impact of commuter travel in and around Bracknell.It is anticipated that this project will assist thesecompanies in developing and promoting travelplanning. As well as its key role of carrying out themonitoring and evaluation of the project, TRL will alsobe involved in the development of the marketingmaterials for the project.

Contact: Lynn Basford 0705, enquiries@trl.co.uk

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Compiled quarterly by Press and Public Relations and designed by Creative MediaTRL Limited, Old Wokingham Road, Crowthorne, Berkshire, RG45 6AU, United KingdomTel: +44 (0)1344 773131 Fax: +44 (0)1344 770356 Email: enquiries@trl.co.uk

TRL wins prestigious AA Road Safety AwardAt this year’s annual AA Awards ceremony at the Savoy Hotel in London, TRL was presented with an award inrecognition of its outstanding contribution to motoring in pioneering innovative work in accident investigation using the3D laser scanner. The award was collected by Sue Sharland, Chief Executive and Paul Forman, Head ofInvestigations and Risk Management from the Rt HonAlistair Darling MP, Secretary of State for Transport.

TRL’s Laser Scanning technique helps investigators gather detailed,accurate and consistent visual records at a crash site, allowingthe examination to be completed quickly and thoroughly. The fullaftermath of an accident can be captured in 3D in less than 20minutes of the equipment’s arrival at the scene.

Others honoured during the course of the evening were:

• Sir Peter Baldwin – for his services to road safety and for hiswork on behalf of disabled and disadvantaged people;

• Britax – for its contribution to improving child safety in cars;• Honda – for its pedestrian-friendly vehicles, work that TRL

was also involved in.

Andrew Mackay MP visits TRLThe Rt Hon Andrew Mackay, MP for Bracknell, (immediately rightof the television screen) visited TRL recently with Stuart Turkingtonand Bracknell Forest Councillors, Jim Finnie and Bob Wade.

They came to discuss recent developments in transport and, inparticular, the potential of new technologies. Andrew was veryimpressed with the role TRL plays, both nationally andinternationally, and was interested in the experimental work heviewed in the virtual reality driving simulator. Whilst on site, thevisitors took the opportunity to see the progress being made onTRL’s new building, which is well on schedule for occupation inthe summer of 2004.

The visit was hosted by Rod Kimber, Director of Science & Engineering, David Goody, Finance Director and NigelEastwood, Director, Transportation.

Honour for Chief Research Scientist, Richard LowneCongratulations to Professor Richard Lowne who received an OBE in the Queen’s New Year Honoursfor his services to vehicle safety. Richard has extensive experience at TRL and is Chief Research Scientist,Biomechanics, honoris causa.

In the early part of his career, Richard first undertook research on road structures and skidding resistance,but it is his later work on biomechanics and injury prevention for which he is best known.

Since 1974, Richard has been responsible for studies of human tolerance to injury and restraint systemsfor both adults and children, working on all aspects of occupant protection, the development of

anthropometric crash dummies and pedestrian protection. Ground breaking work on the protection of children in carshas had enormous benefits in both human and societal terms.

Richard is an active member, on behalf of the UK, of many international committees responsible for the advancement ofvehicle safety and is a Special Professor of Biomechanics at the University of Nottingham.

From left to right, Paul Forman and Sue Sharland, TRL, the RtHon Alistair Darling MP and Sir Brian Shaw, Chairman of theAA Motoring Trust.