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Essentials of Intellectual DisabilityAssessment and Identification

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Essentials of Psychological Assessment SeriesSeries Editors, Alan S. Kaufman and Nadeen L. Kaufman

Essentials of 16 PF® Assessmentby Heather E.-P. Cattell and James M. SchuergerEssentials of ADHD Assessment for Children and Adolescentsby Elizabeth P. Sparrow and Drew ErhardtEssentials of Assessing, Preventing, and Overcoming ReadingDifficultiesby David A. KilpatrickEssentials of Assessment Report Writingby Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger, Nancy Mather,Nadeen L. Kaufman, and Alan S. KaufmanEssentials of Assessment with Brief Intelligence Testsby Susan R. Homack and Cecil R. ReynoldsEssentials of Autism Spectrum Disorders Evaluationand Assessmentby Celine A. Saulnier and Pamela E. VentolaEssentials of Bayley Scales of Infant Development–II Assessmentby Maureen M. Black and Kathleen MatulaEssentials of Behavioral Assessmentby Michael C. Ramsay, Cecil R. Reynolds, andR. W. KamphausEssentials of Career Interest Assessmentby Jeffrey P. Prince and Lisa J. HeiserEssentials of CAS Assessmentby Jack A. NaglieriEssentials of Cognitive Assessment with KAIT and OtherKaufman Measuresby Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger, Debra Broadbooks,and Alan S. KaufmanEssentials of Conners Behavior Assessments™by Elizabeth P. SparrowEssentials of Creativity Assessmentby James C. Kaufman, Jonathan A. Plucker, and John BaerEssentials of Cross-Battery Assessment, Third Editionby Dawn P. Flanagan, Samuel O. Ortiz, andVincent C. AlfonsoEssentials of DAS-II® Assessmentby Ron Dumont, John O. Willis, and Colin D. ElliotEssentials of Dyslexia Assessment and Interventionby Nancy Mather and Barbara J. WendlingEssentials of Evidence-Based Academic Interventionsby Barbara J. Wendling and Nancy MatherEssentials of Executive Functions Assessmentby George McCloskey and Lisa A. PerkinsEssentials of Forensic Psychological Assessment, Second Editionby Marc J. AckermanEssentials of Gifted Assessmentby Steven I. PfeifferEssentials of IDEA for Assessment Professionalsby Guy McBride, Ron Dumont, and John O. WillisEssentials of Individual Achievement Assessmentby Douglas K. SmithEssentials of Intellectual Disability Assessment and IdentificationAlan W. Brue and Linda WilmshurstEssentials of KABC-II Assessmentby Alan S. Kaufman, Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger,Elaine Fletcher-Janzen, and Nadeen L. KaufmanEssentials of Millon™ Inventories Assessment, Third Editionby Stephen Strack

Essentials of MMPI-A™ Assessmentby Robert P. Archer and Radhika KrishnamurthyEssentials of MMPI-2® Assessment, Second Editionby David S. NicholsEssentials of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® Assessment,Second Editionby Naomi QuenkEssentials of NEPSY® -II Assessmentby Sally L. Kemp and Marit KorkmanEssentials of Neuropsychological Assessment, Second Editionby Nancy Hebben and William MilbergEssentials of Nonverbal Assessmentby Steve McCallum, Bruce Bracken, and John WassermanEssentials of PAI® Assessmentby Leslie C. MoreyEssentials of Planning, Selecting, and Tailoring Interventionsfor Unique Learnersby Jennifer T. Mascolo, Vincent C. Alfonso, andDawn P. FlanaganEssentials of Processing Assessment, Second Editionby Milton J. DehnEssentials of Response to Interventionby Amanda M. VanDerHeyden and Matthew K. BurnsEssentials of Rorschach® Assessmentby Tara Rose, Nancy Kaser-Boyd, and Michael P. MaloneyEssentials of School Neuropsychological Assessment, Second Editionby Daniel C. MillerEssentials of Specific Learning Disability Identificationby Dawn Flanagan and Vincent C. AlfonsoEssentials of Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB5) Assessmentby Gale H. Roid and R. Andrew BarramEssentials of TAT and Other Storytelling Assessments,Second Editionby Hedwig TeglasiEssentials of Temperament Assessmentby Diana JoyceEssentials of WAIS® -IV Assessment, Second Editionby Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger and Alan S. KaufmanEssentials of WIAT® -III and KTEA-II Assessmentby Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger and Kristina C. BreauxEssentials of WISC® -IV Assessment, Second Editionby Dawn P. Flanagan and Alan S. KaufmanEssentials of WJ III™ Cognitive Abilities Assessment,Second Editionby Fredrick A. Schrank, Daniel C. Miller,Barbara J. Wendling, and Richard W. WoodcockEssentials of WJ IV ™ Tests of Achievement Assessmentby Nancy Mather and Barbara J. WendlingEssentials of WMS® -IV Assessmentby Lisa Whipple Drozdick, James A. Holdnack,and Robin C. HilsabeckEssentials of WNV™ Assessmentby Kimberly A. Brunnert, Jack A. Naglieri, andSteven T. Hardy-BrazEssentials of WPPSI™ -IV Assessmentby Susan Engi Raiford and Diane CoalsonEssentials of WRAML2 and TOMAL-2 Assessmentby Wayne Adams and Cecil R. Reynolds

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Essentialsof Intellectual DisabilityAssessment andIdentification

Alan W. BrueLinda Wilmshurst

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Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form orby any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except aspermitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the priorwritten permission of the publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee tothe Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax978-646-8600, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the publisher for permission shouldbe addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030, 201-748-6011, fax 201-748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Brue, Alan W., author. | Wilmshurst, Linda, author.Title: Essentials of intellectual disability assessment and identification /Alan W. Brue, Linda Wilmshurst.

Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2016] | Series:Essentials of psychological assessment | Includes index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2015051194| ISBN 9781118875094 (paperback) | ISBN 9781118875643 (ePDF)ISBN 9781118875537 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Mental retardation. | Developmental disabilities. |Intelligence tests. | Educational tests and measurements. | BISAC:PSYCHOLOGY / Assessment, Testing & Measurement.

Classification: LCC RC570 .B78 2016 | DDC 362.3—dc23 LC record available athttp://lccn.loc.gov/2015051194

Cover design by WileyCover image: © Greg Kuchik/Getty Images

Printed in the United States of America

FIRST EDITION

PB Printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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CONTENTS

Series Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xv

One History of Intellectual Disability 1Early Beginnings 1The Turn of the Century: 1900 to 1950 4The Age of Assessment: Late 1950s to 1970 61980s to the Present 8Summary 14Test Yourself 15

Two Prevalence, Causes, Issues, and ComorbidDisorders 17Etiology of Intellectual Disabilities: Subtypes 17Differential Diagnoses 27Comorbidity 27Test Yourself 28

Three Current Intellectual Disability Diagnosticand Federal Education Criteria 30The DSM–5 30American Association on Intellectual and Developmental

Disabilities 34vii

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viii CONTENTS

Individuals with Disabilities Education ImprovementAct of 2004 37

Differential Diagnoses and Comorbid Conditions 44Specific Learning Disabilities 46Test Yourself 46

Four Legal Issues and Concerns 49

Education and the Law: Issues and Concerns 49Test Yourself 60

Five Theories of Intelligence and the Flynn Effect 63

Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory 63Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities 64Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory 64Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 66Planning, Attention-Arousal, Simultaneous,

and Successive Theory of Intelligence 66Theory of Multiple Intelligences 67Flynn Effect 68Intellectual Disability and Capital Punishment Cases 70Test Yourself 72

Six Assessment of an Intellectual Disability 74Designing a Test Battery 76Areas to Assess 78Test Yourself 91

Seven Integration of Assessment Results 93

Report Sample #1 93Report Sample #2 100Test Yourself 108

Eight Postassessment Planning 110

Common Parent Reactions to Learning a Child has aDisability 111

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CONTENTS ix

Guidelines for Parents of Individuals with DevelopmentalDisabilities 112

Transition Planning 113Self-Determination and Individuals with Developmental

Disabilities 115Application of Self-Determination Practices 117Results of The Arc Survey: FINDS 2011 120Test Yourself 122

Appendix A State Departments of Special Education 124

Appendix B AAIDD and The Arc Position Statementon the Criminal Justice System 133

Appendix C American Association on Intellectual andDevelopmental Disabilities (AAIDD) 138

Appendix D The Arc Position Statement onSelf-Determination 140

Appendix E AAIDD and The Arc Position Statementon Self-Advocacy 142

Appendix F The Arc Position Statement on Education 146

Appendix G The Arc Position Statement on Employment 149

Appendix H Helpful Websites 153

References 157

About the Authors 166

Index 169

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This book is dedicated to the memory of my mentor and friend, Dr. ThomasOakland, who has been and continues to be an inspiration to many around theworld.

—Alan W. Brue

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SERIES PREFACE

I n the Essentials of Psychological Assessment series, we have attempted to providethe reader with books that will deliver key practical information in the mostefficient and accessible style. Many books in the series feature specific instru-

ments in a variety of domains, such as cognition, personality, education, andneuropsychology. Other books, like Essentials of Intellectual Disability Assessmentand Identification, focus on crucial topics for professionals who are involved in anyway with assessment—topics such as specific reading disabilities, evidence-basedinterventions, and ADHD assessment. For the experienced professional, books inthe series offer a concise yet thorough review of a test instrument or a specific areaof expertise, including numerous tips for best practices. Students can turn to seriesbooks for a clear and concise overview of the important assessment tools and ofkey topics in which they must become proficient to practice skillfully, efficiently,and ethically in their chosen fields.

Wherever feasible, visual cues highlighting key points are utilized alongsidesystematic, step-by-step guidelines. Chapters are focused and succinct. Topics areorganized for an easy understanding of the essential material related to a par-ticular test or topic. Theory and research are continually woven into the fabricof each book, but the aim always is to enhance the practical application of thematerial rather than to sidetrack or overwhelm readers. With this series, we aimto challenge and assist readers interested in psychological assessment to aspire tothe highest level of competency by arming them with the tools they need forknowledgeable, informed practice. We have long been advocates of “intelligent”testing—the notion that numbers are meaningless unless they are brought to lifeby the clinical acumen and expertise of examiners. Assessment must be used tomake a difference in the child’s or adult’s life, or why bother to test? All booksin the series—whether devoted to specific tests or general topics—are consistentwith this credo. We want this series to help our readers, novice and veteran alike,to benefit from the intelligent assessment approaches of the authors of each book.

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xiv SERIES PREFACE

We are delighted to include Essentials of Intellectual Disability Assessment andIdentification in our series. This book offers a concise overview of the nature ofan intellectual disability and adaptive skills functioning in children, adolescents,and adults. Providing an in-depth look at intellectual disability assessment andidentification, the authors discuss the history of intellectual disability, its causes,comorbid disorders, diagnostic criteria and special education eligibility criteria,legal issues such as capital punishment, theories of intelligence, test instrumentsused in the assessment of an intellectual disability, and postassessment planning.In addition, they illustrate in sample reports how assessment data can be inte-grated in a brief report in order to inform treatment and guide interventions.

Alan S. Kaufman, PhD, and Nadeen L. Kaufman, EdD, Series EditorsYale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

W e would like to thank Marquita Flemming, Senior Editor at Wiley,for all of her assistance. She provided a great deal of help and sup-port – from project inception to the final manuscript – and always

offered great feedback. We are grateful to have worked with her.

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Essentials of Intellectual DisabilityAssessment and Identification