trends and approaches in graduate education in the 21 st century - usa perspective
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Trends and Approaches in Graduate Education in the 21 st Century - USA Perspective. Yaman Yener Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Middle East Technical University June 6, 2012. Graduate Education in U.S. History. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Trends and Approaches in Graduate Education in the 21st
Century - USA PerspectiveYaman Yener
Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
Middle East Technical UniversityJune 6, 2012
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Graduate Education in U.S.
History
The roots of graduate education in the US predate by
more than a century the formation of the Nation.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite to be put into Earth's orbit. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957.
Federal funding of the S&E education and research grew rapidly in the late 1950’s after the launching of Sputnik in 1957 and passage of the National Defense
Education Act in 1958.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
Enrollment Trends
An average 3.3% annual increase in total graduate enrollment occurred since fall 2000.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
Highest degree attained in 2003 by 1992-93 bachelor’s degree
recipients
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Graduate Education in U.S.
~75% in master’s programs, ~25% in doctoral programs
Total Graduate Enrollment by Degree Level, Fall 2010 (~1.75million)
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Graduate Education in U.S.
• The composition of graduate students has been changing, resulting in more diverse campuses.
• In 2010, women represented ~60% of the first-time 445,000 graduate enrollment across all fields.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
Total Graduate Enrollment by Gender, Fall 2010
~1,024,000 women (~59%), ~722,00 men (~41%)
Since the mid-1980s, the number of women in graduate schools has continued to exceed the number of men.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
In 2010, ~615,000 S&E graduate students (~35% of total)
• ~52% of them women
• Engineering (~22%) • Math & Computer sciences (~29%)• Physical & Earth Sciences (~37%) • . . .• Health Sciences (~80%)• Social & Behavioral Sciences (~64%) • Biological & Agricultural Sciences (~54%)
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Graduate Education in U.S.
Since 1998, an average annual increase of ~ 4% was seen for all minority groups enrolling in graduate schools.
Total Graduate Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Fall 2010
26.2%
~386,000 minority students (~22% of total enrollment)
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Graduate Education in U.S.
In 2010, in S&E fields, ~111,000 minority students • ~29% of total minority students• ~18% of total S&E students• ~6.3% of total grad students
• Concentration of was highest in health sciences (~32%), followed by soc. & behav. sciences (~28%).
• Smallest in physical & earth sciences (~4.5%).• Engineering (~15%)
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Graduate Education in U.S.
~245,000 Temporary Residents (~14%)
Total Graduate Enrollment by Citizenship, Fall 2010
In S&E fields, ~145,000 temporary residents (59% of all temporary residents)
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Graduate Education in U.S.
In 2010, in S&E fields, • Concentration of foreign students was highest
in engineering (~39%), followed by math. & comp. sciences (~19%).
• They accounted for the smallest shares in health sciences (~6.4%)
• India and China accounted for ~ ⅔ of foreign students.
• South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey also sent large number of students.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
• Growth in the number of grad. students has not been uniform across fields.
• In S&E fields ,enrolments started to decline in the mid-1990s, but have been consistently rising in the 21st century and are now at an all-time high.
• In Engineering , enrollment has been rising steadily in the last 20 years.
• Most of this growth has resulted from the enrollment of international students.
• Modest growth for minority students .• Slight declines for white men and
women.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
Graduate Degrees
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Graduate Education in U.S.
• A 31% increase in the number of eng. degrees, and
• A 22% increase in social science degrees.
Master’s-level education has been experiencing growth.
Master’s degrees in eng. and comp. sciences declined between 2004 and 2007, but have since increased.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
Between 2000 and 2009, the number S&E master’s degrees earned by women grew slightly faster.
• In 2000, women earned 43% of all S&E master’s degrees.
• In 2009, they earned 45%.
In 2009, women earned a majority of master’s degrees in psychology, biological sciences, and social sciences and a smaller share of master’s degrees in engineering.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
• The number of S&E master’s degrees
• increased for all racial/ethnic groups.• For foreign students reached 36,000 in 2009, after
a sharp decline between 2004 and 2007.
In 2009, foreign students earned 27% of S&E master’s degrees.
• In computer sciences (46%),
• economics (45%), and • engineering (43%).
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Graduate Education in U.S.
Professional master’s degree programs, • Relatively new direction in graduate
education,• Stress interdisciplinary training, and • Prepare students for careers in business,
government, and nonprofit organizations.
Many master’s programs have moved away from having an A&S focus and become professional programs.
This shift is one of the major factors contributing to the rapid growth in master’s-level programs.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
The number of S&E doctorates awarded annually increased rapidly between 2003-07, but growth slowed in 2008, and the number declined slightly to 41,100 in 2009.
The largest increases during the 2000–09 period were in engineering, biological sciences, and life sciences.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
The number of S&E doctoral degrees earned by U.S. citizen and permanent residents increased,
• Women - 8,700 (2000) to 15,000 (2009) • Men - 10,700 (2000) to 12,800 (2009)
In 2009, women earned
>½ of doctorates in
non-S&E fields, social sciences, and life sciences.
But, fewer doctorates degrees in
physical sciences (33%), mathematics/computer sciences (26%), and engineering (25%).
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Graduate Education in U.S.
The number of doctoral degrees in S&E fields earned by minorities increased between 2000 and 2009. They accounted for 7% of all S&E doctoral degrees earned in 2009, up from 6% in 2000.
Foreign students earned ~13,400 S&E doctoral degrees in 2009, up from 8,500 in 2000.
In 2009, they earned half or more of doctoral degrees in engineering, physics, computer sciences, and economics.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
• The vast majority of graduate students fail to complete a doctoral degree - A serious concern.
• The attrition rate in doctoral education is ~ 40% to 50%.
• Financial support is the most significant factor for the completion of the doctoral degree. • Even among doctoral students who are awarded very competitive graduate research fellowships, such as those from the Graduate Research Fellowship Program of NSF, the dropout rate is still a problem, being about 25% among this rigorously selected set of students.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
International Competition and Globalization
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Graduate Education in U.S.
• Int. doctoral students make up 24% of the total grad. population
• Worldwide average 19%• In 2004-05, over 100,000 int. doctoral
students were enrolled in the U.S. • United Kingdom (the next closest country): ~
20,000
• The U.S. has been the dominant nation in attracting int. grad. students
• The dominant position of U.S. grad. education is now threatened as the rest of the world rapidly catches up.
International Competition
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Graduate Education in U.S.
• Many countries have come to regard movement toward a knowledge-based economy as key to economic progress.
• They have invested in upgrading and expanding their higher education systems and broadening participation.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
International Students (Grad. & UG) in Higher Education
Total: 1.9 M Total: 2.9 M
The growing competition points to the need for changes in U.S. graduate education so that the U.S. does not fall behind in its production of graduate
degree recipients.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
Globalization – Transnational Higher Education
Why globalization? • Enormous demand in the emerging world.
• Advances in technology have opened up new and potentially low-cost possibilities to connect to these students.
• Opportunities to innovate in ways that are not possible at home and to enrich the research enterprise.
• New markets could be a great source of revenue.
• Opportunity for foreign students to earn a Western degree.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
• In 2009, 162 int. branch campuses, with 78 U.S. institutions, followed by Australia (14), the UK(13), . . .
• The Australians and the British were there before the US.
• U.S. grad. schools are more likely to have established dual/joint degree programs with higher education institutions in Europe, with China and India in second place.
• The most common fields for dual degrees: • At the master’s level are business,
engineering, and the social sciences • At the doctoral level, they are engineering and
physical sciences.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
• Venturing into a new country, meeting enrollment and financial goals without diluting quality standards is often a challenge.
• Some US institutions have been successful , but• Some are struggling for students.
• A number of them closed their branch campuses.
• Some well-known universities have been asked to leave a country.
• Following the closures of several branch campuses, higher education institutions have become more aware of the long-term risks involved and more frequently look for sponsors or partners to share and reduce such risks.
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Graduate Education in U.S.
Path Forward
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Graduate Education in U.S.
• Many bachelor degree recipients never enroll in a graduate program, and many who do enroll leave without a degree. Especially, the rates at which students leave doctoral programs remain a national problem.
• The numbers of international students enrolled in the US graduate institutions continues to decline as opportunities for quality education in their home countries increase.