Tree Fruit Update

Tree Fruit Pest Management Review

2015

Bill ShaneMichigan State University Extension

Tree Fruit Update

Tree Fruit Management Update Topics:

• Information sources• 2015 tree fruit pest overlook• New chemicals, label changes, resistance issues• Insecticide & fungicide efficacies

Tree Fruit Update

Web sites for Michigan fruit informationmsue.anr.msu.edu/topic/info/fruit      MSU Ext “News for Ag”www.msue.msu.edu/berrien                 Berrien Countywww.maes.msu.edu/swmrec SWMRECwww.maes.msu.edu/nwmihort Northwest Hort Stationwww.maes.msu.edu/tnrc Trevor Nichols Research Centerapples.msu.edu                   cherries.msu.edu             blueberries.msu.edugrapes.msu.edumichiganplum.orgmichiganpeach.orgwww.ipm.msu.edu/fruit              state fruit IPM info. including state newsletterswww.enviroweather.msu.edu   MSU automatic weather station networkwww.treefruit.msu.edu MSU Entomology Department tree fruit groupWilliamShane.weebly.com           Bill Shane share site

Tree Fruit Update

Web sites for Michigan fruit informationmsue.anr.msu.edu/topic/info/fruit      MSU Ext “News for Ag”www.msue.msu.edu/berrien                 Berrien Countywww.maes.msu.edu/swmrec SWMRECwww.maes.msu.edu/nwmihort Northwest Hort Stationwww.maes.msu.edu/tnrc Trevor Nichols Research Centerapples.msu.edu                   cherries.msu.edu             blueberries.msu.edugrapes.msu.edumichiganplum.orgmichiganpeach.orgwww.ipm.msu.edu/fruit              state fruit IPM info. including state newsletterswww.enviroweather.msu.edu   MSU automatic weather station networkwww.treefruit.msu.edu MSU Entomology Department tree fruit groupWilliamShane.weebly.com           Bill Shane share site

Tree Fruit Update

www.scaffolds.entomology.cornell.edu/ Cornell newsletterwww.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/cpg/Home Washington State Univ. Spray Guide

Other sites of interest

Tree Fruit Update

April 13th to the end of June

5 PM to 6:30 PM, no meeting on May 25th (Memorial Day).

Fruit Acre Farms (Annette & Randy Bjorge), NE corner of Friday Rd (Coloma Exit) and Carmody Rd, approximately 2 miles south of I-94.

Credits toward Mich pesticide applicators license for each meeting.

Bring samples for identification / discussion

MSU Extension Monday afternoon fruit update sessions

Year March 11

March 17

March 18

2015 7.9 38.32014 10.2 12.42013 36.1 36.32012 82.4 2232009 65.0 1052000 187.4 200

Degree day base 42 F accumulation from Jan 1 (Bainbridge / Watervliet)

Mac Apple Phenology

DD42 Growth stage127 1st green189 ¼” green205 ½” green242 tight cluster284 open cluster367 pink296 king bloom422 full bloom

Degree day base 42 F accumulation from Jan 1 (Bainbridge / Watervliet)

Estimated 95 degree days base 42 from January 1 for early peach varieties to begin to swell and become peach leaf curl prone

Year March 11

March 17

March 18

2015 7.9 38.32014 10.2 12.42013 36.1 36.32012 82.4 2232009 65.0 1052000 187.4 200

Tree Fruit Update

Peach leaf curl infection periods

• Buds open, new growth (95+ degree days base 42)

• More than 10 hours leaf wetness in temperature range of 46 to 53 F and rainfall greater than 0.2 inch.

Tree Fruit Update

Ag Chemical Update

• Pesticide label changes• new materials• strategies for use

Tree Fruit Update

Insecticide UpdateCalypso (Bayer)- voluntary cancellation, all crops. Reason: registration review process & new water

model. No more will be produced. - Calypso products in the channels of trade can be sold and distributed until Feb 8,

2016. Growers with existing stocks may continue to use product in the labelled manner until those existing stocks are gone or tolerance is revoked, whichever comes first.

Endosulfan phase-out- unlawful to use the product on sweet cherries, peaches and nectarines as of July 31,

2012.- unlawful to use this product on pears after July 31, 2013.- It will become unlawful to use this product on apples after July 31, 2015.

Pristine production discontinued

Tree Fruit Update

New Insecticides Update

Closer (Dow AgroSci.) sulfoxaflor– registered for pome fruits, stone fruits and grapes– sap-feeding insects(aphids, leafhoppers and

mealybugs)– shares a target site with neonicotinoid

insecticides, but with a unique mode of action. Closer will control insects tolerant to neonics.

– translaminar movement in leaves, moves with water stream in plant

– relatively safe on many beneficials.

Tree Fruit Update

Exirel (cyazypyr)- DuPont

- Diamide class, activate ryanodine receptors, thus depleting internal calcium and preventing muscle contraction.

- Registered in pome fruits, stone fruits. Not yet in grapes and blueberries.

- Labeled uses leafrollers, codling moth, Oriental fruit moth, maggots, Drosophila fruit flies, aphids, and leaf-feeding beetles.

- Short PHI – 3 days

Other ryanodine receptor active insecticides: Altacor, Belt,

Tree Fruit Update

Insecticide Update

Apta (tolfenpyrad) – Nichino America

IRAC group 21ARegistration for peach, plum, cherrybroad spectrum, contactCherry fruit fly, aphids, apple maggot, mealybugs, plum curculio14 day preharvest interval

Tree Fruit Update

Brown Marmorated Stinkbug• introduced into East US in mid-1990s, Asian origin• over 300 known host plants• recorded in 40 states, including MI and acrossthe border in Indiana and Ohio

Left, magnified view of smooth edge of the right shoulder region of the brown marmorated stink bug. Right, the same region of a rough stink bug with a toothed edge. Source: Erwin Elsner,.

Tree Fruit Update

Tree of heavenHolly

Dwellings

Corn and soybean

Tree fruits

Tree Fruit Update

Monitored >50 sites

First captures in late July

Over 400 BMSB captured(adults and nymphs)

“Hot spots” in Berrien and Ingham counties

• High numbers in soybean

Tree Fruit Update

In E154 – Apple Section, Insecticides listed for BMSB

activityLannate e - carbamateDanitol e - pyrethroidActara e - neonicAssail g - neonicWarrier e - pyrethroidBelay g - neonicAdmire Pro g - neonicLeverage e - pyrethroid + neonic Endigo ZC e - pyrethroid + ActaraVoliam Xpress g - pyrethroid + Altacor

Tree Fruit Update

Monitoring for BMSB• Orchards near

• overwintering locations = woods, buildings• streams, deep gullys• soybean fields & other hosts

• Observe orchard edges• look at fruit high in tree: catfacing, gummosis, dark spots

• Place trap at high risk location(s)• Capture bugs and confirm identification• Aggregations in fall

• Strategy is to confuse or mislead males and prevent mating• Useful for codling moth, oriental fruit moth, peach tree borers, and dogwood borers

Summary of pheromone disruption use in tree fruit crops

Twin tube type pheromone dispenser

Illustration credit: Washington State University

• Need at least 3/4 acre orchard, more or less solid stand

• Not as effective if surrounded by orchards where the insect is not being well managed.

• If 1st year of use, won’t see benefit until 2nd generation. This is because disruption does not kill, it only helps to prevent the next generation

Summary of pheromone disruption use in tree fruit crops

Twin tube type dispensor

Tree Fruit Update

Great Lakes IPM

Pheromone source

Useful products

• Monitor with traps & fruit inspection.

• Because insects have uneven distribution in an orchard you need to have approximately 2 traps per 10 acres

• Need more than 1 trap per block, regardless of the size, in order to have a better average trap count

Need to monitor the disrupted insect to make sure that the disruption is working

Tree Fruit Update

Tree Fruit Disease Management Update

- Apple scab- Peach bacterial spot- Brown rot- Cherry leafspot

Tree Fruit Update

Appearance of apple scab resistance to various systemic fungicides over the years

Active ingredient Product names Introduced Resistance problems show up

Benzimidazole Benlate, Topsin M Early 1970’s Mid 1970’s

Sterol inhibitor Nova, Rubigan,Funginex

Late 1980’s Late 1990’s

Strobilurin Flint, Sovran, 1999 2009

SDHI Pristine*, Merivon*, Fontelis, Luna Tranquility*

2004

*Also contains mix partner

Tree Fruit Update

Number of applications in orchard over the years & appearance of resistance in scab fungus

W. Koeller, Cornell University

Dodine (Syllit, Cyprex)60 applications

Benzimidazole (Topsin M, Benlate)20 applications

SIs (Nova, Procure, Rubigan)10 – 30 applications at low rates60+ applications at high rates

AP (Vangard, Scala)poor performance in SI-resistant orchards

Strobilurins (Flint, Sovran)25 applications, maybe more at high rates

SDHI (Fontelis, Merivon, Luna Sensation, Luna

Tree Fruit Update

SDHI

Tree Fruit UpdateScab & powdery season

Scab only

EDBC

Captan Captan

Ziram

Vanguard & Scala

XXXXXX

Luna Tranquility

L. Sensation, Fontelis, Merivon

Topsin M

SI & StrobyMildew only

Scab & Mildew

XXXXXXX – use of Captan during bloom may partially interfere with pollination

Scab only

EDBC

Captan Captan

Ziram

Vanguard & Scala

XXXXXX

L. Tranquil

L. Sensation,Fontelis, Merivon

Topsin M

SI & StrobyMildew only

Scab & Mildew

Sterol inhibitors: Indar, Inspire Super (SI + Vangard), Rubigan, Rally, Procure

Strobilurin: Flint, Sovran

Tree Fruit Update

Apple Scab Management: Fungicide combinations using low rates of mancozeb

Combinations CommentsMancozeb + copper 18 hr backaction, Phytoxicity potential for copperMancozeb + syllit Some eradicative action. Some orchards may

have some dodine-resistant scab. Compatible with oil.

Mancozeb + captan 18 hr backaction, not compatible with oil.

Mancozeb + Ziram 18 hr backaction, more prone to washoff than captan

Mancozeb + (Scala or Vangard) 48 to 72 hour back action if Scala/Vangard used at full rate. Scala/Vangard does not redistribute well. Use under cool conditions

Tree Fruit Update

Fire Blight Update

G. Sundin, G. McGhee, W. Shane, Michigan State UniversityFire blight: No new areas in SW with strep resistance detected in 2013 & 2014

Shaded symbols show where strep resistance has been detected.

Tree Fruit Update

Kasumin

has full registration for apple and pear for fire blight control.

More effective than mycoshield

More expensive than strep

Less back action than strep

Do not use after petal fall.

Apogee (Prohexadione-Ca) for fire blight management in apples

Reduces active shoot growth

Limits shoot blight strikes

Reduces # cankers

Absorbed by apple foliage, only shoots that are sprayed are affected

May have use in high density plantings where trees have filled space. Maybe can be used at low doses in early years of planting

Do not use on Empire or Winesap due to fruit cracking issues in some years

Phytophthora crown and collar rot of fruit trees

The disease frequently kills trees 5-7 years in age, about the time they begin to bear fruit.

Trees with collar rot are poorly anchored, have brown/red cambium tissue in the lower trunk, crown, and feeder roots.

Pathogen is more active in wet soils and at soil temperatures of 55-70°F.

Key factors- Heavier soils, susceptible rootstock, cool & wet weather, trees planted too deep

Tree Fruit Update

Treatment of crown and collar rot by Phytophthora

Ridomil Gold SL 0.5 pt/100 gal water

Rates are based on tree size. Need rain or irrigation to move material into root zone.

Ridomil Gold 480 EC is very soluble in water and moves systemically up from roots into stems and then leaves with the transpiration stream of plants. This fungicide does not move downward to roots within treated plants, so apply this fungicide as a soil drench for best results against root diseases.

Note: Aliette, Agri-Fos, Fosphite, and Phostrol also registered for this disease, but may be more useful in the fall because need foliage for uptake (foliar application)

Tree Fruit Update

Crown and collar rot

Target soil drench with Ridomil when soil temperatures are in range 55-70°F.

Bainbridge Enviroweather Station Data - 2013

Tree Fruit Update

Management of Bacterial Spot

Peaches, nectarine, plums, apricots

Spring Cankers show up before bloom

Bacterial pathogen from 3 spring cankers

March 2015-dfr-MI

Canker

Lesions

12

March 2015-dfr-MI

Under favorable conditions, bacteria spread from spring cankers to infect leaf tissue. Bacterial populations build up on leaves and later spread to fruit after shuck split.

Tree Fruit Update

Bacterial Spot Notes

Warm temps, moisture (frequent rain, heavy dew, high humidity), high winds, driving rains favor epidemics

Disease can be severe especially where peach is grown on sandy sites

Vigorously-growing trees are less susceptible to disease than weaker trees.

After shuck split fruit are exposed to infection.

Bacterial spot leaf symptoms.

Stage Formulated 53%copper (lb/acre)*

Metallic copper (lb/acre)

Delayed dormant 4 to 5 2

7 – 10 day interval 2 1

1 – 5% bloom 1 0.5

Petal fall 0.5 0.25

Shuck split 0.25 0.125After shuck split switch to Mycoshield or Syllit + captan

modified from summary by David Ritchie, North Carolina State University

Generalprogramforin‐seasonuseofcopperforbacterialspotsuppressiononpeachesandnectarines

If you have not had a rain since the last copper, hold off or skip the next application. Apply no sooner than weekly. Look for signs of copper injury and the amount of copper residue before each application. If copper is obvious on the foliage, hold off. If the amount of copper damage is becoming significant, hold off. Lime alone can be applied to help safen the existing copper on the foliage.

Tree Fruit Update

Mycoshield 17 WP 1 to 1.5 lb/acre

or

Syllit 65 W* 1/4 lb to 1.5 lb / acre+ captan 50 W 4 lb / acre

* Phytotoxicity possibility if applied with or close to sulfur or with solvent formulations of insecticides

Bacterial spot control options after shuck split:

Tree Fruit Update

Bacterial Spot Susceptibility Rating

%

Peach cultivars developed in western U.S. tend to be more susceptible to bacterial spot

0102030405060708090

100

1 2 3 4 5 6HR R MR MS S HS

0 0 0

3

11

17

22

March 2015-dfr-MI

Tree Fruit Update

Bacterial Spot Susceptibility Rating

%

Peach cultivars developed in eastern U.S.

0102030405060708090

100

1 2 3 4 5 6HR R MR MS S HS

2

20

37

2

25

6

23

March 2015-dfr-MI

Tree Fruit Update

Brown rot fungicide resistance

Active ingredient Product names Introduced Resistance problems show up

SI Rally, Elite, Indar, Orbit (Tilt), Inspire Super, Quash

Late 1980’s Peach 2009Cherry 2010

Cherry leafspot fungicide resistance

Active ingredient Product names Introduced Resistance problems show up

SI Rally, Elite, Indar, Orbit (Tilt), Inspire Super, Quash

Late 1980’s Peach 2009Cherry 2010

SDHI Pristine, Merivon 2004 Cherry 2010

Tree Fruit Update

Cherry leaf spot fungicides

Petal fall – chlorothalonil (best option)Shuck split – chlorothalonil (best option)1st cover – also need powdery mildew control2nd cover3rd cover4th cover – also need fruit brown rot control

Postharvest (optional) – chlorothalonil (best option)

Tree Fruit Update

Cherry leaf spot fungicides – cover spray options

New SDHIs– Luna Sensation (SDHI + Gem)– Merivon (SDHI + pyraclostrobin)

Syllit + Captan

Coppers– 1.2 lbs metallic Cu per acre

Captan

Gem

Bravo Weather Stik [section 24(c)]

Tree Fruit Update

Fungicide Class Product examples Resistance appearance

Brown rot resistance

Dodine Syllit Gradual, will revert back

Not used for this

Dicarboximide Iprodione, Nevado, Rovral

Sudden Not reported, not for use after petal fall

Sterol biosynthesisinhibitors

Bayleton, Elite, Rubigan, Indar, Orbit, Procure, Quash

Gradual Low so far (2012 perspective)

Strobilurins Flint = Gem, Sovran, Cabrio, Abound

Sudden Starting to appear in SEUS

Anilo-pyrimidine Scala, Vangard Sudden Reported in California, moderately effective

Brown Rot Resistance Against 5 Classes of Fungicides

Tree Fruit Update

# - not past bloom

Additional fungicides for stone fruit

Tree Fruit Update

Where are we at in leaf spot management?

Bravo – chlorothalonil (petal fall, shuck split)Cover spray options:

– SDHI: Merivon, Luna Sensation– Strobilurins (Gem)– Pristine – may be weak due to resistance to boscalid component– Syllit + Captan– Copper

Bravo postharvest

Pristine, Gem, Adament, Syllit are all at risk of resistanceCopper has potential phytotoxicity issues

Also controls powdery mildew, add captan

Watch phytotoxicity

Tree Fruit Update

Questions?

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Tree Fruit Update

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AltacorBeltIntrepidCentaurTourismoRimonDelegateActaraProvadoAssailCalypsoClutchLannateGuthionAgri-flexDanitolWarriorBattalionBaythroid

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rynrynIgrigrmixigrspineoneoneoneoneoopopmixpyrpyrpyrpyr

Efficacies of fruit insecticides – revised 3/16/2010

( ) = almost, * = fair, ** = good, *** = excellent, ad = adult, la = larvae, c = crawlers

$/A$38

$22$42

$43$38$28$26$42$20$34$19$22

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Voliam fl. mix * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Leverage mix * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Tree Fruit Update

Voliam Flexi

thiamethoxam (Actara) sucking pestschlorantraniliprole (Altacor) caterpillars

The best fit of this product on apple is for first generation codling moth. This timing will also control plum curculio, early egg hatch of tufted apple bud moth.

The best fit on peaches is from petal fall through shuck fall for the control of oriental fruit moth, plum curculio, tarnished plant bug, stink bugs and green peach aphids.

use of Voliam Flexi and other products containing thiamethoxam (Actara, Endigo) in the same season will contribute to the seasonal maximum allowance for this active ingredient. REI = 12 hours; PHI = 35 days (pome fruits), 14 day (stone fruits).

Tree Fruit Update

Tree Fruit Update

New Tree Fruit Fungicides

Topguard (flutriafol), sterol inhibitor type

Labeled for apples for scab, powdery mildew, rust.

2nd generation SI

Don’t add adjuvant

Use with protectant such as Captan or Mancozeb

Tree Fruit Update

Tree Fruit Update

Tree Fruit Update