Tree  Diversity  Day  

 Biodiversity  for  development:  

human  benefits  from  tree  diversity  for  food,  health  and  nutri:on      

 

Rio  Conven:ons  Pavilion  Programme    CBD  COP11,  Hyderabad,  India  10  October  2012    

Ramni  Jamnadass  World  Agroforestry  Centre  

   

–  Ramni  Jamnadass  (ICRAF):  Introduc6on  to  the  session  and  a  brief  overview  on  benefits  of  trees  for  local  peoples'  lives/livelihoods.    

–  Par6cipatory  indigenous  fruit  tree  domes6ca6on  and  livelihood  impacts  in  Central  Africa          (Zac    Tchoundjeu)  

 –   Amy  Ickowitz  (CIFOR):  The  rela6onship  between  forest  cover  and  child  nutri6on  across  Africa.  

–  Hugo  A.  H.  Lamers    (or  colleague?  Bioversity  Interna6onal):  Fruit  tree  diversity  and  conserva6on  on  farm  in  the  Western  Ghats,  India,  par6cularly  Garcinia  and  Mangifera  species.  

–  Navin  Sharma  (ITC):  Bio-­‐economy  -­‐  from  sustenance  to  value  crea6on,  an  Indian  example.    

   

At one time in history ………. 70% of the world’s surface was covered with forest

From then, until recently, humans got most of the tree products they needed direct from the forest…..

this  included  firewood….  

also  included    Dawa…  

… and also included fruit, nuts, oil….

But more recently due to forest clearing, and …

… rising human populations,

… it is clear that wild harvesting may no longer satisfy our needs for all the tree products every time and everywhere…….continued degradation

     Trees  for  Products  

   Trees  for  Services  fruit   firewood   medicine   income   Sawn  wood   fodder  

Soil  fer:lity   Carbon   erosion   watershed   shade   biodiversity  

         Tree    Diversity  offers  diversity  of  func:ons  

Future of trees is on Farms …cultivation of trees is required

...for both the market,

and home use

Commodity   2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008  Coffee   8,661,842   8,462,349   9,769,085   11,810,867   15,637,891   18,256,575   22,061,510   26,800,406  Palm  oil   4,916,280   7,479,292   9,841,363   11,842,625   11,638,148   13,962,578   21,346,063   33,016,870  Citrus   7,709,475   8,598,655   10,217,484   10,924,690   11,597,821   12,661,180   15,869,879   17,689,609  Apples   3,410,183   3,852,300   4,675,737   5,354,522   5,622,449   6,410,561   8,398,383   9,320,535  Olives   2,761,684   3,085,092   3,996,924   5,989,857   6,716,176   8,049,248   7,289,693   7,754,972  Cocoa   2,208,064   3,219,631   4,200,355   4,836,469   4,954,083   4,790,227   5,708,236   7,246,038  Almonds   917,197   1,176,724   1,461,219   1,840,873   2,650,190   2,571,436   2,637,102   2,652,035  Cashew  nuts   947,931   1,066,060   1,118,091   1,604,034   1,850,100   1,757,346   2,025,783   2,735,722  Coconuts   895,924   976,193   1,210,337   1,527,598   1,876,246   1,633,117   1,996,676   2,895,301  Pears   929,469   996,744   1,166,442   1,333,622   1,548,355   1,608,812   1,931,508   2,376,579  

Peaches,  nectarines   944,861   966,836   1,291,024   1,147,052   1,297,850   1,566,048   1,702,527   2,112,357  Kiwi  fruit   611,803   720,365   833,194   1,104,284   1,241,451   1,387,549   1,584,275   2,019,843  Natural  rubber   428,511   501,537   808,637   991,985   1,055,177   1,684,945   1,910,370   2,052,320  Pistachios   610,856   695,840   988,595   941,879   1,342,740   1,661,415   1,425,435   1,707,343  

Plums  &  sloes   610,560   613,885   709,624   751,423   842,534   951,051   1,079,191   1,184,595  Raisins   558,066   577,380   673,286   809,938   895,637   915,796   954,722   1,285,479  Walnuts   424,313   462,340   535,894   685,925   830,099   1,010,112   1,171,124   1,270,622  Mango   428,299   401,188   578,874   585,438   646,821   778,814   918,524   1,001,681  Apricots   291,164   331,417   390,074   464,738   491,066   514,222   541,578   763,834  Papayas   124,014   130,550   161,481   201,833   185,248   182,419   186,153   188,050  Brazil  nuts   51,840   57,901   70,975   109,783   163,617   129,307   154,651   159,584  Sheanuts   10,452   12,376   22,807   8,938   7,167   18,835   30,399   42,410  Gums  natural   6,628   9,646   11,656   7,761   8,311   5,656   6,747   6,513  Kolanuts   6,932   1,808   1,668   5,241   477   600   1,916   1,904  

Total  value  (US$)     38,466,348  44,396,109   54,734,826   64,881,375   73,099,654   82,507,849  100,932,445  126,284,602  

Global  exports  value  for  some  agro  forestry  related  commodi:es    2001-­‐2008  (US$  ‘000)  

$126,284,602,000  industry       Source:  FAOSTAT,  2011  

Farmers can, however, only plant what is available •  Quality planting material needs to be developed •  Access to quality material required

A key problem though is that for most species that there has been no formal domestication undertaken.

Nutri:on  and  Health    

Interna6onal  Forestry  Review  (2011),    Forests,  Biodiversity  and  Food  Security  

   

Around  50  million  children  are  at  risk  of  vitamin  A  deficiency  in  Africa,  where  it  is  the  con6nent’s  third  greatest  public  health  problem  afer  HIV/AIDS  and  malaria,      Micronutrient  malnutri6on-­‐  hidden  hunger    

Fruits  for  improved  nutri:on  and  health  

Jus6fica6on:  •  Fruit  consump6on  very  low  in  most  developing  countries  –  Consumers  are  not  aware  of  fruits‘  values  for  health  –  High  seasonality  in  produc6on,  poor  marke6ng,  high  prices    

•  Fruit  produc6on  very  low  in  sub-­‐Saharan  Africa  –  Lijle  use  of  improved,  high-­‐yielding  varie6es  –  Poor  on-­‐farm  fruit  tree  management  –  High  post-­‐harvest  losses  –  Small  number  of  na6onal  hor6cultural  scien6sts  

Fruit  consump6on  is  too  low  in  developing  countries  

Table 1: Average daily consumption of fruits (FAOSTAT, 2004).

 Region Fruit consumption (g/day) EU 288

N. America 286

Latin America 194

Eastern Europe 150

Asia (developing) 99

Western Africa 90 Southern Africa 89 Central Africa 40 East Africa 36

Minimum recommended by WHO: 200 g

Edible  tradi:onally  important  tree  products  harvested  from  the  forest  as  new  domes:cated  

crops  

Contribu6on  of  fruits  to  nutri6on:  1.  High  contents  of  vitamins  C  and  A,  iron  and  calcium  

Species   Vit  C    (mg/100  g)  

Vit  A    (mg/100  g)  

Iron    (mg/100  g)  

Calcium  (mg/100  g)  

Adansonia  digitata  

150-­‐500   0.03-­‐0.06   1.7   360  

Grewia  tenax   N.A.   N.A.   7.4   610  

Tamarindus  indica  

3-­‐9   0.01-­‐0.06   0.7   260  

Guava   230   0.03   0.3      18  

Mango      28   0.04   0.1      10  

Pawpaw      62   0.14   0.1      24  

Sources: Freedman (1998) Famine foods. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods; Fruits for the Future Series, ICUC; Fineli (http://www.fineli.fi/), Lukmanji & Hertzmark (2008) Tanzania Food Composition Tables

Table 2: Nutrient content of selected fruits.

Available  year-­‐round,  during  the  ‘hunger  gap‘  

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

ZambiaMalawiPercentage

(%) of households facing food

shortage Harvest season  

Cropping season = ‘hunger gap‘  

Tree species Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Avocado (exotic)

Citrus (exotic)

Parinari curatellifolia

Mango (exotic)

Uapaca kirkiana

Strychnos cocculoides

Syzygium cordatum

Annona senegalensis

Flacourtia indica

Vangueria infausta

Vitex doniana

Adansonia digitata

Ziziphus mauritiana

Fruits  for  income  genera6on  

•  Fruit  tree  cul6va6on  offers  great  poten6al  for  income  genera6on  if  farmers  are    –  linked  to  markets  –  trained  in  fruit  tree  management  – cul6va6ng  improved,  high  value  varie6es    

•  There  is  a  high  poten6al  for  enhanced  employment,  business  development  and  income  genera6on  through  local  processing  of  fruits  

Commercializa:on  of  diverse  AFTPs  –    A  vital  business  ini:a:ve  for  Africa  

From  tradi:onal  markets  ……………….  to…………….…  new  business    

Investment in indigenous fruit trees is an opportunity for small holder farmers and others….

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) www.worldagroforestry.org

Aichi  targets  Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming…

Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pres-sures on biodiversity an& promote sustainable use

Strategic Goal C: Improve the status of biodiver-sity by safeguarding ecosys-tems, species and genetic div

Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity an & ecosystem services

Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity buildi..

(targets 14…16)

(targets 17…20)

(targets 11…13)

(targets 5…10)

(targets 1…4)