tree biology - nd urban and community forestry association€¦ · ~9-11 years - sapwood. wood...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Tree
Biology
![Page 2: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Tree biology includes …
• Structure = Anatomy
• Function = Physiology
• (Above- and below-ground)
• Processes– Photosynthesis
– Respiration
– Transpiration
– Hormones
– Translocation
• Compartmentalization – CODIT
![Page 3: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Tree biology includes …
• Structure = Anatomy
• Function = Physiology
• (Above- and below-ground)
• Processes– Photosynthesis
– Respiration
– Transpiration
– Hormones
– Translocation
• Compartmentalization – CODIT
![Page 4: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Tree biology includes …
• Structure = Anatomy
• Function = Physiology
• (Above- and below-ground)
• Processes– Photosynthesis
– Respiration
– Transpiration
– Hormones
– Translocation
• Compartmentalization – CODIT
![Page 5: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Tree biology includes …
• Structure = Anatomy
• Function = Physiology
• (Above- and below-ground)
• Processes– Photosynthesis
– Respiration
– Transpiration
– Hormones
– Translocation
• Compartmentalization – CODIT
![Page 6: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Tree biology includes …
• Structure = Anatomy
• Function = Physiology
• (Above- and below-ground)
• Processes– Photosynthesis
– Respiration
– Transpiration
– Hormones
– Translocation
• Compartmentalization – CODIT
And they’re all related.
![Page 7: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Which topic do you need most?
• A. Anatomy (slide #8)
• B. Physiology (slide #109)
• C. Processes (Ps, Rs, Ts, translocation)
– Photosynthesis (#116)
– Water movement in stem (#80)
– Water from leaves (#110)
– Tradeoffs (#120)
• D. Compartmentalization (CODIT) (#137)
• E. Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) (#150)
![Page 8: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Anatomy
![Page 9: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A
D
C
B
A.
B.
C.
D.
M
L
K
J
IH
G
F
E
![Page 10: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A
D
C
B
M
L
K
J
IH
G
F
EE.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
![Page 11: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The stem …
![Page 12: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Bur oak
![Page 13: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Bur oak
5
4
3
1
2
![Page 14: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
5
4
3
1
2
Bark
Phloem
Cambium
Xylem
Annual
Rings
![Page 15: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3
1
Bark
1 - Bark (outer bark)
![Page 16: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3
1
Bark
1 - Bark (outer bark)
Fargo – what’s the function of
the bark?
![Page 17: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
3
1
Bark
1 - Bark (outer bark)
Protection (environment,
insects, diseases, animals)
![Page 18: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Bark – details …
![Page 19: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Bark – details …
that you’ll never use
![Page 20: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
3
2
Phloem
2 - Phloem - “inner bark”
![Page 21: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
3
2
Phloem
2 - Phloem - “inner bark”
Joel Campbell – What does
the phloem do?
![Page 22: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
3
2
Phloem
2 - Phloem - “inner bark”
Transport sugar (energy)
and plant growth regulators
Top to bottom
![Page 23: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Phloem
![Page 24: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
3
Cambium
3 - Cambium
![Page 25: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
3
Cambium
3 - Cambium
Sandra J. – What does the
cambium do?
![Page 26: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
3
Cambium
3 - Cambium - cell division
Growth (diameter)
To the inside ➔ xylem
To the outside ➔ phloem
![Page 27: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
4
4 - Xylem - “wood”
More later …
![Page 28: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
5
Annual
Rings
5 - Annual Rings
More later …
![Page 29: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Wood structure and function
• Xylem • A - Water and nutrient
transport
• B - Physical support
of the crown
• C - Food storage over
the winter
• D - Store waste
chemicals
• E - All of the above
What does it do?
![Page 30: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Wood structure and function
• Xylem • A - Water and nutrient
transport
• B - Physical support
of the crown
• C - Food storage over
the winter
• D - Store waste
chemicals
• E - All of the above
What does it do?
![Page 31: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Wood structure and function
• Xylem • Water and nutrient
transport
• Physical support of
the crown
• Food storage over the
winter
• Store waste
chemicals
![Page 32: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Water, nutrients
Dia
gra
m f
rom
Kozlo
wski and P
alla
rdy,
199
7
![Page 33: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Bur oak
Heartwood
Sapwood
![Page 34: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
~9-11 years - Sapwood
![Page 35: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Wood structure and function
• Xylem • Water and nutrient
transport
• Physical support of
the crown
• Food storage over the
winter
• Store waste
chemicals
![Page 36: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Bur oak
HEARTWOOD
Storage of waste chemicals
![Page 37: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Annual ring
formation
![Page 38: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Cambium – cell divisionAnnual ring
formation
![Page 39: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• EarlywoodAnnual ring
formation
![Page 40: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• Earlywood
Earlywood (~Springwood)
Wood (cells) produced “early” in the
growing season
Large diameter, thin cell walls
Annual ring
formation
![Page 41: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Earlywood
• LatewoodCell formation
![Page 42: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Earlywood
• LatewoodCell formation
Latewood (~Summerwood)
Wood (cells) produced “late” in the
growing season
Smaller diameter, thick cell walls
![Page 43: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Eastern
white pineAnnual ring
EarlywoodLatewood
BarkPith
![Page 44: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Ponderosa pine
1974
little latewood
1972
much latewood Bark1973
1971
Pith
![Page 45: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Pith
Bark
EarlywoodLatewood
Bur oak
![Page 46: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Bur oak
Earlywood
Latewood
![Page 47: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Cell types
![Page 48: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• Vessels
• Tracheids
• Fibers
• Parenchyma
• (Rays)
Cell types
![Page 49: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• Vessels
• Tracheids
• Fibers
• Parenchyma
• (Rays)
Cell types
Vessels, tracheids and fibers – dead at maturity.
![Page 50: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• Vessels
• Tracheids
• Fibers
• Parenchyma
• (Rays)
Cell types
Vessels, tracheids and fibers – dead at maturity.
Parenchyma cells – alive at maturity.
![Page 51: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Cell types• Vessels
• Tracheids - water
• Fibers - strength
• Parenchyma - storage
• (Rays – horizontal parenchyma + tracheids)
![Page 52: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Eastern white pine
Annual ring
Mostly tracheids
(resin canal)
![Page 53: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Eastern white pine
Annual ring
Mostly tracheids
(resin canal)
Kim M. – Which is the
earlywood and which
is the latewood?
![Page 54: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Eastern white pine
Annual ring
Mostly tracheids
![Page 55: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Blue
spruce
Mostly tracheids
![Page 56: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Rocky Mountain
juniper
Mostly tracheids
![Page 57: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Cell types• Vessels
• Tracheids - water
• Fibers - strength
• Parenchyma - storage
• (Rays – horizontal parenchyma + tracheids)
![Page 58: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Cell types• Vessels
• Tracheids - water
• Fibers - strength
• Parenchyma - storage
• (Rays – horizontal parenchyma + tracheids)
Rays
Winter storage of sugar/starch
Horizontal movement of sugar, water, nutrients
![Page 59: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Eastern white pine
Annual ring
Mostly tracheids
Ray
![Page 60: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Blue
spruceMostly tracheids
Rays
![Page 61: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Cell types• Vessels - water
• Tracheids - water
• Fibers - strength
• Parenchyma - storage
• (Rays) -
![Page 62: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Cell types• Vessels - ** water **
• Tracheids - water
• Fibers - strength
• Parenchyma - storage
• (Rays) -
**Vessels - the most
important water transport
cells in deciduous trees.**
![Page 63: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Cell types• Vessels - ** water **
• Tracheids - water
• Fibers - strength
• Parenchyma - storage
• (Rays) -
Deciduous trees –
classified by timing/
location of vessels
in the annual ring.
![Page 64: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Ring-porous
Russian olive
Many large
earlywood vessels
![Page 65: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Sugar maple
Diffuse porous(Scattered vessels)
![Page 66: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Ohio buckeye
Diffuse porous
Scattered vessels
![Page 67: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Ohio buckeye
Diffuse porous
Where are the rings?
![Page 68: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Ohio buckeye
Diffuse porous
Where are the rings?
![Page 69: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Ring structure of some deciduous trees
Ring porous Semi-ring
porous/Semi-
diffuse porous
Diffuse porous
Oak Cherry Basswood
Elm Walnut (?) Birch
Ash Buckeye
Russian-olive Maple
Catalpa Poplar
Chestnut Willow
Mulberry
Hickory
Black locust
![Page 70: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Cell types• Vessels - ** water **
• Tracheids - water
• Fibers - strength
• Parenchyma - storage
• (Rays) - (storage)
Rays – storage and
horizontal movement
![Page 71: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Rays – horizontal parenchyma + tracheids
Fig
ure
fro
m: K
ozlo
wski and P
alla
rdy
(1997)
![Page 72: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
3 – Rays – horizontal parenchyma + tracheids
![Page 73: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Siberian elm root
Note large number of rays
Ray cells
Storage and
horizontal movement
![Page 74: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Bur oak stem
Note large number of rays
![Page 75: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Bur oak stem
Note large number of rays
Ray cells
Storage and
horizontal movement
![Page 76: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Bur oak stem
Note large number of rays
Ray cells
Storage and
horizontal movement
Devin M. – Do rays
extend into the phloem?
![Page 77: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Bur oak stem
Note large number of rays
Note: Rays extend into the phloem ➔
horizontal movement of water, sugar, etc.
![Page 78: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Sugar maple stem
Note large number of rays
![Page 79: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Fig
ure
fro
m: K
ozlo
wski and P
alla
rdy
(1997)
![Page 80: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Why should I care? – I
How does water move up a tree?
![Page 81: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Why should I care? – I
How does water move up a tree?
• Tracheids and vessels – pipes
![Page 82: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Why should I care? – I
How does water move up a tree?
• Tracheids and vessels – pipes
• Not necessarily connected end-to-end
![Page 83: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Fig
ure
fro
m: K
ozlo
wski and P
alla
rdy
(1997)
Pine
tracheids
![Page 84: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
![Page 87: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Fig
ure
fro
m: K
ozlo
wski and P
alla
rdy
(1997)
![Page 89: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Red pine
![Page 90: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Red pine
![Page 91: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Red pine
Fig
ure
fro
m: K
ozlo
wski and P
alla
rdy
(1997)
![Page 92: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Why should I care? – I
How does water move up a tree?
• Tracheids and vessels – pipes
• Not necessarily connected end-to-end
![Page 93: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Why should I care? – I
How does water move up a tree?
• Tracheids and vessels – pipes
• Not necessarily connected end-to-end
Situation – spruce with
branches dying in a
spiral pattern up the tree
![Page 94: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
![Page 95: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Why should I care? – I
How does water move up a tree?
• Tracheids and vessels – pipes
• Not necessarily connected end-to-end
Situation – spruce with
branches dying in a
spiral pattern up the tree
Diagnosis – herbicide or
other chemical taken in
by major root on one side
![Page 96: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Why should I care? – I
How does water move up a tree?
• Tracheids and vessels – pipes
• Not necessarily connected end-to-end
• Ring-porous hardwoods:
![Page 97: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Why should I care? – I
How does water move up a tree?
• Tracheids and vessels – pipes
• Not necessarily connected end-to-end
• Ring-porous hardwoods:
– Really long pipes
– Very little side-to-side water transport
![Page 98: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Question – How far apart are
DED fungicide injections?
![Page 99: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Question – How far apart are
DED fungicide injections?
![Page 100: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Question – How far apart are
DED fungicide injections?
Is it necessary to have them that close?
![Page 101: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Roots
![Page 102: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Roots
• Fine roots
• Coarse roots
![Page 103: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Roots
• Fine roots – Kaylyn B. – function?
• Coarse roots
![Page 104: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Fine
Roots
![Page 105: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Roots
• Fine roots
• Coarse roots – Taylor Richardson –
function?
![Page 106: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
![Page 107: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
![Page 108: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
![Page 109: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Physiology
![Page 110: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
![Page 111: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Water leaving stomates
= Transpiration
![Page 112: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Water leaving stomates
= Transpiration
Why should I care?
![Page 113: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Water leaving stomates
= Transpiration
Why should I care?
Water loss … ➔
How to prevent it?
![Page 114: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Water leaving stomates
= Transpiration
Why should I care?
Water loss … ➔
How to prevent it?
Antitranspirants…
![Page 115: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Why should I care?
Water loss … ➔
How to prevent it?
Antitranspirants…
Antitranspirant
Thin, waxy film sprayed on
![Page 116: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
![Page 117: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
![Page 118: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
**What is
energy used for
within a tree?**
![Page 119: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
**What is
energy used for
within a tree?**
➔ Physiological
Tradeoffs
![Page 120: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Physiological Tradeoffs
![Page 121: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Physiological Tradeoffs
• Water vs. energy
![Page 122: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Top
Bottom
Leaf Anatomy
Stomates – pores in the leaves
![Page 123: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Top
Bottom
Leaf Anatomy
Stomates – pores in the leaves
Open Closed
![Page 124: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Top
Bottom
Leaf Anatomy
Carbon dioxide – In
➔Photosynthesis
➔Growth
![Page 125: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Top
Bottom
Leaf Anatomy
Carbon dioxide – In
➔Photosynthesis
➔Growth
Water – Out
➔ Water loss
![Page 126: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Top
Bottom
Leaf Anatomy
Carbon dioxide – In
➔Photosynthesis
➔Growth
Water – Stays in tree
➔ Water conservation
![Page 127: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Top
Bottom
Leaf Anatomy
Carbon dioxide – Stays out
➔No photosynthesis
➔No growth
Water – Stays in tree
➔ Water conservation
➔No Growth
![Page 128: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Top
Bottom
Leaf Anatomy
Carbon dioxide – Stays out
➔No photosynthesis
➔No growth
Water – Stays in tree
➔ Water conservation
➔No GrowthTradeoff
![Page 129: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Physiological Tradeoffs
• Water vs. energy
• Energy vs. water/nutrients
![Page 130: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Fine
Roots
![Page 131: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Fine
Roots
What’s this fine-
root structure?
![Page 132: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Fine
Roots
What’s this fine-
root structure?
Mycorrhizae
![Page 133: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Fine
Roots
Mycorrhizae
Myco = fungus
Rhizo = root
![Page 134: Tree Biology - ND Urban and Community Forestry Association€¦ · ~9-11 years - Sapwood. Wood structure and function • Xylem • Water and nutrient transport • Physical support](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/605408a33caffe4fc166735c/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Fine
Roots
Mycorrhizae
Myco = fungus
Rhizo = root
Name this type of relationship.
Who gets what benefit?
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Physiological Tradeoffs
• Water vs. energy
• Energy vs. water/nutrients
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Physiological Tradeoffs
• Water vs. energy
• Energy vs. water/nutrients
• Growth vs. defense
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Ashley, NDSalt Lake City, UT
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What happens to buds and
branches when a tree gets topped?
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Compartmentalization
(CODIT)
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Compartmentalization
(CODIT)
• CODIT – Compartmentalization Of Decay
In Trees
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Compartmentalization
“Walling off” wounds
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Compartmentalization
• Wall 1 – plugged vessels above and below wound
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Compartmentalization
• Wall 1 – plugged vessels above and below wound
• Wall 2 – chemicals deposited in latewood cells
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Compartmentalization
• Wall 1 – plugged vessels above and below wound
• Wall 2 – chemicals deposited in latewood cells
• Wall 3 – formed along rays
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Compartmentalization
• Wall 1 – plugged vessels above and below
• Wall 2 – chemicals deposited in latewood cells
• Wall 3 – formed along rays
Reaction zone
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Compartmentalization
• Wall 1 – plugged vessels above and below
• Wall 2 – chemicals deposited in latewood cells
• Wall 3 – formed along rays
• Wall 4 – new wood formed in callus
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Compartmentalization
• Wall 1 – plugged vessels above and below
• Wall 2 – chemicals deposited in latewood cells
• Wall 3 – formed along rays
• Wall 4 – new wood formed in callusBarrier zone
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Compartmentalization
(CODIT)
• CODIT – Compartmentalization Of Decay
In Trees
• “Walls” created around wounds
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Compartmentalization
(CODIT)
• CODIT – Compartmentalization Of Decay
In Trees
• “Walls” created around wounds
• A race – decay fungi vs. tree
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Hormones …
= Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)
• Auxins (IAA, NAA)
• Cytokinins
• (Others)
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Auxins (IAA, NAA)
• -Produced:
• Moves to:
• +Functions to:
• -Shoot tips
• (Down … )
• +Apical dominance
• +Rooting compounds
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Apical dominance lost
when shoot tips removed.
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Cytokinins
• -Produced:
• Moves to:
• +Functions to:
• -Roots
• Growing points
• + “Growth”
– Cell division
– Cell expansion
– Cell differentiation