treatment of abnormal behavior ch. 13. categories of treatment psychotherapy - talking to a...
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Treatment of Abnormal BehaviorCh. 13
Categories of Treatment
Psychotherapy - talking to a psychiatrist
Biomedical therapies - medication
eclectic approach - both psychotherapy and medication
Psychoanalysis Approach
Freud’s influence – Getting at Subconscious
free association - people speak freely and quickly
dream analysis - the hidden but symbolic meaning of things in dreams
weakness - subjective
Psychoanalysis Approach
Psychodynamic therapists
a person’s childhood experiences are critical
explore the patient's underlying thoughts and feelings
Interpersonal psychotherapy
a 12-16 session treatment that has been successful with treating depression
cause of their depression
goal - stop symptoms of depression
result - improving relationships with others
Humanistic therapies
insight therapies - person look inside to figure things out.
focuses on the present instead of the past
the conscious instead of the unconscious
holds a person accountable not the unconscious
it promotes growth rather than a cure
Humanistic therapies
Carl Rogers - client-centered therapy
where the patient speaks and, through self-awareness, moves himself toward his own conclusion
unconditional positive regard - Non judgmental – allows patient to “open up”
active listening - listener echoes what’s heard, restates it, then seeks clarification
Behavior therapies
Counterconditioning - “unlearn”
by conditioning or pairing a trigger stimulus with a new response.
Exposure therapy - exposes people to what they try to avoid
Systematic desensitization - can’t be worried and relaxed at the same time
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Aversive conditioning
Behavior therapies
Operant conditioning the person’s actions interplay with the stimulus and results
withhold rewards until a desired behavior
Punishments given for unwanted behavior
“token economy” – Secondary reinforcer
Cognitive therapies
cognitive-behavioral therapy
change the way people think and act
goals
Recognize negative thinking.
Change negativity to positive thinking
act on new positive thoughts
Group and family therapies
Group therapy most common type of therapy
patients not alone
Support or self-help groups
AA (Alcoholics Anonymous)
psychotherapy effectiveness?
Results – Subjective
Patients usually leave Happier
Time – Big Factor
Alternative Therapies
EMDR – Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
developed by Francine Shapiro
reports 84% to 100% success
having your eyes dart to and fro and is supposed to relieve anxiety
Person thinks of a traumatic experience, then darts his/her eyes back and forth
Skeptics - placebo effect
Alternative Therapies
Light exposure therapy
“seasonal affective disorder” (SAD)
patients under bright lights
Morning Light – 50% success
Drug therapies
Antipsychotic drugs
Schizophrenia responds best
chlorpromazine (brand name “Thorazine”).
blocks dopamine’s receptor sites.
side-effects
sluggishness,
“the shakes”,
tardive dyskinesia - facial muscles move involuntarily.
Not good for Schizophrenics with apathy or withdrawal
Clozapine
affects both dopamine AND serotonin receptors
Drug therapies
Antianxiety drugs
Antianxiety drugs depress the central nervous system
Example - Xanax.
The good—cut down on effects of PTSD and OCD
The bad—psychologically dependence and physiological dependence
Drug therapies
Antidepressant drugs
increasing neurotransmitters serotonin or norepinephrine
Examples Prozac (or Paxil or Zoloft)
side-effects - dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, or dizziness
Aerobic exercise
Placebo Affect
Drug Therapies
Mood-stabilizing medications
Lithium - levels the emotional roller-coaster of people with bipolar disorder
7 in 10 people seem to have their moods stabilized
Brain stimulation
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - “shock therapy”
ECT seems successful
80% of depressed people respond
ECT reduces thoughts of suicide.
Brain Stimulation
Alternative neurostimulation therapies
Magnetic stimulation
Magnetic energy pulses
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).
The person remains awake, it’s painless, and there’s no memory loss or side effects.
50% better than placebo group.
Deep-brain stimulation - Helen Mayberg
located a spot in cortex links the thinking frontal lobes with the limbic system - overly active in a depressed person.
implanted electrodes to stimulate these areas.
8 in 12 people have positive results.
Psychosurgery
removes or destroys part of the brain
Egas Moniz - lobotomy.
drugs replaced lobotomies
Therapeutic lifestyle change
therapeutic lifestyle change
change the way you feel, change the way you live. He says…
Exercise, Sunlight, etc
Ilardi suggests…
Aerobic exercise – 30 minutes three times a week.
Adequate sleep – about 7 to 8 hours per night.
Light exposure – about 30 minutes each morning.
Social connection – interact with others at least twice a week.
Anti-rumination – don’t dwell on negative thoughts.
Nutritional supplements – including daily fish oil with omega-3 fatty acids.
77% of the people improved from depression