TRANSPORTATIONDanny Achek, Alexander Radaoui, and Adil Sabir

Beginning of TransportationGetting from point A to point B

● Walking

● Horse drawn carriages

● Steam powered boats

● Bicyclehttp://yachtpals.com/hydrogen-boats-7030

http://www.shorpy.com/node/13577

Combustion engine● Originally developed for pumping water out of

coal mines in the 1860s○ Joseph Lenoir: double acting engine○ Efficiency through the roof! (4%)

● Nikolaus Otto 1876○ 4 stroke version of the combustion engine

● Rudolf Diesel 1892○ the diesel engine: absence of a spark plug○ air compression results in hot enough space

to ignite fuel-air mixture○ 33% more efficient than gasoline engines

(History Channel, 2013) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/imgheat/diescyl.gif

Gasoline vs Diesel ● Both convert fuel into energy through

combustion ○ Gas: fuel mixed with air, compressed

by piston and ignited by spark plugs○ Diesel: air compressed first then fuel

is injected. (Howstuffworks)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diesel_Engine_(4_cycle_running).gif

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4-Stroke-Engine-with-airflows.gif

Pros and Cons of Diesel Pros: -Higher Fuel Economy (33% more efficient)-no spark plugs=no ignition tune ups -engine more dependable/durable-more power, torque, and faster

Cons: -used for commercial/residential usage

inc demand=inc cost-more about power rather than high speed/flash-maintenance costs-Potential sound

(Auto Repair for dummies)

Seafaring History-Ship and sea transport has been the largest carrier of freight in recorded history-Began with Ancient Phoenicians and Egyptians making dugout canoes from papyrus -Long distance travel by sea took off during the 12th Century during the Age of Navigation-Compass and astrolabe were catalysts for sea travel

(history of water transportation)

Seafaring- Revolutionary point of sea travel was Thomas Savery’s creation of the

steam engine in the late 1600’s - The external combustion steam engine took the heat from steam and

converted it into mechanical energy- Robert Fulton’s creation, the steamboat, gradually replaced sailboats and

became the main method of transportation in the sea

http://www.neworleanspast.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/NewCamelia.jpg

External Combustion Engine

http://s.hswstatic.com/gif/steam-labels-a.gif

Modern Seafaring- Innovations in aviation have made sea travel less

prevalent- Seafaring takes longer but is much cheaper in cost so

people prefer that when shipping freight- Sea travel now is used primarily for shipping large

amounts of good (cargo ships), transporting cars, vehicles, and aircraft carriers, battleships, and vacations such as cruises

(http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/US_Water_Transportation_Statistical_snapshot.pdf)

Freight and Cargo Ships- Freight and Cargo Ships have shifted from being powered by steam engines to

marine propulsion- Marine propulsion includes a motor or engine powering a propeller to move the

ship forward- electric motors in submarines- gas turbine engines

http://maritime-connector.com/images/container-ship-16-wiki-19057.jpg

http://img.nauticexpo.com/images_ne/photo-g/ship-propulsion-system-electrical-27595-189027.jpg

http://www.ship-technology.com/contractor_images/stadt/5-stadt.jpg

Naval Warships- Powered by nuclear marine propulsion- Powered by nuclear reactor- No combustion or gas emissions- Very few recreational since very expensive- Very Powerful

https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/rbi-blogs/wp-content/uploads/mt/flightglobalweb/blogs/hyperbola/2012/05/10/HMS-Prins-of-Wales-Queen-Elizabeth-class-aircraft-carrier.jpg

Aviation-The Wright brothers aircraft vs.

gliders/free flight

•Unites power AND control of the aircraft

-Gateways for Douglas DC-3 Aircraft[1]

•Major turning point for carrier aviation (WWI II)

-Followed by modern helicopters, jets, and airliners (carrier aircrafts) http://www.wright-brothers.

org/History_Wing/History_of_the_Airplane/Doers_and_Dreamers/Doers_and_Dreamers_H.htm

Aviation Principles

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/dynamicsofflight.html

Combustion Engine Ratio:[2]

-High compression ratios produce good mechanical energy

P2/P1 = (V1/V2)

(Where represents the specific heat ratio of gas)

Aviation Engines- Initially, the radial and rotary (helicopters)

engine system was used.• Internal combustion engine (star engine), with a crankcase at the center that cylinders radiate outward from

- Transition to turbines occurred due to popular demand of aircraft carriers.• Fluid dynamics and pressure (previous eqn.)• More efficient engines = more efficient travel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine

Engine Specifics

http://infouse.com/planemath/activities/pmenterprises/propulsion/propulsion17.html

Helicopters-Rotors help thrust the vehicle up and down as well as hover.[4]

http://www.helistart.com/EngineTransmission.aspx

- Transition from heavy piston engines to turbo engines, which have a smaller weight and higher power ratio.[4]

- Specifically Jet A-1 fuel (kerosene) due to its super low freezing point.[4]

- The most common models are the Mil-MI-8 (military) and the Bell-UH-1(commercial/military)[5]

Jets- Use is mainly limited to military

or the elite.• Kerosene is main fuel source

- Turbojet engine.[6]

• Fighter plane or presidential plane

• More commercial jets have characteristics similar to a turbofan engine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States

Airliners- Mainly passenger associated

aircrafts → commercial

- Turbofan engine

- Kerosene fuel

http://www.airlinereporter.com/2013/06/air-new-zealand-shows-off-new-livery-times-two/

Railroad Transport- The first forms of railroad transport were in the European Dark Ages with

carts on railroads being pulled by animals- The invention of the steam engine during the industrial revolution gave rise

to the first locomotive train - The steam engine allowed many different sets of railroads to spring up all

over the United States yet they were disconnected - The gauge allowed these tracks to be interconnected creating an elaborate

transcontinental railroad

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Racine_high-speed_steam_engine_(New_Catechism_of_the_Steam_Engine,_1904).jpg

Steam Engine- Steam engines are a form of external combustion engines- The early trains were powered very similarly to how the first steam

boats were- Steam

engines are awful for

the environment

due to the large amounts of CO2they emit

http://www.myschoolhouse.com/courses/C/5/Images/train.gif

Evolving of Trains- Electric powered trains were first created in the 1890’s with a

direct current and eventually an alternating current in the 1900’s

- Train travel was undermined throughout the 20th century- Resurgence in train use in the 1970’s due to the oil crisis- In terms of horsepower and speed, modern trains prove to be

the most efficient and economical: they travel the fastest for the least amount of money

http://cdn.londonandpartners.com/visit/london-organisations/transport-system/59590-640x360-overground-train_640.jpg

Types of Trains- Haulage: one or more powered vehicles are located at the front of the train

and pull it forward- Motive Power: consist of trains powered by an electrical current or an

external combustion steam engine that are powered by burning coal- Passenger: these trains carry people from place to place and are usually

manually powered by a conductor. Include high speed, subways, and trams

- Freight: carry cargo; energy efficient and inexpensive to run- Yiwu-Madrid Line: high speed rail in China that is currently the longest

track reaching 6,200 miles from Yiwu, China to Madrid(http://www.trainhistory.net/train-facts/train-types/)

(http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/11/21/map-the-worlds-longest-train-journey-now-begins-in-china/)

Path of Freight Train

(http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/11/21/map-the-worlds-longest-train-journey-now-begins-in-china/)

Environmental impacts...EXTERNALITIES-Climate change

- Air, soil, water quality

-biodiversity

-Noisehttp://en.people.cn/90882/8418272.html

(Hofstra)

Climate change- Pb, CO, CO2, CH4, NOx,

N2O, CFCs, PFCs,SF6, C6H6

- Depletion of O3 (Ozone layer)

http://www.skincancer.org/prevention/uva-and-uvb/ozone-and-uv-where-are-we-now

(Hofstra)

Quick infographic

http://earthtechling.com/tag/greenhouse-gases/

Air quality● 34,000 die a year from

automobile accidents (SSTI, 2013)

● 53,000 die from automobile pollution (MIT)

● air quality lowers birth rates and increases infantile mortality

● Toxic pollutants result in cancer● Basic skin irritation, lack of

visibility, eye inflammationWhat pretty city is this?

http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jan/28/europe-air-quality-pollution (Hofstra)

AQI

http://www.boiseweekly.com/binary/e558/1309876982-air_quality_map.jpg

https://www.frames.gov/partner-sites/emissions-and-smoke/educational-resources/tutorial/lesson-1/air-quality-index/

Water quality ● Dredging

○ turbidity○ needs decontamination techniques

● Wastes ○ non-biodegradable ○ inhibits locomotion

● Oil spills○ Deepwater Horizon, 500,000 tons

● ballast waters ○ introduces invasive species

http://merrellbros.com/services/hydraulic+dredging+services/8

http://articles.maritimepropulsion.com/article/BWT-D2-Set-to-Wipe-Out-Immigrants-in-Ballast-Water-Soon10129.aspx

(Hofstra)

Further Outlook- New innovations are constantly being

proposed for faster and more efficient forms of transportation:

• Electromagnetic transportation → Levitation trains → Maglev (magnetic levitation)• SkyTran• Hyperloop

MAGLEV- An electromagnetic levitation

system that has been proven [1]

• Magnets used for the lift and propulsion of

the vehicle, without touching the track• Reduces friction → allows for higher speeds → more efficient

- Shanghai Maglev Train (SMT) [2]

• Pudong Airport to Shanghai → 30.1 km in

8 minutes → 268 mph (2004)• Extension to Hangzhou (2010)• Fastest passenger train in the world

http://www.chinaprivatetravel.com/attractions/shanghai/shanghai-maglev-train.htm

MAGLEV

http://www.maglev.net/new-york-washington-maglev

SkyTran

http://www.businessinsider.com/tel-aviv-skytran-elevated-transit-system-2014-6

- Technology has been proven through electromagnetic levitation

- Implementation in Tel Aviv, Israel[3]

• NASA collaboration• 2 passengers• Green, safe, economically efficient• Relatively no traffic• Very fast!

Hyperloop- The Hyperloop → proposed for San Francisco to Los Angeles[4]

• Unrealistic in terms of unproven technology• Too costly to implement currently as well as unappealing

http://blogs.nwmissouri.edu/ISNews/2013/10/04/hyperloop-the-fifth-mode-of-transportation/

Engine Sources[1]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAiWgrT57GQ

[2]

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel1.htm\

[3]http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-pros-and-cons-of-diesel-engines.html

[4]http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=21725

Seafaring Sources[1]http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/US_Water_Transportation_Statistical_snapshot.pdf

[2]http://maritime-connector.com/images/container-ship-16-wiki-19057.jpg

[3]http://www.dot.gov/

[4]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_transport

Aviation Sources[1]http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/153231/DC-3[2]https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/dynamicsofflight.html[3]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine[4]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter[5]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-produced_aircraft[6]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircraft

Train Sources[1]http://www.trainhistory.net/train-facts/train-types/

[2]http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/11/21/map-the-worlds-longest-train-journey-now-begins-in-china/

[4]http://www.trainhistory.net/railway-history/railroad-history/

[3]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States

Environmental Sources[1]http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/ch8c1en.html[2]http://www.ssti.us/2013/10/motor-vehicle-pollution-a-major-contributor-to-american-deaths/[3]http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231013004548

Future Outlook Sources[1] http://www.maglev.net[2] http://www.chinaprivatetravel.com/attractions/shanghai/shanghai-maglev-train.htm[3]http://www.skytran.us/skytran/[4]http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/tech/hyperloop-and-high-speed-trains/(http://www.trainhistory.net/train-facts/train-types/)