TransportationCosts

Cost Categories

Infrastructure•Highway Construction•Highway Maintenance•Parking Facilities

Operating Costs•Vehicle Operation•Congestion•Pollution•Accidents•Land Use (Sprawl)

Infrastructure ImprovementsHighway Improvement Costs (Thousands of 2000 U.S. dollars per lane-mile) Freeways/ Expressways Other Divided Highways Undivided Highways

U R U R U RRight-of-Way for Additional Lanes $632 $253 $570 $229 $514 $209

Construction for Additional Lanes $2,541 $2,138 $2,288 $1,922 $2,057 $1,728

Reconstruction with More Lanes $3,173 $2,391 $2,858 $2,152 $2,572 $1,936

Reconstruction with Wider Lanes $2,330 $1,682 $2,099 $1,514 $1,889 $1,362

Pavement Reconstruction $1,628 $1,466 $1,471 $1,321 $1,326 $1,190 Major Widening $1,300 $1,043 $1,170 $940 $1,052 $845 Minor Widening $940 $721 $845 $648 $760 $584 Resurfacing with Shoulder Improv. $443 $388 $400 $350 $361 $314

Resurfacing $193 $178 $175 $158 $157 $145

Congestion Costs

Estimated Highway Congestion Costs (Cents Per Vehicle Mile) (FHWA, 1997a) Rural Highways Urban Highways All Highways

High Med. Low High Med. Low High Med. Low Auto 3.76 1.28 0.34 18.27 6.21 1.64 13.17 4.48

1.19 PU & Van 3.80 1.29 0.34 17.78 6.04 1.60 11.75 4.00

1.06 Buses 6.96 2.37 0.63 37.59 12.78 3.38 24.79 8.43

2.23 SU Trucks 7.43 2.53 0.67 42.65 14.50 3.84 26.81 9.11

2.41 C Trucks 10.87 3.70 0.98 49.34 16.78 4.44 25.81 8.78

2.32 All 4.40 1.50 0.40 19.72 6.71 1.78 13.81 4.70

1.24

Parking CostsTypical Parking Facility Costs (Parking Evaluation)

Type of Facility Land Land Const O & M Total MonthlyCost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost

Acre Space Space Annual Annual, Suburban, Surface $0 $0 $1,500 $100 $242 $20 Suburban, Surface $50,000 $455 $1,500 $100 $284 $24 Suburban, 2 Level $50,000 $227 $6,000 $200 $788 $66 Urban, Surface $250,000 $2,083 $2,000 $150 $535 $45 Urban, 3-Level $250,000 $694 $8,000 $250 $1,071 $89 Urban, Underground $250,000 $0 $20,000 $350 $2,238 $186 CBD, Surface $1,000,000 $7,692 $2,500 $200 $1,162 $97 CBC, 4-Level Structure $1,000,000 $1,923 $10,000 $300 $1,425 $119 CBD, Underground $1,000,000 $0 $22,000 $400 $2,288 $191

CBD, Surface $1,000,000 $7,692 $2,500 $200 $1,162 $97 CBC, 4-Level Structure $1,000,000 $1,923 $10,000 $300 $1,425 $119 CBD, Underground $1,000,000 $0 $22,000 $400 $2,288 $191

Accident Data• U.S. Crash Data and Estimated Crash Costs (1997) (Wang, Knipling and Blincoe, 1999) • All Vehicles Passenger Cars Light Trucks/Vans Combination Trucks

Single Unit Trucks Motor-cycles • Police Reported Crashes 6,261,000 5,307,000 2,209,000 214,000 154,000

89,000 • Minor-Moderate Injuries 3,433,000 3,020,000 1,183,000 85,000 65,000

78,000 • Serious-Fatal Injuries 194,000 146,000 65,000 9,000 5,000 15,000 • Crashes Per 100 M VMT 500 556 416 226 289 928

• Crashes Per 1000 Veh. 59 65 48 135 36 22 • Avg. Cost Per Crash $52,610 $50,190 $50,750 $89,400 $66,370 $206,460 • Avg. Cost Per VMT $0.197 $0.248 $0.247 $0.226 $0.215 $2.331 • Avg. Cost Per Veh. Year $2,340 $2,900 $2,850 $13,520 $2,720

$5,410

Crash CostsEstimated Highway External Crash Costs (Cents Per Vehicle Mile) (FHWA, 1997a) Rural Highways Urban Highways All Highways High Med. Low High Med. Low High Med. Low Auto 9.68 3.15 1.76 4.03 1.28 0.78 6.02 1.94

1.13 PU & Van 10.21 3.31 1.75 4.05 1.27 0.74 6.70 2.15

1.17 Buses 14.15 4.40 2.36 6.25 1.89 1.08 9.55 2.94

1.62 SU Trucks 5.97 2.00 0.97 2.21 0.71 0.40 3.90 1.29

0.65 Co Trucks 6.90 2.20 1.02 3.67 1.16 0.56 5.65 1.79

0.84 All Vehicles 9.52 3.09 1.68 3.98 1.26 0.76 6.12 1.97

1.11

Cost ImpactsCost Impacts Cost Category Base Costs CAFE TDM Fuel Tax

Veh. Cost Elasticity Cost Elasticity Cost Elasticity Cost Fuel Externalities $182 1.0 $164 1.0 $164 1.0 $164 Residential Parking $182 0.0 $182 0.5 $173 0.0 $182 Roadway Land Value $295 0.1 $296 0.1 $293 0.1 $295 Traffic Congestion $455 1.0 $464 1.0 $409 1.0 $441 Environmental Costs $455 1.0 $464 1.0 $409 1.0 $441 Fuel Costs $523 1.0 $470 1.0 $470 1.0 $470 Roadway Costs $545 1.0 $556 1.0 $491 1.0 $529 Non-res. Parking $1,364 0.5 $1,377 0.5 $1,295 0.5 $1,343 Crash Damages $2,273 1.4 $2,336 1.4 $1,955 1.4 $2,177 Vehicle Ownership $3,182 0.4 $3,207 0.4 $3,055 0.4 $3,144 Totals $6,273 $6,309 $5,658 $6,042