transport to the slaughter - oie: home...loss of 0,12 to 0,20% lv per hour (2,9 to 4,8% in 24 hours)...
TRANSCRIPT
TRANSPORT TO THE SLAUGHTER
• During unloading and inspection of animals
entering the slaughterhouse
• In some cases ( i.e. integration of slaughter
and feedlot) during loading of animals on the
farm (instructions to handlers and haulers).
AT WHAT POINT IN CHAIN SHOULD
WELFARE OF ANIMALS CONCERN
PLANT MANAGEMENT?
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PRE
SLAUGHTER PHASES
Unloading
Loading
Transport
Lairage
Stunning
Moving to point of stun
Sticking
Stressful - Positive +
ANIMAL WELFARE DURING
TRANSPORT
Can impact welfare of animals and quality of meat
Loading Transport Unloading
-Hunger and thirst
-Discomfort – stocking densities
-Heat stress
-Strange environment vibrations
-Fear and distress
Mixing of animals
Duration of transport
DEAD ON ARRIVAL
PLANNING AND PREPARATION
LOADING
• PREPARATION OF ANIMALS
• PREPARATION OF LOADING AREA
• PREPARATION OF STAFF
• PREPARATION OF VEHICLE
Loading
Pigs
Staff
Vehicles
Loading area
PREPARATION OF VEHICLES
• Protection from the weather and extremes of
temperature – animals constantly generate heat
- In the conditions- open deck – air movement
• Surfaces easy to clean and disinfect
• Partitions strong enough to cope with animals
falling against them
• Anti-slippery floors – animals can balance
themselves
• Loading and unloading equipment
LORRY DESIGN – CATTLE TRANSPORT
• Ventilation
- Open/ Closed deck according to weather
- Ventilation gaps in sidewalls that can be opened or
closed according to the weather are an advantage
NON SLIPPERY FLOORS
MODERN CONVERTIBLES
PADDING IN EXPOSED AREAS
DESIGNS OF VEHICLE
DESIGNS OF VEHICLE (open)
air)
PREPARATION OF ANIMALS
• Select a group of healthy animals
• Animals should be kept in same or larger group
than transported
• Expose them to more frequent handling
• Notice a leading animal in the group
• Withdraw food from cattle at least 4-6 hours prior
transport
• When animals were transported previously let them
settle at least for 12 hours.
• Water during transport
MIXING OF ANIMALS ON
SMALL AREA
WHAT ANIMALS SHOULD NOT
BE TRANSPORTED
TRANSPORT OR NOT TO TRANSPORT
• When is an animal not fit
to travel?
– Unable to move
independently or walk
unassisted
– Sick or injured
– Females, who have given
birth recently and young
with unhealed navel
– Females in last 10 % of
pregnancy
TO TRANSPORT OR NOT TO
TRANSPORT • sick, injured, weak, disabled or fatigued;
• unable to stand unaided and bear weight on each leg;
• blind in both eyes;
• that cannot be moved without causing them additional suffering;
• newborn with an unhealed navel;
• pregnant animals which would be in the final 10% of their
gestation period
• females travelling without young which have given birth within
the previous 48 hours;
• whose body condition would result in poor welfare because of
the expected climatic conditions
LOADING
• PREPARATION OF PIGS AT FARM
– FASTING
– LOADING SAME COMPARTAMENTS
FASTING Withdrawal feed periods
– Minimum 6 hours before transport
– Maximum 18 hours before slaughter
– Average 12 hours before slaughter
***Not to withdraw water
FASTING ADVANTAGE
During 6 – 18 hr (mean 12)
-Reduced motion
sickness
-Reduced vomiting and
death caused by
aspiration of stomach
content during transport
-Lower gut content , less
chance of rupture,
nicking and spoilage by
content
SHORT FASTING
( < 6 hr before transport)
• Motion sickness
• Vomiting and aspiration
problem
• Dilate stomach press
diaphragm : tachycardia
• Increase metabolism
↓
high body temperature
↓
Induce heat stress
TOO LONG FASTING
TOO LONG
( > 18 hr before
slaughter)
• Higher aggressivity and
fights in lairages after 18-
24 hours fasting
• Increased shedding of
salmonella after 24 hours
fasting
• Loss weight of carcass
• Induce DFD
Loss of 0,12 to 0,20% LV per hour (2,9 to
4,8% in 24 hours) = the loss of 1 for each lot
of 30 pigs (90Kg) sent to slaughter (Warris, 1995 apud Murray, 2000)
There may be a reduction of 5 – 6 % of
pigs live weight (1–2% of carcass weight) se
≥ 24h (Faucitano, 2000)
On the first 24 hours there may occurr loss
of weight of carcass ≥ 1 Kg/100 Kg PV (Murray & Jones, 1994)
LOSES DUE TO LONG FASTING
LOADING OF CATTLE
20°
RAMP FLOORS
LOADING OF
CATTLE
LOADING
• PREPARATION OF LOADING AREA
• RAMPS
– Non-slippery floors
– No slope or slope angle < 20⁰
– No gaps between ramps and lorry
– For 120 kg pigs, the cleats should be on 20 cm apart.
– Stairsteps work well on concrete ramps. For slaughter
weight pigs, the ramp should have a (6.5 cm) rise and
a (25 cm) long tread
– Remove any distractions
LOADING RAMPS
USE OF ELECTRIC PRODS
LOADING RAMPS
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
Angle of ramp in degrees
Time
in sec.
Loading
Unloading
VIDEO – LOADING CATTLE
LOADING DENSITY • Stand up, lie down
• Animals have to be able to step forward and
backward and step asides to cope with acceleration
and deceleration, turns and road conditions
Other considerations:
• Size of animals and breed
• Temperament and other (horned animals)
• Physical conditions (of animals)
• Weather conditions / do not overload in cold
• Duration of journey
Live weight Width per animal
250 0,33
300 0,37
350 0,41
400 0,44
450 0,47
500 0,51
550 0,54
600 0,57
650 0,60
700 0,63
750 0,65
800 0,68
850 0,71
900 0,73
950 0,76
1000 0,78
Adaptado Tseimazides (2006)
DIMENSIONS (Brazilian study,
TALLER AND LONGER ANIMALS
0,51 4,6 Cattle
0,51 10,8 Cattle
0,51 4,8 Cattle
RIGHT LOADING DENSITY
• Animals can lean towards each other while
balancing during the transport
STOCKING DENSITIES
CATTLE/EU
PIGS STOCKING DENSITIES
The Regulation states that, in order to
comply, for pigs of about 100kg the loading
density should not exceed 235 kg/m2, but
that more space may be needed to take
account of actual circumstances
SHEEP STOCKING DENSITIES
SHEEP STOCKING DENSITIES
• There is research evidence which concludes that
there were no differences in bruising when 35 kg
sheep were transported at 0.22 m2/head vs. 0.40
m2/head;
• The study refutes the common belief that sheep
must be packed in a truck to prevent bruising.
• Overcrowded load will not settle; sheep continue to
scramble for footing and continues to be noisy for
prolonged periods of time. Sheep may involuntarily
lie down and are unable to get up.
WIND SPEED CHILL EFFECT
PARTITIONS
To balance low stocking
density
To take off the pressure
from too many cattle leaning
towards each other
SEPARATION
• Animals of significantly different sizes or
ages
• Sexually mature males from females.
• Animals with horns from animals without
horns
• Animals hostile to each other.
• Tied animals from untied animals.
• Animals form different farms/groups
PLANNING AND PREPARATION
FOR TRANSPORT
• DURATION OF TRANSPORT
• PREPARATION OF DRIVERS
• PREPARATION FOR RISKS
Transport
Time
Drivers Risks
IMPACT OF TRANSPORT TIMES
• Knowles et al. (1993) studied effects of 9 and 14 hr of road
transport and recovery in lairage of hill lambs
• no measurable differences between the responses of the
lambs transported 9 vs. 14 hrs
• recovery after transport, in lairage, required 24 hrs for
dehydration and 96 hrs for liveweight.
• high levels of plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids
and urea, after the journeys, indicated that the animals were
in a catabolic state.
• Knowles (1998) reported that complete recovery from 14 hr
of transport stress takes almost 5 days.
TRANSPORT PERIODS
• Transport pigs from farm to slaughterhouse as
soon as possible
• Planning the transport routes to use minimum
time
• During transport
– 1 ½ hours to 3 hours : Pigs remain standing
– More than 3 hours : Pig start lying down
BACTERIAL SHEDDING
• Marg et al. (2001) reported that,
• Transported pigs are increased Salmonella
Typhimurium DT-104 shedding rate (92%) >
not transported pigs (58%)
• The increased shedding, transported animals
had increased diarrhea and developed a
disturbed general demeanor.
THERMOREGULATION
Air temperature (oC)
Energy
balance
20 30 10
Optimal temperature range
for poultry
Optimal temperature range
for ruminants
Cold Heat
PREPARATION OF DRIVERS
• Drivers have to be mentally prepared and aware
at all times that they are carrying live animals
• The animals that stand during transport – cattle;
are most affected
• In each sharp turn, start and stop, fast
acceleration, animals have to rebalance and
repositions themselves
• Aware that they should check animals on the lorry
regularly
PREPARATION FOR
EMERGENCIES
EXAMPLES OF EMERGENCY
PLANS
• www.livestockwelfare.com
HIDDEN ECONOMIC LOSSES
• Casualities (bruising, injuries, exhaustion – special procedures, extra time)
• Bleedings (fights, mixing of unknown animals)
• Low quality of meat (blood-splash. haemorrhages, acute or chronic stress, DFD meat)
• Time, extra effort - work (stressed animals are more difficult to handle)
Schultz a Kaster 1998
UNLOADING
• Animals must be
unloaded from lorries as
soon as possible after
an arrival to the
slaughterhouse.
• If immediate unloading
is not possible shaded
area must be provided
for lorries to park
CATTLE LAYING ON THE FLOOR AT
THE TIME OF ARRIVAL • Cattle usually stand during the transport, only exhausted
cattle lie down and stay down on arrival
• This is a sign of poor welfare
12 rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France - www.oie.int – [email protected]
Organisation mondiale de la santé animale
World Organisation for Animal Health
Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION