HOW THE INSTITUTIONS AT DIFFERENT

POLICYMAKING LEVELS MAKE AND

INFLUENCE TRANSPORT POLICY

Presentation By

Surajit Bhattacharya

MSc. Transport Planning

Principal difference between

UK and INDIA

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INTRODUCTION

2

INTRODUCTION

Map of UK Map of INDIA

England, Scotland and Noth. Ireland 28 States and 7 Union territories

Geographic area-243,610 SQK(Wikipedia) Geographic area- 3,287,263SQK (Wikipedia)

Population 2001- 58.8 million (Wikipedia) Population 2001- 1.02 billion (Census IND)

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3

OVERVIEW OF THE UK SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

� The United Kingdom is a

- Parliamentary democracy

- A king or queen is the head of state

- Prime minister is the head of central government.

- The people vote to elect Members of Parliament (MPs)

- Unitary system of government, meaning a system where power isheld in the centre.

- Although some powers have been devolved to Scotland, Wales andNorthern Ireland.

� Governments in the UK:

� Central Government - (Directly elected)

� Regional Government - (Only London RDA Elected.The nine regional government offices are to be abolished as part of plans to devolve power to local authorities, http://londonoffices.com)

� Local Government - (Directly Elected)

Source: http://www.direct.gov.uk/4

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OVERVIEW OF THE INDIAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

� INDIA is a

- Parliamentary democracy

- President who is the head of state

- Prime minister is the head of central government.

- The people vote in elections for Members of Parliament (MPs

� States in India

- have their own elected governments

- whereas Union Territories are governed by an administrator appointed by the president.

- The states' chief ministers function in the same way in Assembly as the prime minister is responsible to parliament.

- Each state also has a presidentially appointed governor.

� Governments in INDIA

� Central Government - (Directly Elected)

� State Governments - (Directly Elected)

� Local Governments – ( Directly Elected)

Urban Local Bodies for urban areas and Panchayat for rural areas (by 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendment in 1992)

Source: http://india.gov.in/5

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POLICY MAKING & INFLUENCING

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PRE ELECTION POLICY MAKING INITIATIVE BY POLITICAL

PARTIES

Source: http://www.labour.org.uk/policydevelopmentcycle

Source: http://www.bjp.org/

Source: http://www.aicc.org.in/new/manifesto-2004.php

Source : http://www.conservatives.com

In Great Britain In India

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POST ELECTION POLICY MAKING INITIATIVE BY POLITICAL PARTIES

In Great Britain In India

� In India as well the

congress led coalition

government at centre

has National Common

Minimum Programme

of the Government of India (PM’s Speech).

� The coalition agreement

in the UK has the

transport portion of the

agreement containing

elements of both parties’

manifestos ( Butcher, L

2011).

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UK CENTRALGOVERNMENT VS INDIA –FOR TRANSPORT POLICY

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UK –Department of Transport

INDIA- Ministries

Source: www.dft.gov.uk Source: http://india.gov.in/

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2

3

4

5

6

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POLICYMAKING –AT NATIONAL LEVEL UK

� Transport policy is mainly, made by the team of transport ministers, led

by the Secretary of State for Transport in UK.

� The Department for Transport (DfT) is the lead Government

department on this subject .

� Other departments play a role in some policy areas

- Treasury (setting budgets and taxes)

- Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

(environmental policy)

- Communities and Local Government (planning policy)

- Home Office (road traffic and other transport-related offences and

the licensing of wheel clampers) ( Butcher, L 2011).

� Though DfT makes transport policy for the whole of the UK but there

are some areas where European Union legislation takes precedence or

where power has been devolved.

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POLICY EXAMPLE FOR THE UK

1. 1998 White Paper

2. 2007 White Paper 3. 2011 White Paper

Source : http://www.dft.gov.uk/publications

4. Localism Green paper11

INSTITUTIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN THE UK – TRANSPORT POLICY

Source: Who is responsible for transport in UK, Melia, S. Black Board

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INFLUENCE OF OTHER GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION ON TRANSPORT

IN UK

Budget and Taxes Environmental Policy

Planning Policy transport-related offences

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POLICYMAKING –AT NATIONAL LEVEL INDIA

� In India there are six central government ministries responsible for

the framing of transport policies as under:

� Ministry of Unban Development -Urban Transport

� Ministry of Railway - Railway Transport

� Ministry of Civil Aviation - Aviation

� Ministry of Road Transport & Highways - Road Transport

� Ministry of Shipping - Shipping

� Ministry of Rural Development - Rural Roads

� Other departments play a role in policy areas

� Planning Commission - National Policy Guidelines for 5

year Plan (Ex-12th 5 year Plan)

� Ministry of Finance - Budget and taxation (except

railway, rail budget is separate)

� Ministry of Environment & Forest - Environment Policy

� State Governments -State Policy Proposal

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POLICY EXAMPLE FOR INDA

National Urban Transport Policy

Railway White Paper

Planning Commission policy

Planning Commission policy

Source: http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/

Source: http://www.indianrailways.gov.in

Source: http://planningcommission.nic.in/15

Public Works Department

State road & state Highways

Dept of Urban Devmt.

For new development

Dept. of Transport

Licensing (MotorisedVehc.) , State Bus sev.

National Urban

Transport

(within City)

Inland and International Shipping

Interstate Rail

transport and

suburban railways in 4 mega cities

Aviation domestic

and international

Inter State Highway Transport

INSTITUTIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN INDIA – TRANSPORTPOLICY

Level 1- Central Government Ministries

Level 2- State Government Departments

Rural Roads

City Roads, City Parking, Licensing of Non Motorised Vehicles

Level 3-Urban/ Rural Local Bodies16

INFLUENCE OF OTHER GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION ON TRANSPORT

IN INDIA

National Policy Guideline Budget Taxation

Environmental Policy State Policy

Transport

State Governments

of India17

FINANCING AND FUNDING

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FINANCING TRANSPORT PROJECT

� Funding of Transport projects

mainly by Central government

except in some occasion by

Local government subject to

arrangement of finance.

� Special schemes of National

importance are financed by

Central Government like High

Speed Rail (HSR).

� Funding of Rail, Aviation,

National Highways, Sea Ports

and schemes under 5 year plan

(Capital Investments in nature)

are financed by Central Govt.

� State transport projects are

financed by respective State

Governments and also that of

Local Bodies.

� Special schemes announced

by Central Government are

financed by them like Jawahal

ala Nehru National Urban

Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

Great Britain India

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PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES

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PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES

� Policy Making National Level

One Institution i.e Department of Transport is responsible for Rail, Road, Aviation and Shipping.

� Policy Making at Regional Level

Regional Government at regional level. Three key overarching bodies in each region (outside of London) are the Government Office, the Regional Assembly and the Regional Development Agency

� Institutions Influencing Policy

- Treasury, Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Communities and Local Government and Home Office influence Transport Policy.

� Policy Making National Level

Six different Central Government

Ministries are responsible for

Transport Policies apart from the

State Government.

� Policy Making at State Level

As state transport is state subject,

state transport policies are framed

by State Governments and that of

Local Bodies

� Institutions Influencing Policy

- Planning Commission, Ministry of

Finance, Ministry of Environment

and State Governments at National

Level.

Great Britain India

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PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES

� Finance and Funding

Transport Projects are mainly

Financed by the Central.

� Finance and Funding

Those which are Central

Government subjects with in

Transport sector are financed by

Central Governments

� Planned expenditure (Capital

Investment in nature are also

financed by Central Government

approved by Planning Commission

and National Development Council.

Great Britain India

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CONCLUSION

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CONCLUSION

� Multiplicity of Institutions in India in the transport sector

compared to a few in the United Kingdom.

� Process of financing in India is very complex compared

to that in the United Kingdom.

� Many a time State Policies are not aligned with that of

Central Government as state transport is a State subject

and more dependant on political atmosphere. Better

coordination between same party being in Centre and

State Government India.

� As the at the completion of the five year plan the,

projects under Plan Expenditure become States Project

and are then put under the Non Plan Expenditure.

Because ever increasing of such projects, States have

little to initiate new projects. 24

REFERENCES

� Butcher, L. (2011) Transport policy in 2011: a new direction? Research Paper

11/22, House of Commons, pp. 1-57

� India. Planning Commission (2011) Low Carbon Strategies

for Inclusive Growth India: Government of India.

� India. Ministry of Railway (2009) White Paper On Indian Railways India:

Government of India.

� India. Planning Commission (2012) Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive

Growth: India Government of India.

� Melia, S. (2011). Transport Administration, Who is Responsible for Transport in

the UK? Available from: https://my.uwe.ac.uk/ [Accessed 27 April 2012].

� India. Ministry Urban Development (2010) Institutional Framework for Urban

Transport India: Government of India.

� Singh, S. (2005) Review of Urban Transportation in India. Journal of Public

Transportation. Vol. 8,. (no.1), pp. 79-97

� TRL, Transport Research Laboratory (2010) UK transport policy – update (2008–

2010). Crowthorne House, Nine Mile Ride, Wokingham, Berkshire, RG40 3GA

25

� Department of Transport (2012) http://www.dft.gov.uk/ [Accessed 27 March 2012].

� Department of Communication & Local Government (2012) http://www.communities.gov.uk [Accessed 27 March 2012].

� Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs (2012) http://www.defra.gov.uk/[Accessed 27 March 2012]

� Government of West Bengal (2012)/ http://www.westbengal.gov.in [Accessed 31 March 2012]

� H M Treasury (2012) http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/ [Accessed 27 March 2012]

� Home Office (2012) http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ [Accessed 27 March 2012]

� Kolkata Municipal Corporation (2012)/ https://www.kmcgov.in [Accessed 31 March 2012]

� National website of India (2012) http://india.gov.in [Accessed 30 March 2012]

� National Website The UK (2012) http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm [Accessed 30 March 2012]

� Ministry of Railway (2012) http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/ [Accessed 29 March 2012]

� Ministry of Civil Aviation(2012) http://www.civilaviation.gov.in [Accessed 29 March 2012]

� Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (2012) http://morth.nic.in/ [Accessed 29 March 2012]

� Ministry of Shipping (2012) http://shipping.nic.in/ [Accessed 29 March 2012]

� Ministry of Urban Development (2012) http://shipping.nic.in/ [Accessed 29 March 2012]

� Ministry of Rural Development (2012) http://rural.nic.in / [Accessed 29 March 2012]

� Ministry of Environment and Forest (2012)/ http://moef.nic.in/index.php [Accessed 30 March 2012]

� Planning Commission (2012) http://planningcommission.nic.in/ [Accessed 30 March 2012]26