transport in water

7/30/2019 Transport in Water

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PLANTS AND ANIMALS TRANSPORT DISSOLVED NUTRIENTS AND GASES IN A FLUID MEDIUM

IDENTIFY THE FORM(S) IN WHICH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING IS CARRIED IN MAMMALIAN

BLOOD:

─ CARBON DIOXIDE

─ OXYGEN

─ WATER

─ SALTS

─ LIPIDS

─ NITROGENOUS WASTE

─ OTHER PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION

SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide travels in different forms in the blood:

- 7% carbon dioxide dissolve directly in the plasma

- 23% combines with haemoglobin forming carbaminohaemoglobin

- 70% forms hydrogen carbonate ions (or bicarbonate ions) and travel in the plasma

Oxygen Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells

Water Travels in plasma as water molecules

Salt Ions in the plasma

Lipids

(insoluble)

Coated within proteins becoming lipoproteins and travel as high-density lipoproteins or low-

density lipoproteins

Nitrogenous

waste

Mainly as part of plasma

Other products

of digestion

Travel dissolved in plasma such as amino acids, vitamins and glucose.

PERFORM A FIRST-HAND INVESTIGATION TO DEMONSTRATE THE EFFECT OF DISSOLVED

CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE PH OF WATER

With the measuring cylinder, 200mL of tap water was poured into a beaker. A data logger with a pH probe was

placed in the water. With the straw, air blown into the water for 1 minute. The pH of water was measured with

the data logger and recorded every 2 seconded interval. The experiment was repeated three more times

Results show that increased carbon dioxide concentration lowers the pH of water.

PERFORM A FIRST -HAND INVESTIGATION USING THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE AND PREPARED SLIDES TO

GATHER INFORMATION T O ESTIMATE THE SIZE OF RED AND WHITE BLOO D CELLS AND DRAW

SCALED DIAGRAMS OF EACH

Q. Assess the accuracy of the diagram (3)

─ Scale of red blood cells 7-8

─ White blood cells are larger than red blood cells

─ Platelet would not be visible with a light microscope

Q. Why is it safer to use prepared slides instead of fresh blood? (1)

It is safer to use prepared slides as fresh blood many contain pathogens

ANALYSE INFORMATION FROM SECONDARY SOURCES TO IDENTIFY CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES THAT

ALLOW MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN SATURATION AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN BLOODAND DESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THESE TECHNOLOGIES ARE USED

PULSE OXIMETRY

─ It is a non-invasive probe attached to a patient’s figure or ear lobe to monitor the percentage of

haemoglobin saturated with oxygen.



─ Used to constantly monitor oxygen saturation for patients with severe breathing and heart problems and

while patients are unconscious and recovering from surgery.

CAPNOMETER

─ Capnometer analyses carbon dioxide concentration

─ It is used in medical applications to monitor air exchange in the lungs of patients on ventilators or under

anaesthesia. It can evaluate the respiratory conditions of spontaneously breathing patients. It is non-

invasive and portable capnometer can be used in-home car and in general wards.

ANALYSE INFORMATION FROM SECONDARY SOURCES TO IDENTIFY THE PRODUCTS EXTRACTED

FROM DONATED BLOOD AND DIS CUSS THE USES OF THESE PRODUCTS

─ Stable protein plasma (treated plasma) used in emergency situation before whole blood is available. It is

also used in patients with severe burns who tend to loose fluid rather than blood.

─ Packed red blood cells- boost the patient’s ability transport oxygen

─ Platelet- promote clotting

─ Clotting factors- used on patients with excessive bleeding disorders

─ Serum albumin- used by patients with low plasma protein levels

─ Immunoglobulin- concentrated antibodies used by patients with damaged immune system

ANALYSE AND PRESENT INFORMATION FROM SECONDARY SOURCES TO REPORT ON PROGRESS IN

THE PRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL BLOOD AND USE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE TO PROPOSE REASONS WHY

SUCH RESEARCH IS NEEDED

Artificial blood cannot be made. Blood substitutes only perform some function of biological blood and are

classified by function: volume expanders and oxygen carriers.

─ Lost blood can be replaced with dextrose solution which is a mixture of glucose, salt and water. This

prevents a patient’s blood pressure from falling too low.

─ Two types of oxygen carriers: Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) and Haemoglobin based oxygen carriers

─ PFCs have a benefit in the amount of oxygen picked up is directly proportional to the amount of oxygen

breathed in

─ Haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier can load and unload oxygen under normal body conditions.

Research is needed to develop production of artificial blood because:

─ Amount of blood needed for transfusion is rising each year faster than the amount of blood being

donated

─ A chance in some places around the world of undetected blood bank contamination from AIDS, hepatitis

and other emergent diseases.

─ Blood has storage problems- it must be kept at 4℃ and only stays fresh for 42 days.

EXPLAIN THE ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE OF HAEMOGLOBIN

Haemoglobin is an adaptive advantage because it transports oxygen needed for respiration from where it is

available to cells throughout the body. Haemoglobin carries millions of molecules of oxygen in each red blood

cell. Body cells could not get enough oxygen if they had to rely on oxygen dissolved in the plasma alone.

Haemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that is a respiratory pigment.

COMPARE THE STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES , CAPILLARIES AND VEINS IN RELATION TO THEIR FUNCTION

FEATURE ARTERIES CAPILLARIES VEINS Diagram

Definition Carry blood away from

the heart

Thin-walled blood vessels

linking arteries to vein

Carry blood to heart

Wall structure Thick elastic muscular Walls are only a single cell Thin walls with fewer



with three main layers

with muscle and elastic

tissue.

in thickness with no

elastic or muscular fibres

elastic and muscle than

the equivalent layers in

arteries.

Blood pressure High low Low

Diameter Small Bore One red blood cell Large Bore

Function Distribute blood away

from the heart

Gases exchange between

blood and surrounding

cells

Return blood to the heart

from capillaries

Composition of bloodpresent

Mainly oxygenated Gas exchange occurs Mainly deoxygenatedblood

Valves None None Valves present to prevent

backflow

DESCRIBE THE MAIN CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD AS IT MOVES AROUND

THE BODY AND IDENTIFY TISSUES IN WHICH THESE CHANGES OCCUR

LOCATION CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION CHANGE REASON

Lungs Carbon dioxide increases Diffuse back into the lungs

from the blood returning

from respiring body cellsOxygen decreases Diffuse out of the lungs

into the blood

Villi of small intestine Amino acids and glucose decreases Diffuse into the small

intestine into the blood to

be used by the body

Liver Glucose Decrease When glucose is removed

and stored as glycogen

Kidney Water Removed or reabsorbed Determine by the water

and salt levels in the body

Nitrogenous waste Increases Urea increases as it is

filtered from the bloodand accumulated to be

excreted.

Glands Hormones Increases Endocrine secrete

hormones directly into the

blood. The hormones

travel around the body by

the blood until it reaches

the target cell/tissue.

OUTLINE THE NEED FOR OXYGEN IN LIVING CELLS AND EXPLAIN WHY REMOVAL OF CARBON DIOXIDEFROM CELLS IS ESSENTIAL

All living things use the process of respiration to release energy to be used by the cells to maintain life processes.

High levels of carbon dioxide are toxic and damage cell metabolism. High carbon dioxide decrease pH and

changes the ability of haemoglobin to bind with oxygen.

DESCRIBE CURRENT THEORIES ABOUT PROCESSES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS

THROUGH PLANTS IN XYLEM AND PHLOEM TISSUE

XYLEM TISSUE

─ Substances being absorbed by the plant from the soil. Water enters the plant by osmosis. Mineral ions

can also diffuse into the roots cells but root cell often use active transport to pull ions into cells.

─ A water solution moving upward through xylem vessels:

o Osmosis causes a constant movement of water into the plant and water rises through xylem

vessel as more water moves in through the roots. This effect is called root pressure.



o Capillarity (attraction between solid tube surface and water molecules) causes water to rise

through the thin tubes.

o Adhesion- the cellulose wall of xylem vessels draw water along

o Cohesion forces between water molecules means that that as water moves upwards in the vessel,

water below it is pulled up too.

─ Water escaping through the leaves when stomates are open to allow carbon dioxide to enter. As water

escape by transpiration, cohesion causes more water to be drawn up the xylem vessels.

PHLOEM TISSUE

─ Pressure or mass flow theory

─ Sugars are moved into phloem cells by active transport. Water moves from surrounding cells into the

phloem cells by osmosis. The changes in hydrostatic pressure within phloem vessels cause translocation

when water and dissolved substance move to another cell.

transport in water

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