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AP Biology 2006-2007
Transport in Plants
AP Biology
§ Vascular tissue– Transports nutrients throughout a plant;
such transport may occur over long distances
Figure 36.1
AP Biology
Transport Overview§ Physical forces drive the transport of
materials in plants over a range of distances
§ Transport in vascular plants occurs on three scalesu Transport of water and solutes by individual
cells, such as root hairsu Short-distance transport of substances from
cell to cell at the levels of tissues and organsu Long-distance transport within xylem and
phloem at the level of the whole plant
AP Biology
MineralsH2O CO2
O2
CO2 O2
H2O Sugar
Light
§ A variety of physical processes are involved in the different types of transport
Sugars are produced byphotosynthesis in the leaves.5
Sugars are transported asphloem sap to roots and other
parts of the plant.
6
Through stomata, leaves take in CO2 and expel O2.
The CO2 provides carbon forphotosynthesis. Some O2
produced by photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration.
4
Transpiration, the loss of waterfrom leaves (mostly through
stomata), creates a force withinleaves that pulls xylem sap upward.
3
Water and minerals aretransported upward from
roots to shoots as xylem sap.
2
Roots absorb waterand dissolved minerals
from the soil.
1
Figure 36.2
Roots exchange gases with the air spaces of soil,
taking in O2 and discharging CO2. In cellular respiration, O2 supports the breakdown
of sugars.
7
AP Biology
Transport in plants§ H2O & minerals
u transport in xylemu transpiration
§ evaporation, adhesion & cohesion§ negative pressure
§ Sugarsu transport in phloemu bulk flow
§ Calvin cycle in leaves loads sucrose into phloem§ positive pressure
§ Gas exchangeu photosynthesis
§ CO2 in; O2 out§ stomates
u respiration§ O2 in; CO2 out§ roots exchange gases within air spaces in soil
Why doesover-wateringkill a plant?
AP Biology
Ascent of xylem fluidTranspiration pull generated by leaf
AP Biology
Water & mineral absorption§ Water absorption from soil
u osmosis u aquaporins
§ Mineral absorptionu active transportu proton pumps
§ active transport of H+
H2O
root hair
aquaporin
proton pumps
AP Biology
Mineral absorption§ Proton pumps
u active transport of H+ ions out of cell§ chemiosmosis§ H+ gradient
u creates membranepotential§ difference in charge§ drives cation uptake
u creates gradient§ cotransport of other
solutes against theirgradient
AP Biology
Water flow through root§ Porous cell wall
u water can flow through cell wall route & not enter cells
u plant needs to force water into cellsCasparian strip
AP Biology
Controlling the route of water in root§ Endodermis
u cell layer surrounding vascular cylinder of rootu lined with impermeable Casparian stripu forces fluid through selective cell membrane
§ filtered & forced into xylem cells
Aaaah…Structure–Function
yet again!
AP Biology
Endodermis & Casparian strip
AP Biology
Root anatomy
dicot monocot
AP Biology
Mycorrhizae increase absorption§ Symbiotic relationship between fungi & plant
u symbiotic fungi greatly increases surface area for absorption of water & minerals
u increases volume of soil reached by plantu increases transport to host plant
AP Biology
Mycorrhizae
AP Biology
Control of transpiration§ Balancing stomate function
u always a compromise between photosynthesis & transpiration§ leaf may transpire more than its weight in
water in a day…this loss must be balanced with plant’s need for CO2 for photosynthesis
AP Biology
Rate of Transpiration§ High humidity slows down
transpiration, low humidity speeds it up§ Wind can reduce humidity near the
stomates and therefore increases transpiration
§ Increased light, inc. photosynthesis, inc water vapor, inc transpiration
§ Closing stomata stops transpiration
AP Biology
ChloroplastsEpidermal cell
NucleusGuard cell
Thickened innercell wall (rigid)
Stoma open Stoma closed
H2O
water moves into guard cells
H2O H2O H2O
H2O H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O H2O H2O H2O
Control of Stomates
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+ K+
K+ K+
K+ K+K+K+
water moves out of guard cells
§ Uptake of K+ ions by guard cellsu proton pumpsu water enters by
osmosisu guard cells
become turgid§ Loss of K+ ions
by guard cellsu water leaves by
osmosisu guard cells
become flaccid
AP Biology
Transport of sugars in phloem§ Loading of sucrose into phloem
u flow through cells via plasmodesmatau proton pumps
§ cotransport of sucrose into cells down proton gradient
AP BiologyOn a plant…
What’s a source…What’s a sink?
can flow 1m/hr
Pressure flow in phloem§ Mass flow hypothesis
u “source to sink” flow§ direction of transport in phloem is
dependent on plant’s needsu phloem loading
§ active transport of sucrose into phloem
§ increased sucrose concentration decreases H2O potential
u water flows in from xylem cells§ increase in pressure due to
increase in H2O causes flow