transport and anesthetics

7/30/2019 Transport and Anesthetics

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SANDEEP K P

AQC-PA1-01


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Aquaculture production

Seed production- limitations

Need for broodstock transportation

GMPs

Legal frame work


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Broodstock can be a population of animals maintainedin captivity as a source of replacement for, or

enhancement of, seed and fry

Broodstock management can improve seed quality and

number


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Broodstock management involves manipulating

environmental factors to ensure maximum survival,

enhance gonadal development and increase fecundity

Wild collection or farm reared

Biology- selection

Feeding

Water quality management

Transportation

Spawning


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2 systems in live brood fish transport- open system with

or with out aeration and closed system with airtight

carriers with oxygen

Conditioning before transportation- in wooden/ non

rustable or hapas (optimum temp. for carps: 26-290C)


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Crucial factors

Water quality consideration

Use of anesthetics

Use of common salt- 1-1.2%

Temperature

Aeration Containers

Proper handling


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Some basics

Fish to be transported must be in excellent condition, free

of diseases or wounds.

For the same weight, small fish require more space andoxygen in the bag than big fish.

It is advised to transport young small broodstock instead of

old big ones

Fish can be transported for longer time when temperature

is lower and fish are quiet and not stressed -reduce their

activity


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Long distance transportation

Large containers, if not available- plastic bags

Conditioning before being packed for transport (1-2 days)

Feeding- alimentary canal

free of food- constant splashing of water

Acclimatized to smaller volume of water

Anesthetizing

Transportation

Release at destination

Best period for transportation: cool season- Nov-Jan

(carps)


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Fiberglass containers are good for transporting broodstock

strong and light

The containers can fit on a small flatbed truck and can be

easily used together with aeration or an oxygen cylinder anda diffuser


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When the truck reaches the

hatchery the fish are taken

carefully out of the tank and

transferred to the holding

tank

The fish are transported in a

tank on a flat-bed truck.

A hapa is put inside the tankso that it is easier to catch

the fish


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The fish are dipped into a

bucket with 5 l of water and

a 1/8 teaspoon of potassium

permanganate

The fish are put into

hand nets or hapas

in a bucket and

carried to the

holding tank


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A holding tank has already been

prepared.

The water is slightly cooler than

the pond they came from.

The fish are put into a hapa

inside the tank- easier to

catch them for sorting

A shower puts oxygen into

the water, makes the water

circulate, and, like rainfall,stimulates breeding.

The tank should be covered

with a net


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An anesthetic is a drug that causes anesthesia-

reversible loss of sensation

Anesthetics are categorized into two classes:

general anesthetics: which cause a reversible lossof consciousness

local anesthetics: which cause a reversible loss of

sensation for a limited region of the body while

maintaining consciousness


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Need for fish anesthetics

Minimize stress during capture and handling: vaccination,

marking, grading and transportation

Reduce the time required for handling

Minimize adverse physiological and behaviour effects

Reduce rate of oxygen consumption and rate of excretion

Minimize suppression of immunological capacity

Used to immobilize fish

Control excitability and reduce physical injury


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Availability

Cost-effectiveness

Ease of use Safety for the user

Non-toxic to fish

No persistent effects

Rapid recovery

Effective at low dose

Induce anesthesia rapidly withminimum hyperactivity or

stress


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Induction

Most anesthetics can produce several levels of anesthesia:

sedation, anesthesia, surgical anesthesia and death

depends on the dose and the length of exposure

Maintenance

Desirable to maintain fish in desired level of anesthesia

A desired level of anesthesia can usually be maintained byreducing the dosage

Visual observation


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Recovery

Anesthetic is withdrawn and fish return to a normal state

Recovery may take from a few seconds to several minutes,

depending on the anesthetic administered

Great care should be taken during the recovery stage to

minimize stress and prevent mortality


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To reduce stress caused by handling, grading and

transporting- reduce metabolic activity

Major concerns in transportation of aquatic animals

are the management of handling stress, mechanicalshock, heat stress, and water quality

Legal frame work


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Chemical anesthetics

Synthetic and natural

Non-chemical anesthetics

TMS- MS222 (tricaine methanesulphonate)

Benzocaine

Lidocaine

Metomidate and etomidate

Propoxate Ketamine hydrochloride

Quinaldine sulphate

Propanidid, hydroxy quinaldine

2-phenoxy ethanol

Barbital sodium, sodium amytal Clove oil and derivatives

Electroanesthesia

Hypothermia

CO2


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TMS- MS222 (Tricaine methane sulphonate)

Most widely used fish anesthetic

Extremely effective for rapid induction of deep anesthesia

Doses are usually between 25 to 100 mg/L*

Also known as MS-222, Finquel, Tricaine, and Metacaine

Benzocaine (Anesthesin, Anesthone, Americaine & Orthesin)

Has two forms: crystalline salt or freebase form

Doses range from 25-100 mg/L

Induction time:


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Lidocaine(Xylocaine)

Freebase form is insoluble in water, but freely soluble in

acetone or alcohol

It is a cardiac depressant

Used in combination with sodium bicarbonate to

anaesthetize carp, tilapia and catfish

Metomidate and Etomidatefast acting

Side effects- muscle twitching- blood sampling difficult

(Metomidate)

Efficient dosages range from 1-10 mg/L

Induction times of less than 3 minutes and lengthy

recovery times (up to 40 minutes)


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Propoxate

It is stable in solution for long periods and is 100 timesmore soluble than TMS

Higher doses as respiratory arrest

Propoxate is 10 times more potent than TMS

Effective dose range from 0.5 mg/L to 10 mg/L

Induction time: 30 seconds for higher doses

Ketamine hydrochloride

Widely used as an anesthetic both in human and

veterinary medicine also

Drug is an injectable, not appropriate for large groupsof fish

30 mg/kg for salmonids


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Quinaldine sulfate (Quinate)

It is one of the most widely used anesthetics by marinebiologists to collect coral reef fishes

Extended exposure- toxic

Effective above pH 6

Propanidid (Epontol)

Induction and recovery times: 2-4 minutes and 5-10minutes

Dose : 1.5 - 3.0 ml/L

2-Phenoxyethanol

The solution is bactericidal and fungicidal- useful duringsurgery

100 to 200 mg/L are considered safe for prolonged

sedation


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Clove oil and derivatives

Clove oil is a pale yellow liquid derived from the leaves,

buds and stem of the clove tree (Eugenia sp.)

Active ingredients are eugenol and iso-eugenol

recognized as a GRAS by USFDA

40-60 mg/LShould be mixed with ethanol beforemixing to water

slightly faster induction time and a longer recovery time

than similar concentrations of TMS

Inexpensive, pleasant smell..


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Electroanesthesia

Electroanesthesia has primarily been used to immobilize

adult fish for tagging or hatchery broodstock

3 types of electric currents used to immobilize fish : AC,

DC and pulsating forms of AC and DC

The purpose: to induce electronarcosis, and avoid severe

muscle tetany

Factors affecting: intensity of electric field, duration of

shock, water conductivity, temperature, fish size and

species

Most electroanesthesia is now carried out with DC orpulsed DC (Eg: 12-V DC)

Faster induction and recovery time

Drawbacks: need specilized equipment, injury to operator


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Hypothermia

By lowering the ambient temperature of the fish with ice

or cold water

Danger to the handler: risk of exposure to high

concentrations of CO2 from the use of dry ice as the

coolant

More effective for fish acclimated to waters above 10 oC

Change of temperature about 10 to 25 oC, or to near 0 oC,

by immersing them in crushed ice or ice water

Not a common method

Presents an alternative method when chemical

anesthetics are not available or desirable


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Carbon dioxide

Useful in transport

CO2 is safe to use

But a level of 10% or more in the air will cause anesthesia

or even death to the operator

The hydration of CO2 will acidify water- should be buffered

leaves no residues in the tissues

Sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid have also been used

to produceCO2. 200 to 250 mg/L for adult rainbow trout

Need research


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Source: Coyle et al., 2004.


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Dosage in Chinese carp and IMC

Source: Jingran and Pullin., 1985


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Biological factors

Gill area to body weight ratio

Size of the fish

Condition/health of the fish

Life stage of the fish

Environmental factors Temperature

pH


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Guidelines for proper transport of broodstock

Regulations of anesthetics in aquaculture

Research areas

New technologies- seed production

Transfer of technologies

Awareness programs


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Coyle, S. D., Durborow, R. M and Tidwell, J. H., 2004.

Anesthetics in Aquaculture. SRAC PublicationNo. 3900.

Demoulin, F., 1999. Guidelines for Broodstock and Hatchery

Management. Provincial aquaculture development project,

FAO.

Jensen, G. L., 1990. Transportation of Warmwater Fish

Procedures and Loading Rates. SRAC PublicationNo. 392.

Jingran, V. G and Pullin, R. S. V., 1985. A hatchery manual

for common, Chinese and Indian major carps. ICLARM

studies and reviews. 11, 191p.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broodstock


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Thanking you

transport and anesthetics

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